18,073 research outputs found

    A system dynamics approach for modelling a lead-market-based export potential

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    For knowledge-intensive goods, foreign trade performance also depends on the quality of the technology. Important factors to consider are technological capa-bilities, various market factors which influence the chances of a country devel-oping a lead-market position, innovation-friendly regulation and the existence of internationally competitive complementary industry clusters. In order to model these aspects, various feedback mechanisms between these factors have to be taken into account, among them knowledge spillovers from the export success which lead to an erosion of a lead-market position over time. A system dynam-ics framework is used for a first implementation of a simulation model for wind energy technology exports from Germany. The empirical results show the ex-pected dynamics of the system and underline the importance of the various feedback loops. --Renewable energy technologies,exports,first-mover advantage,lead markets

    The effects of regional scientific opportunities in science-technology flows: Evidence from scientific literature cited in firms' patent data

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    From a spatial perspective, it is well known in the literature on innovation and technological change that scientific research undertaken in the universities plays an important role as an instrument for stimulating economic growth. In general, the analysis of particular spaces, such as high technology districts or regional systems of innovation, has shown, by means of a descriptive methodology, the relevance of scientific research as a driver of regional development. With the application of spatial econometric methods, important contributions have also been made in clarifying the spillover effects of university activities. However, quantitative research on these aspects in regional contexts is still very limited. The objective of this study is to advance, from a quantitative point of view, in the knowledge of the science-technology flows from a regional perspective. We set out to answer the following kinds of question: How are science-technology flows distributed regionally? Which sectors of industry are the most dynamic in their employment of scientific knowledge? Which are the scientific fields that are most closely associated with regional industry? What factors influence the regional variability of science-technology flows? How does regional expenditure on scientific research affect science-technology flows? The methodology utilised in this study is based on the scientific citations in patent documents (NPC), and has previously only been applied in national contexts. In other words, we assume that the NPC citations, or the scientific citations, are an adequate measurement of the science-technology flows in regional contexts, too. After describing the spatial and sectorial patterns, we propose to identify the explanatory factors by modelling the citations in patent documents (taking this variable as a proxy for the science-technology flows) in function of a set of three blocks of explanatory factors: businesses (microeconomic variables), industries (sectorial variables) and spatial contexts (variables of location and of the scientific environment). The model is of the microeconomic type and the most appropriate formulation, given the nature of the endogenous variable, is that of the counted data type. The statistical data originate from a comprehensive review of the 1,643 patents applied for by 1,129 companies, and published during the years 1998 to 2001, both inclusive. The basic source of data is the domestic patent documents themselves, published by the Spanish Office of Patents and Trade Marks. This information has been tabulated to obtain regional indicators of science-technology flows and the variables for inclusion in the model. The statistical treatment of the primary information and the operation of the model provide us with objective data that may serve as an additional point of reference for reflecting on the incidence on the regional productive system of specific measures taken under regional scientific policies.

    Technology transfer, institutions and development

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    The trade and capital flows across the national borders of developing countries have recently accelerated and produced the conditions for faster transmission of knowledge. While the economic literature has mainly focused on how international technology transfer affects standard economic performance, less attention has been paid to a broader development perspective. This paper fills this gap by addressing two main issues. It investigates whether the technology transfer conveyed by international trade flows has positively influenced the development paths of developing countries. It also focuses on whether country-specific structural features and institutional quality support the positive impulse of technology transfer on development.Technology Transfer, International Trade, Human Development, Institutions

    Patenting and industrial performance: the case of the machine tool industry

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    Using the case of an important capital goods industry the paper examines the impact of the national patent system on the performance of firms. Many theories attempt to explain the firms’ innovative behavior using the concepts of national and sectorial systems of innovation. The patent law plays a particularly important role in these systems. At the level of the firm its importance rests on the possibility to appropriate profits. An empirical analysis of a sample of the 49 largest international manufacturers of machine tools shows that patents are a superior mechanism for appropriating the returns on R&D in this industry. This is indicated by a strong positive relationship between the market value of the firm and its patenting activities. -- Am Beispiel einer wichtigen Investitionsgüterindustrie wird in diesem Beitrag der Einfluß nationaler Patentsysteme auf den Unternehmenserfolg untersucht. Zahlreiche Theorien gehen davon aus, daß das Innovationsverhalten von Unternehmen von nationalen und sektoralen Innovationssystemen beeinflußt wird. Das Patentrecht spielt in diesen Systemen eine wichtige Rolle. Auf der Unternehmensebene beeinflußt es die Möglichkeiten der Unternehmen Gewinne zu erzielen. Am Beispiel der 49 größten Unternehmen der internationalen Werkzeugmaschinenindustrie wird nachgewiesen, daß in diesem Industriezweig Patente ein wichtiges Instrument zur Erzielung von Gewinnen darstellen. Dies zeigt sich besonders deutlich an der engen positiven Beziehung, die zwischen dem Marktwert der Unternehmen und ihrem Patentierverhalten empirisch festgestellt wurde.

    Technology upgrading of middle income economies: A new approach and results

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    We explore issues of measurement for technology upgrading of the economies moving from middle to high-income status. In exploring this issue, we apply theoretically relevant and empirically grounded middle level conceptual and statistical framework based on three dimensions: (i) Intensity (ii) breadth of technological upgrading, and (iii) technology and knowledge exchange. As an outcome, we construct a three-pronged composite indicator of technology upgrading based on 35 indicators which reflect different drivers and patterns of technology upgrading of countries at different income levels. We show that technology upgrading of middle-income economies is distinctively different from that of low and high-income economies. Our results suggest the existence of middle-income trap in technology upgrading - i.e. countries' technology upgrading activities are not reflected in their income levels. Based on the simple statistical analysis we show that the middle-income trap is present in all three aspects of technology upgrading, but their importance varies across different aspects. A trap seems to be higher for 'breadth' of technology upgrading than for 'intensity' of technology upgrading and is by far the highest for the dimension of knowledge and technology interaction with the global economy. Finally, our research shows that technology upgrading is a multidimensional process and that it would be methodologically wrong to aim for an aggregate index

    Democratization is the determinant of technological change

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    The purpose of this paper is to analyze the relationship between democracy and technological innovation. The primary findings are that most free countries, measured with liberal, participatory, and constitutional democracy index, have higher technological innovation than less free and more autocratic countries, so that the former have a higher interaction among social, economic and innovation systems with fruitful effects on economic growth and the wealth of nations. In fact “democracy richness” in these countries displays a higher rate of technological innovation. In addition, democratization is an antecedent process (cause) to technological innovation (effect), which is a major wellknown determinant of economic growth. These findings lead to the conclusion that policy makers need to be cognizant of positive association between democratization and technological innovation to sustain modern economic growth and future technological progress in view of the accelerating globalization.Democratization, Technological Innovation, Patents, Royalty Licenses Fee, Economic Grow

    Do science-technology interactions pay off when developing technology? An exploratory investigation of 10 science-intensive technology domains.

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    In this paper we investigate the impact of science – technology (S&T) interactions on the effectiveness of technology development. The number of references in patents to scientific articles is considered as an approximation of the intensity of S&T interaction whereas a country's technological performance is measured both in terms of its technological productivity (i.e. number of patents per capita), and its relative technological specialization (i.e. RTA-index). We use USPTO patent-data for eight European countries in ten technological domains. A variance analysis (ANOVA) is applied. Country as an independent variable does not explain a significant portion of the observed variance in science interaction intensity (p=0.25). Technology domain, however, explains a significant portion of the observed variance (pScience; Effectiveness; Patents; Country; Performance; Variance analysis;

    Patents and R&D: an econometric investigation using applications for German, European and US patents by German companies

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    Based on the data of the first wave of the Mannheim Innovation panel, this paper explores the link between R&D expenditures and patents. Our data allow a detailed analysis of the firm size distribution of R&D and patent applications at different patent offices. It is shown that the share of R&D performing firms is strictly increasing with firm size. The share of firms applying for patents shows an even steeper increase with firm size. Moreover, large firms more likely apply for patents in more than one country. The home patent office seems to be especially important for small firms. Using various count data models, the paper explores the relationship between R&D and patents at the firm level. We carefully test several distributional assumptions for count data models. A negbin hurdle model seems to be the most appropriate count data model for our data as the decision to patent inventions and the productivity of R&D are ruled by different mechanisms. Our estimates point towards significant returns to scale of R&D. Furthermore, the empirical results can be interpreted towards minor and insignificant spillover effects. Even after controlling for a variety of firm characteristics, firm size exhibits a large effect on the propensity to patent. --

    Trade performances and technology in the enlarged European Union

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    We analyse the role of the enlargement process of the European Union as a factor fostering international competitiveness of EU Member States. We argue that the economic integration process has partially reduced the technological gap between old and new EU Member States, and this pattern of technological innovation can partially explain the strong impulse on the export dynamics of European countries. We have built an augmented gravity model by including the role of technological innovation, proxied by the stock of knowledge at the sector level. By using a dynamic panel data estimator we find three main empirical evidences. First, the enlargement process has produced an overall larger positive impact on export flows for new members than for old ones, and more importantly that sectors with the higher technological content have received the strongest impulse. Second, the augmented gravity model allows shaping the crucial role of technological innovation in fostering export competitiveness. Third, this impact seems to be stronger for old EU member states than for new ones. The policy implication we derive is that the more the new EU members catch up technologically as a result of the integration process, the more they will benefit in terms of economic development.EU enlargement, gravity model, international trade, economic integration, technological innovation
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