493 research outputs found

    Negative Bias Temperature Instability (NBTI) Monitoring and Mitigation Technique for MOSFET

    Get PDF
    äżźćŁ«è«–

    Analysis of total dose-induced dark current in CMOS image sensors from interface state and trapped charge density measurements

    Get PDF
    The origin of total ionizing dose induced dark current in CMOS image sensors is investigated by comparing dark current measurements to interface state density and trapped charge density measurements. Two types of photodiode and several thick-oxide-FETs were manufactured using a 0.18-”m CMOS image sensor process and exposed to 10-keV X-ray from 3 krad to 1 Mrad. It is shown that the radiation induced trapped charge extends the space charge region at the oxide interface, leading to an enhancement of interface state SRH generation current. Isochronal annealing tests show that STI interface states anneal out at temperature lower than 100°C whereas about a third of the trapped charge remains after 30 min at 300°C

    Transistor Degradations in Very Large-Scale-Integrated CMOS Technologies

    Get PDF
    The historical evolution of hot carrier degradation mechanisms and their physical models are reviewed and an energy-driven hot carrier aging model is verified that can reproduce 62-nm-gate-long hot carrier degradation of transistors through consistent aging-parameter extractions for circuit simulation. A long-term hot carrier-resistant circuit design can be realized via optimal driver strength controls. The central role of the V GS ratio is emphasized during practical case studies on CMOS inverter chains and a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) word-line circuit. Negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) mechanisms are also reviewed and implemented in a hydrogen reaction-diffusion (R-D) framework. The R-D simulation reproduces time-dependent NBTI degradations interpreted into interface trap generation, Δ N it with a proper power-law dependency on time. The experimental evidence of pre-existing hydrogen-induced Si–H bond breakage is also proven by the quantifying R-D simulation. From this analysis, a low-pressure end-of-line (EOL) anneal can reduce the saturation level of NBTI degradation, which is believed to be caused by the outward diffusion of hydrogen from the gate regions and therefore prevents further breakage of Si–H bonds in the silicon-oxide interfaces

    Degradation Models and Optimizations for CMOS Circuits

    Get PDF
    Die GewĂ€hrleistung der ZuverlĂ€ssigkeit von CMOS-Schaltungen ist derzeit eines der grĂ¶ĂŸten Herausforderungen beim Chip- und Schaltungsentwurf. Mit dem Ende der Dennard-Skalierung erhöht jede neue Generation der Halbleitertechnologie die elektrischen Felder innerhalb der Transistoren. Dieses stĂ€rkere elektrische Feld stimuliert die DegradationsphĂ€nomene (Alterung der Transistoren, Selbsterhitzung, Rauschen, usw.), was zu einer immer stĂ€rkeren Degradation (Verschlechterung) der Transistoren fĂŒhrt. Daher erleiden die Transistoren in jeder neuen Technologiegeneration immer stĂ€rkere Verschlechterungen ihrer elektrischen Parameter. Um die FunktionalitĂ€t und ZuverlĂ€ssigkeit der Schaltung zu wahren, wird es daher unerlĂ€sslich, die Auswirkungen der geschwĂ€chten Transistoren auf die Schaltung prĂ€zise zu bestimmen. Die beiden wichtigsten Auswirkungen der Verschlechterungen sind ein verlangsamtes Schalten, sowie eine erhöhte Leistungsaufnahme der Schaltung. Bleiben diese Auswirkungen unberĂŒcksichtigt, kann die verlangsamte Schaltgeschwindigkeit zu Timing-Verletzungen fĂŒhren (d.h. die Schaltung kann die Berechnung nicht rechtzeitig vor Beginn der nĂ€chsten Operation abschließen) und die FunktionalitĂ€t der Schaltung beeintrĂ€chtigen (fehlerhafte Ausgabe, verfĂ€lschte Daten, usw.). Um diesen Verschlechterungen der Transistorparameter im Laufe der Zeit Rechnung zu tragen, werden Sicherheitstoleranzen eingefĂŒhrt. So wird beispielsweise die Taktperiode der Schaltung kĂŒnstlich verlĂ€ngert, um ein langsameres Schaltverhalten zu tolerieren und somit Fehler zu vermeiden. Dies geht jedoch auf Kosten der Performanz, da eine lĂ€ngere Taktperiode eine niedrigere Taktfrequenz bedeutet. Die Ermittlung der richtigen Sicherheitstoleranz ist entscheidend. Wird die Sicherheitstoleranz zu klein bestimmt, fĂŒhrt dies in der Schaltung zu Fehlern, eine zu große Toleranz fĂŒhrt zu unnötigen Performanzseinbußen. Derzeit verlĂ€sst sich die Industrie bei der ZuverlĂ€ssigkeitsbestimmung auf den schlimmstmöglichen Fall (maximal gealterter Schaltkreis, maximale Betriebstemperatur bei minimaler Spannung, ungĂŒnstigste Fertigung, etc.). Diese Annahme des schlimmsten Falls garantiert, dass der Chip (oder integrierte Schaltung) unter allen auftretenden Betriebsbedingungen funktionsfĂ€hig bleibt. DarĂŒber hinaus ermöglicht die Betrachtung des schlimmsten Falles viele Vereinfachungen. Zum Beispiel muss die eigentliche Betriebstemperatur nicht bestimmt werden, sondern es kann einfach die schlimmstmögliche (sehr hohe) Betriebstemperatur angenommen werden. Leider lĂ€sst sich diese etablierte Praxis der BerĂŒcksichtigung des schlimmsten Falls (experimentell oder simulationsbasiert) nicht mehr aufrechterhalten. Diese BerĂŒcksichtigung bedingt solch harsche Betriebsbedingungen (maximale Temperatur, etc.) und Anforderungen (z.B. 25 Jahre Betrieb), dass die Transistoren unter den immer stĂ€rkeren elektrischen Felder enorme Verschlechterungen erleiden. Denn durch die Kombination an hoher Temperatur, Spannung und den steigenden elektrischen Feldern bei jeder Generation, nehmen die DegradationphĂ€nomene stetig zu. Das bedeutet, dass die unter dem schlimmsten Fall bestimmte Sicherheitstoleranz enorm pessimistisch ist und somit deutlich zu hoch ausfĂ€llt. Dieses Maß an Pessimismus fĂŒhrt zu erheblichen Performanzseinbußen, die unnötig und demnach vermeidbar sind. WĂ€hrend beispielsweise militĂ€rische Schaltungen 25 Jahre lang unter harschen Bedingungen arbeiten mĂŒssen, wird Unterhaltungselektronik bei niedrigeren Temperaturen betrieben und muss ihre FunktionalitĂ€t nur fĂŒr die Dauer der zweijĂ€hrigen Garantie aufrechterhalten. FĂŒr letzteres können die Sicherheitstoleranzen also deutlich kleiner ausfallen, um die Performanz deutlich zu erhöhen, die zuvor im Namen der ZuverlĂ€ssigkeit aufgegeben wurde. Diese Arbeit zielt darauf ab, maßgeschneiderte Sicherheitstoleranzen fĂŒr die einzelnen Anwendungsszenarien einer Schaltung bereitzustellen. FĂŒr fordernde Umgebungen wie Weltraumanwendungen (wo eine Reparatur unmöglich ist) ist weiterhin der schlimmstmögliche Fall relevant. In den meisten Anwendungen, herrschen weniger harsche Betriebssbedingungen (z.B. sorgen KĂŒhlsysteme fĂŒr niedrigere Temperaturen). Hier können Sicherheitstoleranzen maßgeschneidert und anwendungsspezifisch bestimmt werden, sodass Verschlechterungen exakt toleriert werden können und somit die ZuverlĂ€ssigkeit zu minimalen Kosten (Performanz, etc.) gewahrt wird. Leider sind die derzeitigen Standardentwurfswerkzeuge fĂŒr diese anwendungsspezifische Bestimmung der Sicherheitstoleranz nicht gut gerĂŒstet. Diese Arbeit zielt darauf ab, Standardentwurfswerkzeuge in die Lage zu versetzen, diesen Bedarf an ZuverlĂ€ssigkeitsbestimmungen fĂŒr beliebige Schaltungen unter beliebigen Betriebsbedingungen zu erfĂŒllen. Zu diesem Zweck stellen wir unsere ForschungsbeitrĂ€ge als vier Schritte auf dem Weg zu anwendungsspezifischen Sicherheitstoleranzen vor: Schritt 1 verbessert die Modellierung der DegradationsphĂ€nomene (Transistor-Alterung, -Selbsterhitzung, -Rauschen, etc.). Das Ziel von Schritt 1 ist es, ein umfassendes, einheitliches Modell fĂŒr die DegradationsphĂ€nomene zu erstellen. Durch die Verwendung von materialwissenschaftlichen Defektmodellierungen werden die zugrundeliegenden physikalischen Prozesse der DegradationsphĂ€nomena modelliert, um ihre Wechselwirkungen zu berĂŒcksichtigen (z.B. PhĂ€nomen A kann PhĂ€nomen B beschleunigen) und ein einheitliches Modell fĂŒr die simultane Modellierung verschiedener PhĂ€nomene zu erzeugen. Weiterhin werden die jĂŒngst entdeckten PhĂ€nomene ebenfalls modelliert und berĂŒcksichtigt. In Summe, erlaubt dies eine genaue Degradationsmodellierung von Transistoren unter gleichzeitiger BerĂŒcksichtigung aller essenziellen PhĂ€nomene. Schritt 2 beschleunigt diese Degradationsmodelle von mehreren Minuten pro Transistor (Modelle der Physiker zielen auf Genauigkeit statt Performanz) auf wenige Millisekunden pro Transistor. Die ForschungsbeitrĂ€ge dieser Dissertation beschleunigen die Modelle um ein Vielfaches, indem sie zuerst die Berechnungen so weit wie möglich vereinfachen (z.B. sind nur die Spitzenwerte der Degradation erforderlich und nicht alle Werte ĂŒber einem zeitlichen Verlauf) und anschließend die ParallelitĂ€t heutiger Computerhardware nutzen. Beide AnsĂ€tze erhöhen die Auswertungsgeschwindigkeit, ohne die Genauigkeit der Berechnung zu beeinflussen. In Schritt 3 werden diese beschleunigte Degradationsmodelle in die Standardwerkzeuge integriert. Die Standardwerkzeuge berĂŒcksichtigen derzeit nur die bestmöglichen, typischen und schlechtestmöglichen Standardzellen (digital) oder Transistoren (analog). Diese drei Typen von Zellen/Transistoren werden von der Foundry (Halbleiterhersteller) aufwendig experimentell bestimmt. Da nur diese drei Typen bestimmt werden, nehmen die Werkzeuge keine ZuverlĂ€ssigkeitsbestimmung fĂŒr eine spezifische Anwendung (Temperatur, Spannung, AktivitĂ€t) vor. Simulationen mit Degradationsmodellen ermöglichen eine Bestimmung fĂŒr spezifische Anwendungen, jedoch muss diese FĂ€higkeit erst integriert werden. Diese Integration ist eines der BeitrĂ€ge dieser Dissertation. Schritt 4 beschleunigt die Standardwerkzeuge. Digitale SchaltungsentwĂŒrfe, die nicht auf Standardzellen basieren, sowie komplexe analoge Schaltungen können derzeit nicht mit analogen Schaltungssimulatoren ausgewertet werden. Ihre Performanz reicht fĂŒr solch umfangreiche Simulationen nicht aus. Diese Dissertation stellt Techniken vor, um diese Werkzeuge zu beschleunigen und somit diese umfangreichen Schaltungen simulieren zu können. Diese ForschungsbeitrĂ€ge, die sich jeweils ĂŒber mehrere Veröffentlichungen erstrecken, ermöglichen es Standardwerkzeugen, die Sicherheitstoleranz fĂŒr kundenspezifische Anwendungsszenarien zu bestimmen. FĂŒr eine gegebene Schaltungslebensdauer, Temperatur, Spannung und AktivitĂ€t (Schaltverhalten durch Software-Applikationen) können die Auswirkungen der Transistordegradation ausgewertet werden und somit die erforderliche (weder unter- noch ĂŒberschĂ€tzte) Sicherheitstoleranz bestimmt werden. Diese anwendungsspezifische Sicherheitstoleranz, garantiert die ZuverlĂ€ssigkeit und FunktionalitĂ€t der Schaltung fĂŒr genau diese Anwendung bei minimalen Performanzeinbußen

    Reliability Investigations of MOSFETs using RF Small Signal Characterization

    Get PDF
    Modern technology needs and advancements have introduced various new concepts such as Internet-of-Things, electric automotive, and Artificial intelligence. This implies an increased activity in the electronics domain of analog and high frequency. Silicon devices have emerged as a cost-effective solution for such diverse applications. As these silicon devices are pushed towards higher performance, there is a continuous need to improve fabrication, power efficiency, variability, and reliability. Often, a direct trade-off of higher performance is observed in the reliability of semiconductor devices. The acceleration-based methodologies used for reliability assessment are the adequate time-saving solution for the lifetime's extrapolation but come with uncertainty in accuracy. Thus, the efforts to improve the accuracy of reliability characterization methodologies run in parallel. This study highlights two goals that can be achieved by incorporating high-frequency characterization into the reliability characteristics. The first one is assessing high-frequency performance throughout the device's lifetime to facilitate an accurate description of device/circuit functionality for high-frequency applications. Secondly, to explore the potential of high-frequency characterization as the means of scanning reliability effects within devices. S-parameters served as the high-frequency device's response and mapped onto a small-signal model to analyze different components of a fully depleted silicon-on-insulator MOSFET. The studied devices are subjected to two important DC stress patterns, i.e., Bias temperature instability stress and hot carrier stress. The hot carrier stress, which inherently suffers from the self-heating effect, resulted in the transistor's geometry-dependent magnitudes of hot carrier degradation. It is shown that the incorporation of the thermal resistance model is mandatory for the investigation of hot carrier degradation. The property of direct translation of small-signal parameter degradation to DC parameter degradation is used to develop a new S-parameter based bias temperature instability characterization methodology. The changes in gate-related small-signal capacitances after hot carrier stress reveals a distinct signature due to local change of flat-band voltage. The measured effects of gate-related small-signal capacitances post-stress are validated through transient physics-based simulations in Sentaurus TCAD.:Abstract Symbols Acronyms 1 Introduction 2 Fundamentals 2.1 MOSFETs Scaling Trends and Challenges 2.1.1 Silicon on Insulator Technology 2.1.2 FDSOI Technology 2.2 Reliability of Semiconductor Devices 2.3 RF Reliability 2.4 MOSFET Degradation Mechanisms 2.4.1 Hot Carrier Degradation 2.4.2 Bias Temperature Instability 2.5 Self-heating 3 RF Characterization of fully-depleted Silicon on Insulator devices 3.1 Scattering Parameters 3.2 S-parameters Measurement Flow 3.2.1 Calibration 3.2.2 De-embedding 3.3 Small-Signal Model 3.3.1 Model Parameters Extraction 3.3.2 Transistor Figures of Merit 3.4 Characterization Results 4 Self-heating assessment in Multi-finger Devices 4.1 Self-heating Characterization Methodology 4.1.1 Output Conductance Frequency dependence 4.1.2 Temperature dependence of Drain Current 4.2 Thermal Resistance Behavior 4.2.1 Thermal Resistance Scaling with number of fingers 4.2.2 Thermal Resistance Scaling with finger spacing 4.2.3 Thermal Resistance Scaling with GateWidth 4.2.4 Thermal Resistance Scaling with Gate length 4.3 Thermal Resistance Model 4.4 Design for Thermal Resistance Optimization 5 Bias Temperature Instability Investigation 5.1 Impact of Bias Temperature Instability stress on Device Metrics 5.1.1 Experimental Details 5.1.2 DC Parameters Drift 5.1.3 RF Small-Signal Parameters Drift 5.2 S-parameter based on-the-fly Bias Temperature Instability Characterization Method 5.2.1 Measurement Methodology 5.2.2 Results and Discussion 6 Investigation of Hot-carrier Degradation 6.1 Impact of Hot-carrier stress on Device performance 6.1.1 DC Metrics Degradation 6.1.2 Impact on small-signal Parameters 6.2 Implications of Self-heating on Hot-carrier Degradation in n-MOSFETs 6.2.1 Inclusion of Thermal resistance in Hot-carrier Degradation modeling 6.2.2 Convolution of Bias Temperature Instability component in Hot-carrier Degradation 6.2.3 Effect of Source and Drain Placement in Multi-finger Layout 6.3 Vth turn-around effect in p-MOSFET 7 Deconvolution of Hot-carrier Degradation and Bias Temperature Instability using Scattering parameters 7.1 Small-Signal Parameter Signatures for Hot-carrier Degradation and Bias Temperature Instability 7.2 TCAD Dynamic Simulation of Defects 7.2.1 Fixed Charges 7.2.2 Interface Traps near Gate 7.2.3 Interface Traps near Spacer Region 7.2.4 Combination of Traps 7.2.5 Drain Series Resistance effect 7.2.6 DVth Correction 7.3 Empirical Modeling based deconvolution of Hot-carrier Degradation 8 Conclusion and Recommendations 8.1 General Conclusions 8.2 Recommendations for Future Work A Directly measured S-parameters and extracted Y-parameters B Device Dimensions for Thermal Resistance Modeling C Frequency response of hot-carrier degradation (HCD) D Localization Effect of Interface Traps Bibliograph

    Defect Induced Aging and Breakdown in High-k Dielectrics

    Get PDF
    abstract: High-k dielectrics have been employed in the metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) since 45 nm technology node. In this MOSFET industry, Moore’s law projects the feature size of MOSFET scales half within every 18 months. Such scaling down theory has not only led to the physical limit of manufacturing but also raised the reliability issues in MOSFETs. After the incorporation of HfO2 based high-k dielectrics, the stacked oxides based gate insulator is facing rather challenging reliability issues due to the vulnerable HfO2 layer, ultra-thin interfacial SiO2 layer, and even messy interface between SiO2 and HfO2. Bias temperature instabilities (BTI), hot channel electrons injections (HCI), stress-induced leakage current (SILC), and time dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) are the four most prominent reliability challenges impacting the lifetime of the chips under use. In order to fully understand the origins that could potentially challenge the reliability of the MOSFETs the defects induced aging and breakdown of the high-k dielectrics have been profoundly investigated here. BTI aging has been investigated to be related to charging effects from the bulk oxide traps and generations of Si-H bonds related interface traps. CVS and RVS induced dielectric breakdown studies have been performed and investigated. The breakdown process is regarded to be related to oxygen vacancies generations triggered by hot hole injections from anode. Post breakdown conduction study in the RRAM devices have shown irreversible characteristics of the dielectrics, although the resistance could be switched into high resistance state.Dissertation/ThesisDoctoral Dissertation Electrical Engineering 201

    Cross-Layer Resiliency Modeling and Optimization: A Device to Circuit Approach

    Get PDF
    The never ending demand for higher performance and lower power consumption pushes the VLSI industry to further scale the technology down. However, further downscaling of technology at nano-scale leads to major challenges. Reduced reliability is one of them, arising from multiple sources e.g. runtime variations, process variation, and transient errors. The objective of this thesis is to tackle unreliability with a cross layer approach from device up to circuit level

    Monitor-Based In-Field Wearout Mitigation for CMOS RF Integrated Circuits

    Get PDF
    abstract: Performance failure due to aging is an increasing concern for RF circuits. While most aging studies are focused on the concept of mean-time-to-failure, for analog circuits, aging results in continuous degradation in performance before it causes catastrophic failures. In this regard, the lifetime of RF/analog circuits, which is defined as the point where at least one specification fails, is not just determined by aging at the device level, but also by the slack in the specifications, process variations, and the stress conditions on the devices. In this dissertation, firstly, a methodology for analyzing the performance degradation of RF circuits caused by aging mechanisms in MOSFET devices at design-time (pre-silicon) is presented. An algorithm to determine reliability hotspots in the circuit is proposed and design-time optimization methods to enhance the lifetime by making the most likely to fail circuit components more reliable is performed. RF circuits are used as test cases to demonstrate that the lifetime can be enhanced using the proposed design-time technique with low area and no performance impact. Secondly, in-field monitoring and recovering technique for the performance of aged RF circuits is discussed. The proposed in-field technique is based on two phases: During the design time, degradation profiles of the aged circuit are obtained through simulations. From these profiles, hotspot identification of aged RF circuits are conducted and the circuit variable that is easy to measure but highly correlated to the performance of the primary circuit is determined for a monitoring purpose. After deployment, an on-chip DC monitor is periodically activated and its results are used to monitor, and if necessary, recover the circuit performances degraded by aging mechanisms. It is also necessary to co-design the monitoring and recovery mechanism along with the primary circuit for minimal performance impact. A low noise amplifier (LNA) and LC-tank oscillators are fabricated for case studies to demonstrate that the lifetime can be enhanced using the proposed monitoring and recovery techniques in the field. Experimental results with fabricated LNA/oscillator chips show the performance degradation from the accelerated stress conditions and this loss can be recovered by the proposed mitigation scheme.Dissertation/ThesisDoctoral Dissertation Electrical Engineering 201

    Solid State Circuits Technologies

    Get PDF
    The evolution of solid-state circuit technology has a long history within a relatively short period of time. This technology has lead to the modern information society that connects us and tools, a large market, and many types of products and applications. The solid-state circuit technology continuously evolves via breakthroughs and improvements every year. This book is devoted to review and present novel approaches for some of the main issues involved in this exciting and vigorous technology. The book is composed of 22 chapters, written by authors coming from 30 different institutions located in 12 different countries throughout the Americas, Asia and Europe. Thus, reflecting the wide international contribution to the book. The broad range of subjects presented in the book offers a general overview of the main issues in modern solid-state circuit technology. Furthermore, the book offers an in depth analysis on specific subjects for specialists. We believe the book is of great scientific and educational value for many readers. I am profoundly indebted to the support provided by all of those involved in the work. First and foremost I would like to acknowledge and thank the authors who worked hard and generously agreed to share their results and knowledge. Second I would like to express my gratitude to the Intech team that invited me to edit the book and give me their full support and a fruitful experience while working together to combine this book
    • 

    corecore