A unified framework for building ontological theories with application and testing in the field of clinical trials

The objective of this research programme is to contribute to the establishment of the emerging science of Formal Ontology in Information Systems via a collaborative project involving researchers from a range of disciplines including philosophy, logic, computer science, linguistics, and the medical sciences. The re­searchers will work together on the construction of a unified formal ontology, which means: a general framework for the construction of ontological theories in specific domains. The framework will be constructed using the axiomatic-deductive method of modern formal ontology. It will be tested via a series of applications relating to on-going work in Leipzig on medical taxonomies and data dictionaries in the context of clinical trials. This will lead to the production of a domain-specific ontology which is designed to serve as a basis for applications in the medical field

THE ADVANCES OF THE BRAZILIAN JUDICIAL SYSTEM AND THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: OPPOSITE OR PARALLEL WAYS TOWARDS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF JUSTICE?

ABSTRACTObjectives: To point out the technological advances registered in the Brazilian Judiciary System in the digital age, mainly the benefits that the engineering has provided in the improvement of artificial intelligence tools which reflect in the speed of judgments, as well as defining the limits of the use of such resources in view of the of the peculiarities of the judging activity in an immersive and sometimes exclusive demand, in the dynamics between texts and contexts.Methodology: The methodology of this study is deductive coupled with techniques of bibliographical research by way of reviewing doctrine, journals, scientific articles and legislation. The study was strategically divided into a detailed investigation of themes that closely relate to the judicial system, the use of technologies and the effectiveness of Justice.Results: Despite all technological advances, considering the specialties of linguistic resources, whether of an ontological or semantic nature, added to the peculiarity of the jurisdictional services and the completeness of social relations, it is concluded that such technologies, however developed they may be, they are not above the magistrates, but at their side as tools to support jurisdictional practice. The scientific intimate must definitely remain under the human domain, the only one capable of transforming the text by context into a legal norm capable of guaranteeing, at any time, the effectiveness of Justice in the midst of a society as dynamic and transformative as it is today.Contributions: The discussion of working together between lawyers in the rational implementation of digital tools at their disposal and software engineers to simplify the legal world, through the development of intelligent systems, with the aim of understanding and applying their knowledge in the best way to solving questions about the administrative and technical complexity of the legal system, adequately responding to the demands of society.KEYWORDS: Effectiveness; Technology; Justice; Language; Artificial Intelligence. RESUMOObjetivos: Apontar os avanços tecnológicos registrados no Sistema Judiciário brasileiro na era digital, principalmente os benefícios que a engenharia proporcionou no aprimoramento das ferramentas de inteligência artificial que refletem na velocidade dos julgamentos, além de definir os limites do uso de tais recursos, tendo em vista as peculiaridades da atividade julgadora em uma demanda imersiva e às vezes exclusiva na dinâmica entre textos e contextos.Metodologia: A metodologia deste estudo é dedutiva, associada a técnicas de pesquisa bibliográfica, por meio da revisão de doutrina, periódicos, artigos científicos e legislação. O estudo foi estrategicamente dividido em uma pesquisa detalhada de temas que se relacionam estreitamente com o sistema judicial, o uso de tecnologias e a eficácia da Justiça.Resultados: Apesar de todos os avanços tecnológicos, considerando as especialidades dos recursos linguísticos, de natureza ontológica ou semântica, somadas à peculiaridade dos serviços jurisdicionais e à integridade das relações sociais, conclui-se que essas tecnologias, por mais desenvolvidas que sejam, não se posicionam acima dos magistrados, mas ao seu lado, como ferramentas para apoiar a prática jurisdicional. O íntimo científico deve definitivamente permanecer sob o domínio humano, o único capaz de transformar o texto por contexto em norma jurídica capaz de garantir, a qualquer momento, a efetividade da Justiça no meio de uma sociedade tão dinâmica e transformadora como é hoje.Contribuições: A discussão do trabalho em conjunto entre advogados na implementação racional das ferramentas digitais à sua disposição e os engenheiros de software para simplificar o mundo jurídico, através do desenvolvimento de sistemas inteligentes, com o objetivo de entender e aplicar da melhor forma os seus conhecimentos para a resolução de questões sobre a complexidade administrativa e técnica do sistema jurídico, respondendo adequadamente às demandas da sociedade.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Efetividade; Tecnologia; Justiça; Linguagem; Inteligência Artificial

The advances of the brazilian judicial system and the use of artificial intelligence: opposite or parallel ways towards the effectiveness of justice?

Objectives: To point out the technological advances registered in the Brazilian Judiciary System in the digital age, mainly the benefits that the engineering has provided in the improvement of artificial intelligence tools which reflect in the speed of judgments, as well as defining the limits of the use of such resources in view of the of the peculiarities of the judging activity in an immersive and sometimes exclusive demand, in the dynamics between texts and contexts. Methodology: The methodology of this study is deductive coupled with techniques of bibliographical research by way of reviewing doctrine, journals, scientific articles and legislation. The study was strategically divided into a detailed investigation of themes that closely relate to the judicial system, the use of technologies and the effectiveness of Justice. Results: Despite all technological advances, considering the specialties of linguistic resources, whether of an ontological or semantic nature, added to the peculiarity of the jurisdictional services and the completeness of social relations, it is concluded that such technologies, however developed they may be, they are not above the magistrates, but at their side as tools to support jurisdictional practice. The scientific intimate must definitely remain under the human domain, the only one capable of transforming the text by context into a legal norm capable of guaranteeing, at any time, the effectiveness of Justice in the midst of a society as dynamic and transformative as it is today. Contributions: The discussion of working together between lawyers in the rational implementation of digital tools at their disposal and software engineers to simplify the legal world, through the development of intelligent systems, with the aim of understanding and applying their knowledge in the best way to solving questions about the administrative and technical complexity of the legal system, adequately responding to the demands of society

Learning to Rank Academic Experts in the DBLP Dataset

Expert finding is an information retrieval task that is concerned with the search for the most knowledgeable people with respect to a specific topic, and the search is based on documents that describe people's activities. The task involves taking a user query as input and returning a list of people who are sorted by their level of expertise with respect to the user query. Despite recent interest in the area, the current state-of-the-art techniques lack in principled approaches for optimally combining different sources of evidence. This article proposes two frameworks for combining multiple estimators of expertise. These estimators are derived from textual contents, from graph-structure of the citation patterns for the community of experts, and from profile information about the experts. More specifically, this article explores the use of supervised learning to rank methods, as well as rank aggregation approaches, for combing all of the estimators of expertise. Several supervised learning algorithms, which are representative of the pointwise, pairwise and listwise approaches, were tested, and various state-of-the-art data fusion techniques were also explored for the rank aggregation framework. Experiments that were performed on a dataset of academic publications from the Computer Science domain attest the adequacy of the proposed approaches.Comment: Expert Systems, 2013. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1302.041

Formal Verification of Astronaut-Rover Teams for Planetary Surface Operations

This paper describes an approach to assuring the reliability of autonomous systems for Astronaut-Rover (ASRO) teams using the formal verification of models in the Brahms multi-agent modelling language. Planetary surface rovers have proven essential to several manned and unmanned missions to the moon and Mars. The first rovers were tele- or manuallyoperated, but autonomous systems are increasingly being used to increase the effectiveness and range of rover operations on missions such as the NASA Mars Science Laboratory. It is anticipated that future manned missions to the moon and Mars will use autonomous rovers to assist astronauts during extravehicular activity (EVA), including science, technical and construction operations. These ASRO teams have the potential to significantly increase the safety and efficiency of surface operations. We describe a new Brahms model in which an autonomous rover may perform several different activities including assisting an astronaut during EVA. These activities compete for the autonomous rovers “attention’ and therefore the rover must decide which activity is currently the most important and engage in that activity. The Brahms model also includes an astronaut agent, which models an astronauts predicted behaviour during an EVA. The rover must also respond to the astronauts activities. We show how this Brahms model can be simulated using the Brahms integrated development environment. The model can then also be formally verified with respect to system requirements using the SPIN model checker, through automatic translation from Brahms to PROMELA (the input language for SPIN). We show that such formal verification can be used to determine that mission- and safety critical operations are conducted correctly, and therefore increase the reliability of autonomous systems for planetary rovers in ASRO teams

Appositeness of artificial intelligence in modern medicine

Artificial intelligence (AI) can be demonstrated as intelligence demonstrated by machines.AI research has gone through different phases like simulating the brain, modeling human problem solving, formal logic, large databases of knowledge and imitating animal behavior. In the beginning of 21st century, highly mathematical statistical machine learning has dominated the field, was found useful and considered in helping to solve many challenging problems throughout industry and academia. The domain was discovered and work was done on the assumption that human intelligence can be simulated by machines. These initiate some discussions in raising queries about the mind and the ethics of creating artificial beings with human-like intelligence. Myth, fiction, and philosophy are involved in the creation of this field. The debates and discussion also point to concerns of misuse regarding this technology.