32 research outputs found

    Modelo predictivo del índice de anisotropía del semicoque a partir de las propiedades de los carbones de la Cordillera Oriental de Colombia

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    This study developed a theoretical model for the determination of the Coke Anisotropy Quotient (CAQ) of semi-coke from the properties of its precursor coal. This is an useful parameter to define the resistance and reactivity of semi-coke in the blast furnace. For 36 semi-coke samples, a textural analysis was performed alongside a fluidity test to determine the real CAQ. The main textures observed were: isotropic and circular for high volatile bituminous coals (HVB); lenticular and fine ribbons for the medium volatile bituminous coals (MVB); and medium and thick ribbons for the low volatile bituminous coals (LVB). The CAQ varied in a range from 1 to 11. A principal component analysis (PCA) and multiple regression allowed to discriminated the importance of certain coal properties, in determining the CAQ to be recognized and to estimate parameters of the mathematical model. The statistical analysis suggested that CAQ can be best predicted from the fluidity, volatile matter, and Ro of the parent coals. The veracity of this model result was then tested using a second dataset from Poland. This work optimizes the usefulness of standard datasets in the prediction of CAQ's offering a means of quality control that could be implemented in Colombian coke production.En esta investigación se desarrolló un modelo teórico para la determinación del Cociente de Anisotropía del Coque (CAQ) del semicoque a partir de las propiedades de su carbón precursor. El CAQ permite definir la resistencia y la reactividad del semicoque en el alto horno. Usando material residual de las pruebas de fluidez se realizó un análisis textural para determinar el CAQ real sobre 36 muestras de semicoque. Las principales texturas observadas para los carbones bituminosos fueron: isotrópicas y circulares para los de alta volatilidad (HVB); cintas lenticulares y finas para los de media volatilidad (MVB); y cintas medias y gruesas para los de baja volatilidad (LVB). El CAQ varió en un rango de 1 a 11. Análisis de componentes principales (PCA) y regresión múltiple permitieron reconocer la importancia de ciertas propiedades del carbón para determinar el CAQ. El análisis estadístico sugirió que el CAQ puede predecirse mejor a partir de la fluidez,la materia volátil y el Ro de los carbones precursores. Este modelo fue validado a través de la comparación con datos reales de carbones de Polonia. Este trabajo proporciona un medio de control de calidad que podríaimplementarse en la producción de coque colombiano.&nbsp

    XVIII International Coal Preparation Congress

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    Changes in economic and market conditions of mineral raw materials in recent years have greatly increased demands on the ef fi ciency of mining production. This is certainly true of the coal industry. World coal consumption is growing faster than other types of fuel and in the past year it exceeded 7.6 billion tons. Coal extraction and processing technology are continuously evolving, becoming more economical and environmentally friendly. “ Clean coal ” technology is becoming increasingly popular. Coal chemistry, production of new materials and pharmacology are now added to the traditional use areas — power industry and metallurgy. The leading role in the development of new areas of coal use belongs to preparation technology and advanced coal processing. Hi-tech modern technology and the increasing interna- tional demand for its effectiveness and ef fi ciency put completely new goals for the University. Our main task is to develop a new generation of workforce capacity and research in line with global trends in the development of science and technology to address critical industry issues. Today Russia, like the rest of the world faces rapid and profound changes affecting all spheres of life. The de fi ning feature of modern era has been a rapid development of high technology, intellectual capital being its main asset and resource. The dynamics of scienti fi c and technological development requires acti- vation of University research activities. The University must be a generator of ideas to meet the needs of the economy and national development. Due to the high intellectual potential, University expert mission becomes more and more called for and is capable of providing professional assessment and building science-based predictions in various fi elds. Coal industry, as well as the whole fuel and energy sector of the global economy is growing fast. Global multinational energy companies are less likely to be under state in fl uence and will soon become the main mechanism for the rapid spread of technologies based on new knowledge. Mineral resources will have an even greater impact on the stability of the economies of many countries. Current progress in the technology of coal-based gas synthesis is not just a change in the traditional energy markets, but the emergence of new products of direct consumption, obtained from coal, such as synthetic fuels, chemicals and agrochemical products. All this requires a revision of the value of coal in the modern world economy

    Refinery Integration of By-Products from Coal-Derived Jet Fuels

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    Coal Liquefaction Process Development

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    The traditional method of liquefying coal operates at extreme conditions consisting of hydrogen pressures of over 2000 pounds per square inch and temperatures of over 450°C. The elevated hydrogen pressure is necessary to hydrogenate the reaction mixture and liquefy the coal molecules. As a result, the processing equipment is very expensive and safety is a major concern. The coal liquefaction process invented at West Virginia University does not use hydrogen overpressure and operates below 500 pounds per square inch. The WVU process has produced 4500 pounds of cleaned de-ashed coal extract referred to as centrate. The centrate was processed into coal tar binder pitch by Koppers Inc. and finally into electrodes for the steel industry by GrafTech International Ltd. The electrodes were tested and passed all of the commercialization tests. Quantex, a Canadian company, licensed the technology from the university in 2007 with the intention of commercializing the process. However, the process had several deficiencies to overcome before it could be economically viable and move towards commercialization.;The centrifuge system removes ash and other solid materials from the mixture after the coal has been liquefied. In the process existing in 2007, the centrifuge residue, or tails, contains only 20% by weight of the ash material with the remaining 80% consisting of valuable products or unreacted coal. Without first increasing the efficiency of ash removal from the coal either before or after the liquefaction reaction, the process cannot be economically viable and is unable to be commercialized. Another drawback of the original process is the reaction and centrifuge systems were not designed or operated to produce reliable mass balance results.;The reaction system was redesigned and constructed incorporating the previously redesigned centrifugation system to produce clean, de-ashed centrate and other products from the raw materials. A vacuum distillation system was designed and constructed that produces quality pitches and condensed liquid volatiles from the clean, de-ashed centrate produced from coal in the previous reaction step. The coking system was designed and constructed to process the coal derived pitches into commercial grade coke and additional condensed volatiles. Each of the three operating systems produces reliable and repeatable mass closure results for individual experiments. All of the products can be collected and samples taken for further analytical analysis. A complete mass balance analysis for the overall process was performed from the raw material through the products produced. The end products were subjected to and passed testing for commercial standards. The potential for commercialization has been enhanced by this research and the technology now can be properly analyzed

    Optimising Carbon Type Differentiation Techniques to Reduce Dust Emissions in Blast Furnace Ironmaking

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    The manufacturing process of iron, using the blast furnace (BF) generates dust as a by-product, which is recycled, however, the generation of the dust in excess is undesirable. A comprehensive review of the dust has determined that each of the raw materials for blast furnace ironmaking contributes to its formation, including several forms of carbon thus addressing the hypothesis ‘The raw materials that feed the blast furnace are expelled into the gas stream and all influence the blast furnace dust.’ The current technique for quantifying coal originating carbon type mostly in the form of coal char, referred to as the nominal term Low Order Carbon (LOC) within BF dust consists of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) however, this technique does not allow for samples of dust to be analysed in a timely manner, in line with the ever-changing conditions of the blast furnace. In this work, the TGA method has been trialled for use with BF dust, with improvements offered to the heating profile, allowing for faster analysis. Moreover, alternative techniques have been trialled, in combination with various characterisation methods such as X-ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy, total carbon and Optical Emission Spectroscopy. The ‘Winkler Method’ which was originally designed to quantify charcoal in soil sediment has been successfully adapted and optimised to suit LOC quantification in BF dust, showing a good correlation with the original benchmark technique. This answered the hypothesis, ‘Thermal techniques can be used to differentiate carbon sources in dust generated in blast furnaces that use granulated coal injection.’ The techniques for LOC quantification were applied to dust samples spanning a 9 month period. to determine the process parameters that influence the LOC presence within the dust. It was found that the resolution of sampling is key to identify relationships between process parameters and LOC within the dust. A novel technique to continuously monitor the dust output of the furnace found that the dust output and the LOC within the dust are related, where the increasing dust output leads to increasing concentrations of LOC within the carbon profile of the dust itself. Process parameters including blast pressure, blast volume, and production rate were considered to increase the dust output from the furnace based on the work of the dust probe, thus answering the hypothesis ‘Coal combustion in the raceway can be impacted by process parameters and the evidence can be found in the fingerprint of blast furnace dust.’ A node mapping exercise was used to model an ideal set of process conditions for low dust operations. The foundations to make macro advances in carbon and dust output reduction in blast furnace ironmaking are laid out in this thesis

    Annual Report 2018-2019

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    It contains the statement of R&D works undertaken, achievement made and the expenditure by the laboratory during the financial year 2018-2019

    Modelo de tomada de decisão para definição de matriz energética na indústria cimenteira

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    Orientadora: Prof.ª. Drª. Izabel Cristina ZattarDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Tecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Produção. Defesa : Curitiba, 13/04/2023Inclui referências: p. 79-91Resumo: A necessidade crescente por busca de vantagem competitiva e a relevância do tema combustíveis, bem como a procura por redução de custos na produção, fez com que, a partir dos anos setenta, a indústria cimenteira iniciasse pesquisas voltadas a buscar alternativas energéticas para o seu processo produtivo. Sobre o custo direto da produção do cimento, a metade de todo o custo corresponde às despesas com os combustíveis e energia elétrica. Os combustíveis correspondem acima de 25% e podendo atingir 45% do custo de produção de cimento conforme as variáveis de suprimentos. Atualmente, o coque de petróleo e o carvão são responsáveis por 70% do consumo das cimenteiras, sendo que sua compra é suscetível a variações cambiais e fatores de mercado. Visando a redução de custos, a indústria de cimento no Brasil, em cooperação com outras organizações cimenteiras internacionais, desenvolveu o Technology Roadmap 2050, que propõe uma série de ações prioritárias para buscar incremento dos combustíveis alternativos, os quais representam mais de 20% do consumo térmico do setor de cimento. Diante do exposto, o objetivo geral do trabalho é um modelo matemático para a definição da matriz energética capaz de auxiliar na tomada de decisão de escolha dos combustíveis atendendo aos parâmetros de produção com a função objetivo de minimizar os custos e de promover o desenvolvimento sustentável. O presente estudo foi dividido no desenvolvimento da modelagem da descrição do problema, a coleta de dados, a modelagem e estruturação das equações e através da pesquisa operacional e programação linear. Para tal, como método de pesquisa, foi realizado um estudo de caso em uma indústria cimenteira estabelecida na Região Metropolitana de Curitiba. Na etapa seguinte, a validação da modelagem e a simulação de dois cenários para a matriz de combustíveis. Por fim, o resultado apresentou uma assertividade na escolha da matriz energética, redução nos custos, flexibilidade na definição das variáveis e agilidade para tomada de decisão. Sendo que o estudo representa uma vantagem competitiva e interessa ao desenvolvimento da indústria, e qualquer alteração na mistura dos combustíveis terá representatividade nos resultados financeiros.Abstract: The growing need to seek competitive advantage and the relevance of the fuel issue, as well as the search for cost reduction in production, meant that, from the 1970s onwards, the cement industry began research aimed at seeking energy alternatives for its process productive. About the direct cost of cement production, half of the total cost corresponds to expenses with fuel and electricity. Fuels account for over 25% and may reach 45% of the cost of cement production depending on supply variables. Currently, petroleum coke and coal are responsible for 70% of cement plants' consumption, and their purchase is susceptible to exchange rate variations and market factors. With a view to reducing costs, the cement industry in Brazil, in cooperation with other international cement organizations, developed the Technology Roadmap 2050, which proposes a series of priority actions to seek an increase in alternative fuels, which represent more than 20% of consumption the cement industry. Considering the above, the general objective of the work is to propose a mathematical model for the definition of the energy matrix capable of assisting in the decision-making process of choosing fuels, considering the parameters, variables and restrictions of the furnaces and production. The present study was divided into the development of modeling from the description of the problem, data collection, modeling and structuring of equations and through operational research and linear programming. Therefore as a research method, a case study was carried out in a cement industry established in the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba. In the next step, the validation of the modeling and the simulation of two scenarios for the fuel matrix. Finally, the result showed assertiveness in choosing the energy matrix, cost reduction, flexibility in defining variables and agility in decision making. The study represents a competitive advantage and is of interest to the development of the industry, and any change in the mix of fuels will have a bearing on the financial results
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