Fractional-Order Discrete-Time Laguerre Filters: A New Tool for Modeling and Stability Analysis of Fractional-Order LTI SISO Systems

This paper presents new results on modeling and analysis of dynamics of fractional-order discrete-time linear time-invariant single-input single-output (LTI SISO) systems by means of new, two-layer, “fractional-order discrete-time Laguerre filters.” It is interesting that the fractionality of the filters at the upper system dynamics layer is directly projected from the lower Laguerre-based approximation layer for the Grünwald-Letnikov difference. A new stability criterion for discrete-time fractional-order Laguerre-based LTI SISO systems is introduced and supplemented with a stability preservation analysis. Both the stability criterion and the stability preservation analysis bring up rather surprising results, which is illustrated with simulation examples

Constrained H̳₂ design via convex optimization with applications

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1998.In title on t.p., double-underscored "H" appears in script.Includes bibliographical references (p. 133-138).A convex optimization controller design method is presented which minimizes the closed-loop H2 norm, subject to constraints on the magnitude of closed-loop transfer functions and transient responses due to specified inputs. This method uses direct parameter optimization of the closed-loop Youla or Q-parameter where the variables are the coefficients of a stable orthogonal basis. The basis is constructed using the recently rediscovered Generalized Orthonormal Basis Functions (GOBF) that have found application in system identification. It is proposed that many typical control specifications including robustness to modeling error and gain and phase margins can be posed with two simple constraints in the frequency and time domain. With some approximation, this formulation allows the controller design problem to be cast as a quadratic program. Two example applications demonstrate the practical utility of this method for real systems. First this method is applied to the roll axis of the EOS-AM1 spacecraft attitude control system, with a set of performance and robustness specifications. The constrained H2 controller simultaneously meets the specifications where previous model-based control studies failed. Then a constrained H2 controller is designed for an active vibration isolation system for a spaceborne optical technology demonstration test stand. Mixed specifications are successfully incorporated into the design and the results are verified with experimental frequency data.by Beau V. Lintereur.S.M

Metaheuristics algorithms to identify nonlinear Hammerstein model: A decade survey

Metaheuristics have been acknowledged as an effective solution for many difficult issues related to optimization. The metaheuristics, especially swarm’s intelligence and evolutionary computing algorithms, have gained popularity within a short time over the past two decades. Various metaheuristics algorithms are being introduced on an annual basis and applications that are more new are gradually being discovered. This paper presents a survey for the years 2011-2021 on multiple metaheuristics algorithms, particularly swarm and evolutionary algorithms, to identify a nonlinear block-oriented model called the Hammerstein model, mainly because such model has garnered much interest amidst researchers to identify nonlinear systems. Besides introducing a complete survey on the various population-based algorithms to identify the Hammerstein model, this paper also investigated some empirically verified actual process plants results. As such, this article serves as a guideline on the fundamentals of identifying nonlinear block-oriented models for new practitioners, apart from presenting a comprehensive summary of cutting-edge trends within the context of this topic area

Identification of nonlinear interconnected systems

This thesis was submitted for the degree of Master of Philosophy and awarded by Brunel University.In this work we address the problem of identifying a discrete-time nonlinear system composed of a linear dynamical system connected to a static nonlinear component. We use linear fractional representation to provide a united framework for the identification of two classes of such systems. The first class consists of discrete-time systems consists of a linear time invariant system connected to a continuous nonlinear static component. The identification problem of estimating the unknown parameters of the linear system and simultaneously fitting a math order spline to the nonlinear data is addressed. A simple and tractable algorithm based on the separable least squares method is proposed for estimating the parameters of the linear and the nonlinear components. We also provide a sufficient condition on data for consistency of the identification algorithm. Numerical examples illustrate the performance of the algorithm. Further, we examine a second class of systems that may involve a nonlinear static element of a more complex structure. The nonlinearity may not be continuous and is approximated by piecewise a±ne maps defined on different convex polyhedra, which are defined by linear combinations of lagged inputs and outputs. An iterative identification procedure is proposed, which alternates the estimation of the linear and the nonlinear subsystems. Standard identification techniques are applied to the linear subsystem, whereas recently developed piecewise affine system identification techniques are employed for the estimation of the nonlinear component. Numerical examples show that the proposed procedure is able to successfully profit from the knowledge of the interconnection structure, in comparison with a direct black box identification of the piecewise a±ne system.Funding was obtained as a Marie Curie Early Stage Researcher Training fellowship, under the NET-ACE project (MEST-CT-2004-6724)

Generalized linear-in-parameter models : theory and audio signal processing applications

This thesis presents a mathematically oriented perspective to some basic concepts of digital signal processing. A general framework for the development of alternative signal and system representations is attained by defining a generalized linear-in-parameter model (GLM) configuration. The GLM provides a direct view into the origins of many familiar methods in signal processing, implying a variety of generalizations, and it serves as a natural introduction to rational orthonormal model structures. In particular, the conventional division between finite impulse response (FIR) and infinite impulse response (IIR) filtering methods is reconsidered. The latter part of the thesis consists of audio oriented case studies, including loudspeaker equalization, musical instrument body modeling, and room response modeling. The proposed collection of IIR filter design techniques is submitted to challenging modeling tasks. The most important practical contribution of this thesis is the introduction of a procedure for the optimization of rational orthonormal filter structures, called the BU-method. More generally, the BU-method and its variants, including the (complex) warped extension, the (C)WBU-method, can be consider as entirely new IIR filter design strategies.reviewe

Identification of nonlinear processes based on Wiener-Hammerstein models and heuristic optimization.

[ES] En muchos campos de la ingeniería los modelos matemáticos son utilizados para describir el comportamiento de los sistemas, procesos o fenómenos. Hoy en día, existen varias técnicas o métodos que pueden ser usadas para obtener estos modelos. Debido a su versatilidad y simplicidad, a menudo se prefieren los métodos de identificación de sistemas. Por lo general, estos métodos requieren la definición de una estructura y la estimación computacional de los parámetros que la componen utilizando un conjunto de procedimientos y mediciones de las señales de entrada y salida del sistema. En el contexto de la identificación de sistemas no lineales, un desafío importante es la selección de la estructura. En el caso de que el sistema a identificar presente una no linealidad de tipo estático, los modelos orientados a bloques, pueden ser útiles para definir adecuadamente una estructura. Sin embargo, el diseñador puede enfrentarse a cierto grado de incertidumbre al seleccionar el modelo orientado a bloques adecuado en concordancia con el sistema real. Además de este inconveniente, se debe tener en cuenta que la estimación de algunos modelos orientados a bloques no es sencilla, como es el caso de los modelos de Wiener-Hammerstein que consisten en un bloque NL en medio de dos subsistemas LTI. La presencia de dos subsistemas LTI en los modelos de Wiener-Hammerstein es lo que principalmente dificulta su estimación. Generalmente, el procedimiento de identificación comienza con la estimación de la dinámica lineal, y el principal desafío es dividir esta dinámica entre los dos bloques LTI. Por lo general, esto implica una alta interacción del usuario para desarrollar varios procedimientos, y el modelo final estimado depende principalmente de estas etapas previas. El objetivo de esta tesis es contribuir a la identificación de los modelos de Wiener-Hammerstein. Esta contribución se basa en la presentación de dos nuevos algoritmos para atender aspectos específicos que no han sido abordados en la identificación de este tipo de modelos. El primer algoritmo, denominado WH-EA, permite estimar todos los parámetros de un modelo de Wiener-Hammerstein con un solo procedimiento a partir de un modelo dinámico lineal. Con WH-EA, una buena estimación no depende de procedimientos intermedios ya que el algoritmo evolutivo simultáneamente busca la mejor distribución de la dinámica, ajusta con precisión la ubicación de los polos y los ceros y captura la no linealidad estática. Otra ventaja importante de este algoritmo es que bajo consideraciones específicas y utilizando una señal de excitación adecuada, es posible crear un enfoque unificado que permite también la identificación de los modelos de Wiener y Hammerstein, que son casos particulares del modelo de Wiener-Hammerstein cuando uno de sus bloques LTI carece de dinámica. Lo interesante de este enfoque unificado es que con un mismo algoritmo es posible identificar los modelos de Wiener, Hammerstein y Wiener-Hammerstein sin que el usuario especifique de antemano el tipo de estructura a identificar. El segundo algoritmo llamado WH-MOEA, permite abordar el problema de identificación como un Problema de Optimización Multiobjetivo (MOOP). Sobre la base de este algoritmo se presenta un nuevo enfoque para la identificación de los modelos de Wiener-Hammerstein considerando un compromiso entre la precisión alcanzada y la complejidad del modelo. Con este enfoque es posible comparar varios modelos con diferentes prestaciones incluyendo como un objetivo de identificación el número de parámetros que puede tener el modelo estimado. El aporte de este enfoque se sustenta en el hecho de que en muchos problemas de ingeniería los requisitos de diseño y las preferencias del usuario no siempre apuntan a la precisión del modelo como un único objetivo, sino que muchas veces la complejidad es también un factor predominante en la toma de decisiones.[CA] En molts camps de l'enginyeria els models matemàtics són utilitzats per a descriure el comportament dels sistemes, processos o fenòmens. Hui dia, existeixen diverses tècniques o mètodes que poden ser usades per a obtindre aquests models. A causa de la seua versatilitat i simplicitat, sovint es prefereixen els mètodes d'identificació de sistemes. En general, aquests mètodes requereixen la definició d'una estructura i l'estimació computacional dels paràmetres que la componen utilitzant un conjunt de procediments i mesuraments dels senyals d'entrada i eixida del sistema. En el context de la identificació de sistemes no lineals, un desafiament important és la selecció de l'estructura. En el cas que el sistema a identificar presente una no linealitat de tipus estàtic, els models orientats a blocs, poden ser útils per a definir adequadament una estructura. No obstant això, el dissenyador pot enfrontar-se a cert grau d'incertesa en seleccionar el model orientat a blocs adequat en concordança amb el sistema real. A més d'aquest inconvenient, s'ha de tindre en compte que l'estimació d'alguns models orientats a blocs no és senzilla, com és el cas dels models de Wiener-Hammerstein que consisteixen en un bloc NL enmig de dos subsistemes LTI. La presència de dos subsistemes LTI en els models de Wiener-Hammerstein és el que principalment dificulta la seua estimació. Generalment, el procediment d'identificació comença amb l'estimació de la dinàmica lineal, i el principal desafiament és dividir aquesta dinàmica entre els dos blocs LTI. En general, això implica una alta interacció de l'usuari per a desenvolupar diversos procediments, i el model final estimat depén principalment d'aquestes etapes prèvies. L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi és contribuir a la identificació dels models de Wiener-Hammerstein. Aquesta contribució es basa en la presentació de dos nous algorismes per a atendre aspectes específics que no han sigut adreçats en la identificació d'aquesta mena de models. El primer algorisme, denominat WH-EA (Algorisme Evolutiu per a la identificació de sistemes de Wiener-Hammerstein), permet estimar tots els paràmetres d'un model de Wiener-Hammerstein amb un sol procediment a partir d'un model dinàmic lineal. Amb WH-EA, una bona estimació no depén de procediments intermedis ja que l'algorisme evolutiu simultàniament busca la millor distribució de la dinàmica, afina la ubicació dels pols i els zeros i captura la no linealitat estàtica. Un altre avantatge important d'aquest algorisme és que sota consideracions específiques i utilitzant un senyal d'excitació adequada, és possible crear un enfocament unificat que permet també la identificació dels models de Wiener i Hammerstein, que són casos particulars del model de Wiener-Hammerstein quan un dels seus blocs LTI manca de dinàmica. L'interessant d'aquest enfocament unificat és que amb un mateix algorisme és possible identificar els models de Wiener, Hammerstein i Wiener-Hammerstein sense que l'usuari especifique per endavant el tipus d'estructura a identificar. El segon algorisme anomenat WH-MOEA (Algorisme evolutiu multi-objectiu per a la identificació de models de Wiener-Hammerstein), permet abordar el problema d'identificació com un Problema d'Optimització Multiobjectiu (MOOP). Sobre la base d'aquest algorisme es presenta un nou enfocament per a la identificació dels models de Wiener-Hammerstein considerant un compromís entre la precisió aconseguida i la complexitat del model. Amb aquest enfocament és possible comparar diversos models amb diferents prestacions incloent com un objectiu d'identificació el nombre de paràmetres que pot tindre el model estimat. L'aportació d'aquest enfocament se sustenta en el fet que en molts problemes d'enginyeria els requisits de disseny i les preferències de l'usuari no sempre apunten a la precisió del model com un únic objectiu, sinó que moltes vegades la complexitat és també un factor predominant en la presa de decisions.[EN] In several engineering fields, mathematical models are used to describe the behaviour of systems, processes or phenomena. Nowadays, there are several techniques or methods for obtaining mathematical models. Because of their versatility and simplicity, system identification methods are often preferred. Generally, systems identification methods require defining a structure and estimating computationally the parameters that make it up, using a set of procedures y measurements of the system's input and output signals. In the context of nonlinear system identification, a significant challenge is the structure selection. In the case that the system to be identified presents a static type of nonlinearity, block-oriented models can be useful to define a suitable structure. However, the designer may face a certain degree of uncertainty when selecting the block-oriented model in accordance with the real system. In addition to this inconvenience, the estimation of some block-oriented models is not an easy task, as is the case with the Wiener-Hammerstein models consisting of a NL block in the middle of two LTI subsystems. The presence of two LTI subsystems in the Wiener-Hammerstein models is what mainly makes their estimation difficult. Generally, the identification procedure begins with the estimation of the linear dynamics, and the main challenge is to split this dynamic between the two LTI block. Usually, this implies a high user interaction to develop several procedures, and the final model estimated mostly depends on these previous stages. The aim of this thesis is to contribute to the identification of the Wiener-Hammerstein models. This contribution is based on the presentation of two new algorithms to address specific aspects that have not been addressed in the identification of this type of model. The first algorithm, called WH-EA (An Evolutionary Algorithm for Wiener-Hammerstein System Identification), allows estimating all the parameters of a Wiener-Hammerstein model with a single procedure from a linear dynamic model. With WH-EA, a good estimate does not depend on intermediate procedures since the evolutionary algorithm looks for the best dynamic division, while the locations of the poles and zeros are fine-tuned, and nonlinearity is captured simultaneously. Another significant advantage of this algorithm is that under specific considerations and using a suitable excitation signal; it is possible to create a unified approach that also allows the identification of Wiener and Hammerstein models which are particular cases of the Wiener-Hammerstein model when one of its LTI blocks lacks dynamics. What is interesting about this unified approach is that with the same algorithm, it is possible to identify Wiener, Hammerstein, and Wiener-Hammerstein models without the user specifying in advance the type of structure to be identified. The second algorithm called WH-MOEA (Multi-objective Evolutionary Algorithm for Wiener-Hammerstein identification), allows to address the identification problem as a Multi-Objective Optimisation Problem (MOOP). Based on this algorithm, a new approach for the identification of Wiener-Hammerstein models is presented considering a compromise between the accuracy achieved and the model complexity. With this approach, it is possible to compare several models with different performances, including as an identification target the number of parameters that the estimated model may have. The contribution of this approach is based on the fact that in many engineering problems the design requirements and user's preferences do not always point to the accuracy of the model as a single objective, but many times the complexity is also a predominant factor in decision-making.Zambrano Abad, JC. (2021). Identification of nonlinear processes based on Wiener-Hammerstein models and heuristic optimization [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/171739TESI

Surrogate - Assisted Optimisation -Based Verification & Validation

This thesis deals with the application of optimisation based Validation and Verification (V&V) analysis on aerospace vehicles in order to determine their worst case performance metrics. To this end, three aerospace models relating to satellite and launcher vehicles provided by European Space Agency (ESA) on various projects are utilised. As a means to quicken the process of optimisation based V&V analysis, surrogate models are developed using polynomial chaos method. Surro- gate models provide a quick way to ascertain the worst case directions as computation time required for evaluating them is very small. A sin- gle evaluation of a surrogate model takes less than a second. Another contribution of this thesis is the evaluation of operational safety margin metric with the help of surrogate models. Operational safety margin is a metric defined in the uncertain parameter space and is related to the distance between the nominal parameter value and the first instance of performance criteria violation. This metric can help to gauge the robustness of the controller but requires the evaluation of the model in the constraint function and hence could be computationally intensive. As surrogate models are computationally very cheap, they are utilised to rapidly compute the operational safety margin metric. But this metric focuses only on finding a safe region around the nominal parameter value and the possibility of other disjoint safe regions are not explored. In order to find other safe or failure regions in the param- eter space, the method of Bernstein expansion method is utilised on surrogate polynomial models to help characterise the uncertain param- eter space into safe and failure regions. Furthermore, Binomial failure analysis is used to assign failure probabilities to failure regions which might help the designer to determine if a re-design of the controller is required or not. The methodologies of optimisation based V&V, surrogate modelling, operational safety margin, Bernstein expansion method and risk assessment have been combined together to form the WCAT-II MATLAB toolbox