Lightweight High-Efficiency Power Train Propulsion with Axial- Flux Machines for Electric or Hybrid Vehicles

The aim of this chapter is to present a new type of powertrain with dimensions and low weight, for vehicles with reduced carbon emissions, which have an axial synchronous machine with one stator and two rotor, with static converter that is simple and inexpensive, a broadcast transmission system using an electric differential, with the control of the two rotors so that they can operate as motor/generator, at the same rotational direction or in opposite directions, at the same speed value, at slightly different speeds or at much different speeds by using an original dual vector control with operating on dual frequency. This is a major concern of hybrid and electric vehicle manufacturers. Expected results: a lighter power train with 20% and an increase in 5% of electric drive efficiency, low inertia rotor at high speed, a compact electric drive system with high torque and simple control, intelligent energy management system with a new vision of technological and innovation development, and equal importance of environment protection. The electrical machines for hybrid (HEV) or electric (EV) drives include a variety of different topologies. According to outcomes of literature survey, induction machines alongside synchronous machines take the major place in HEV or EV power trains

Stability analysis and speed control of brushless DC motor based on self-ameliorate soft switching control methods

In recent years, electric vehicles are the large-scale spread of the transportation field has led to the emergence of brushless direct current (DC) motors (BLDCM), which are mostly utilized in electrical vehicle systems. The speed control of a BLDCM is a subsystem, consisting of torque, flux hysteresis comparators, and appropriate switching logic of an inverter. Due to the sudden load torque variation and improper switching pulse, the speed of the BLDCM is not maintained properly. In recent research, the BLDC current control method gives a better way to control the speed of the motor. Also, the rotor position information should be the need for feedback control of the power electronic converters to varying the appropriate pulse width modulation (PWM) of the inverter. The proposed optimization work controls the switching device to manage the power supply BLDCM. In this proposed self-ameliorate soft switching (SASS) system is a simple and effective way for BLDC motor current control technology, a proposed control strategy is intended to stabilize the speed of the BLDCM at different load torque conditions. The proposed SASS system method is analyzing hall-based sensor values continuously. The suggested model is simulated using the MATLAB Simulink tool, and the results reveal that the maximum steady-state error value achieved is 4.2, as well as a speedy recovery of the BLDCM's speed

Design and implementation of a loss optimization control for electric vehicle in-wheel permanent-magnet synchronous motor direct drive system

As a main driving force of electric vehicles (EVs), the losses of in-wheel permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) direct drive system can seriously affect the energy consumption of EVs. This paper proposes a loss optimization control strategy for in-wheel PMSM direct drive system of EVs which optimizes the losses of both the PMSM and the inverter. The proposed method adjusts the copper losses and iron losses by identifying the optimal flux-weakening current, which results in the PMSM achieving the lower losses in the whole operational range. Moreover there are strongly nonlinear characteristics for the power devices, this paper creates a nonlinear loss model for three-phase half-bridge inverters to obtain accurate inverter losses under space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM). Based on the inverter loss model and double Fourier integral analysis theory, the PWM frequency is optimized by the control strategy in order to maximize the inverter efficiency without affecting the operational stability of the drive. The proposed loss optimization control strategy can quickly find the optimum flux-weakening current and PWM frequency, and as a result, significantly broaden the high efficiency area of the PMSM direct drive system. The effects of the aforementioned strategy are verified by both theoretical analysis and experimental results

Stability of an electric vehicle with permanent-magnet in-wheel motors during electrical faults

This paper presents an analysis of the stability of an electric vehicle equipped with in-wheel motors ofpermanent-magnet type during a class of electrical faults. Due to the constant excitation from the permanentmagnets, the output torque from a faulted wheel cannot easily be removed if an inverter shuts down, which directlyaffects the vehicle stability. In this paper, the impact of an electrical fault during two driving scenarios isinvestigated by simulations; using parameters from a 30 kW in-wheel motor and experimentally obtained tire data.It is shown that the electrical fault risks to seriously degrading the vehicle stability if the correct counteraction isnot taken quickly. However, it is also demonstrated that vehicle stability during an electrical fault can be maintainedwith only minor lateral displacements when a closed-loop path controller and a simple method to allocate theindividual tire forces are used. This inherent capacity to handle an important class of electrical faults is attractive;especially since no additional fault-handling strategy or hardware is needed

Assessment of the Energy Consumption and Drivability Performance of an IPMSM-Driven Electric Vehicle Using Different Buried Magnet Arrangements

© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)This study investigates the influence of the buried magnet arrangement on the efficiency and drivability performance provided by an on-board interior permanent magnet synchronous machine for a four-wheel-drive electric car with two single-speed on-board powertrains. The relevant motor characteristics, including flux-linkage, inductance, electromagnetic torque, iron loss, total loss, and efficiency, are analyzed for a set of six permanent magnet configurations suitable for the specific machine, which is controlled through maximum-torque-per-ampere and maximum-torque-per-voltage strategies. Moreover, the impact of each magnet arrangement is analyzed in connection with the energy consumption along four driving cycles, as well as the longitudinal acceleration and gradeability performance of the considered vehicle. The simulation results identify the most promising rotor solutions, and show that: (i) the appropriate selection of the rotor configuration is especially important for the driving cycles with substantial high-speed sections; (ii) the magnet arrangement has a major impact on the maximum motor torque below the base speed, and thus on the longitudinal acceleration and gradeability performance; and (iii) the configurations that excel in energy efficiency are among the worst in terms of drivability, and vice versa, i.e., at the vehicle level, the rotor arrangement selection is a trade-off between energy efficiency and longitudinal vehicle dynamics.Peer reviewedFinal Published versio

Bond Graph Multi-time Scale Analysis of a Railway Traction System

The unified formalism of bond graphs is applicable to designing, modeling and analyzing complex and heterogeneous physical systems. Moreover, various order-reduction methods can be applied directly on bond graph models in order to simplify them. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the characteristics and the advantages of the bond graph formalism, considering as an example, model simplification methods of a railway traction system. Several simulations are carried out in order to validate the simplified models. The analysis of couplings on these models highlights the elements that cause perturbations, such as mechanical resonance

Design, Modelling and Verification of Distributed Electric Drivetrain

The electric drivetrain in a battery electric vehicle (BEVs) consists of an electric machine, an inverter, and a transmission. The drivetrain topology of available BEVs, e.g., Nissan Leaf, is centralized with a single electric drivetrain used to propel the vehicle. However, the drivetrain components can be integrated mechanically, resulting in a more compact solution. Furthermore, multiple drivetrain units can propel the vehicle resulting in a distributed drive architecture, e.g., Tesla Model S. Such drivetrains provide an additional degree of control and topology optimization leading to cheaper and more efficient solutions. To reduce the cost, the drivetrain unit in a distributed drivetrain can be standardized. However, to standardize the drivetrain, the drivetrain needs to be dimensioned such that the performance of a range of different vehicles can be satisfied. This work investigates a method for dimensioning the torque and power of an electric drivetrain that could be standardized across different passenger and light-duty vehicles. A system modeling approach is used to verify the proposed method using drive cycle simulations. The laboratory verification of such drivetrain components using a conventional dyno test bench can be expensive. Therefore, alternative methods such as power-hardware-in-the-loop (PHIL) and mechanical-hardware-in-the-loop (MHIL) are investigated. The PHIL test method for verifying inverters can be inexpensive as it eliminates the need for rotating electric machines. In this method, the inverter is tested using a machine emulator consisting of a voltage source converter and a coupling network, e.g., inductors and transformer. The emulator is controlled so that currents and voltages at the terminals resemble a machine connected to a mechanical load. In this work, a 60-kW machine emulator is designed and experimentally verified. In the MHIL method, the real-time simulation of the system is combined with a dyno test bench. One drivetrain is implemented in the dyno test bench, while the remaining are simulated using a real-time simulator to utilize this method for distributed drivetrain systems. Including the remaining drivetrains in the real-time simulation eliminates the need for a full-scale dyno test bench, providing a less expensive method for laboratory verification. An MHIL test bench for verification of distributed drivetrain control and components is also designed and experimentally verified

DC-AC Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Boost Inverter with No Inductors for Electric/Hybrid Electric Vehicle Applications

This paper presents a cascaded H-bridge multilevel boost inverter for electric vehicle (EV) and hybrid EV (HEV) applications implemented without the use of inductors. Currently available power inverter systems for HEVs use a dc–dc boost converter to boost the battery voltage for a traditional three-phase inverter. The present HEV traction drive inverters have low power density, are expensive, and have low efficiency because they need a bulky inductor. A cascaded H-bridge multilevel boost inverter design for EV and HEV applications implemented without the use of inductors is proposed in this paper. Traditionally, each H-bridge needs a dc power supply. The proposed design uses a standard three-leg inverter (one leg for each phase) and an H-bridge in series with each inverter leg which uses a capacitor as the dc power source. A fundamental switching scheme is used to do modulation control and to produce a five-level phase voltage. Experiments show that the proposed dc–ac cascaded H-bridge multilevel boost inverter can output a boosted ac voltage without the use of inductors

New trends in electrical vehicle powertrains

The electric vehicle and plug-in hybrid electric vehicle play a fundamental role in the forthcoming new paradigms of mobility and energy models. The electrification of the transport sector would lead to advantages in terms of energy efficiency and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, but would also be a great opportunity for the introduction of renewable sources in the electricity sector. The chapters in this book show a diversity of current and new developments in the electrification of the transport sector seen from the electric vehicle point of view: first, the related technologies with design, control and supervision, second, the powertrain electric motor efficiency and reliability and, third, the deployment issues regarding renewable sources integration and charging facilities. This is precisely the purpose of this book, that is, to contribute to the literature about current research and development activities related to new trends in electric vehicle power trains.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft