Demand Profile Study of Battery Electric Vehicle under Different Charging Options

Abstract-- An increased research on electric vehicles (EV) andplug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) deals with their flexibleuse in electric power grids. Several research projects on smartgrids and electric mobility are now looking into realistic modelsrepresenting the behavior of an EV during charging, includingnonlinearities. In this work, modeling, simulation and testing ofthe demand profile of a battery-EV are conducted. Realistic workconditions for a lithium-ion EV battery and battery charger areconsidered as the base for the modeling. Simulation results showthat EV charging generates different demand profiles into thegrid, depending on the applied charging option. Moreover, alinear region for the control of EV chargers is identified in therange of 20-90% state-of-charge (SOC). Experiments validate theproposed model.Index Terms - charging, demand profile, electric vehicles,modeling, validation7 halama

A novel enhanced connection of AC/AC powertrain for HEV - modelling and simulation results

The paper deals with a novel enhanced connection of AC/AC powertrain for Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV). The substantial contribution of such a connection is the absence of 4QC auxiliary converter needed for autonomous and hybrid operational modes and its compensation by power-lesser 0x5 matrix converter. The main advantages of a simplified connection are, beside smaller auxiliary converter sizing, also possible better efficiency of the HEV powertrain. So, powertrain operation in autonomous traction accu-battery modes uses direct 0x5 configuration of traction 3x5 MxC matrix converter, and in hybrid modes of Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) and accu-battery uses besides traction 3x5 MxC matrix converter the auxiliary 0x5 matrix converter. Modeling and simulation using Matlab-Simulink environment of traction powertrain configuration in autonomous modes are presented in the paper as well as all simulation experiment result

Adaptive Traction, Torque, and Power Control Strategies for Extended-Range Electric Vehicles

Modern hybrid electric and pure electric vehicles are highly dependent on control algorithms to provide seamless safe and reliable operation under any driving condition, regardless of driver behavior. Three unique and independently operating supervisory control algorithms are introduced to improve reliability and vehicle performance on a series-hybrid electric vehicle with an all-wheel drive all-electric drivetrain. All three algorithms dynamically control or limit the amount of torque that can be delivered to the wheels through an all-electric drivetrain, consisting of two independently controlled brushless-direct current (BLDC) electric machines. Each algorithm was developed and validated following a standard iterative engineering development process which places a heavy emphasis on modeling and simulation to validate the algorithms before they are tested on the physical system. A comparison of simulated and in-vehicle test results is presented, emphasizing the importance of modeling and simulation in the design process

COMPREHENSIVE THERMAL MODELING OF POWER SPLIT HYBRID POWER-TRAIN AND ELECTRONICS

Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) uses both internal combustion engine (ICE) with an electric system. The combination of the electric power train with the ICE is intended to achieve both better fuel economies than the conventional vehicles and better performance. Several types of HEV exist with different layouts. Recent HEVs\u27 make use of regenerative braking, which converts the vehicles\u27 kinetic energy into electric energy instead of wasting it as heat as conventional brakes do. A hybrid-electric is more fuel efficient than ICE and has less environmental impact. The new HEV with its new Key Characteristics and Configurations (i.e. Mechanical complexity, Multiple driving modes, Multiple prime movers, ... etc) inflict an interference with the existed thermal management system of the conventional vehicles, which leads to a new thermal management issues that should be addressed to enhance the performance of such systems. There is no complete knowledge in the open literature about the thermal management issues of HEV yet. This dissertation introduces Comprehensive Thermal Modeling of Hybrid Vehicular systems to assist monitoring the added-on of hybrid modules into the vehicle thermal management system. The model proposes a combined experimental and finite differencing nodal net work simulation modeling approach; using Thermography detectors calibrated for emissivity to capture 2-D spatial and transient temperature measurements. The Thermographic detectors were deployed through dual band thermography to neutralize the emissivity and to provide different dynamic ranges to iii achieve accurate temperature measurements. A thermocouples network was installed to provide a reference signal. A new comprehensive 3-D thermal model was developed by generating 3-D surface description for a complete hybrid electric vehicle from 3-D scans of an actual vehicle to guarantee the quality of the surface geometry, and break down the surfaces of the model into finite elements to improve the accuracy for better thermal analysis. The boundary conditions from a vehicle under different driving modes and load scenarios were deployed into the finite differencing simulation which was performed using finite differencing code capable of solving a sophisticated thermal/fluid systems with minimal user interaction (RadTherm) to provide a 3-D Thermal predictions and an Image Viewer (wireframe and animated thermal display). The 3-D model assisted monitoring the adding of Hybrid modules into the vehicle thermal management system and was used to analyze packaging considerations and integrating different modules for Hybrid Vehicles. In addition to the design of alternative materials for hybrid modules and Battery Packs for better thermal management; the model assisted studying the influence of applying different cooling methodologies and evaluate its effect on the thermal performance of the HEVs\u27 power trains. A spatial and a transient temperature profiles obtained from the simulation for different components were compared with experimental results in order to validate the complete thermal model

A Novel, Elastically-Based, Regenerative Break and Launch Assist Mechanism

This project involves a spring-based mechanical regenerative brake and launch assist system to increase vehicle fuel economy. When a vehicle slows, traditional brakes waste the kinetic energy by dissipating it to the environment as heat. Regenerative brakes, by comparison, store this energy for later use. A novel mechanical system has been designed that stores the energy in a spring and then uses that energy to later propel the vehicle. Hybrid electric vehicles have a successful electrical regenerative braking system but it is only beneficial for hybrid and electric vehicles, about 3% of the market. The proposed mechanical system could be incorporated in the design of most conventional vehicles with internal combustion engines. Preliminary estimations predict fuel efficiency improvements between 5-10% in the city. The modeling, mechanism design, optimization, and a dynamic simulation validate further investigation of the concept.https://ecommons.udayton.edu/stander_posters/1380/thumbnail.jp

Human versus automated agents: how user preferences affect future mobility systems

Along with rapid advancements in digital, and physical technologies, shared autonomous electric vehicles are forecasted to gradually complement and replace traditional human-based mobility systems. Information systems play a key role in such a deep socio-technical system to pave the path toward a more sustainable future. This study investigates a hybrid ride-hailing platform of automated and human-driven vehicles. Our focus lies on the demand side where we evaluate the influence of user behaviors on economic and environmental system performance. For this, we employ a data-driven agent-based simulation modeling heterogeneous vehicle and user agents calibrated by rental data of a leading vehicle-sharing company. Our findings declare that diverse customer responses to the introduction of shared autonomous electric vehicles yield significantly different fleet performance and ecological costs. We also observe that the status quo customer communication design of ride-hailing platforms need adjustments to maximize the potentials of future hybrid shared mobility systems

Design and simulation of high-performance hybrid electric vehicle powertrains

The intent of this study was the design, modeling, and simulation of several high-performance light-duty hybrid electric vehicle powertrains. The design requirements of each proposed configuration are to meet or exceed a set of performance baselines based on a composite set of particular high-performance conventional vehicles presently available, while demonstrating increased fuel efficiency over regulated government cycles.;Several hybrid powertrain configurations were studied; however, the most promising and feasible for production designs were selected for further modeling. All of the proposed designs are post-transmission parallel hybrids for primarily performance reasons, with the auxiliary motive power coming after the transmission, utilizing a modeled spark-ignited, Variable Valve Timing (VVT) equipped internal combustion engine. A control strategy has been developed for the operation of these powertrains for virtually any driving condition---the strategy was not optimized for any particular government regulated cycle. Computer simulations were performed to simulate both the performance and the fuel economy of the proposed vehicle designs.;The simulation results show that the fuel economy of the modeled hybrid vehicles exceeds that of the comparable conventional vehicles, as well as meeting or exceeding the performance requirements of the baseline vehicles by 12--23%. In addition the exhaust gas emissions may be reduced, compared to a conventional vehicle due to hybridization. All modeled components were selected from available off-the-shelf applications, and the selected designs were chosen to be readily mass-produced

Multi-physics Model Of Key Components In High Efficiency Vehicle Drive

Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) and Electric Vehicles (EVs) are crucial technologies for the automotive industry to meet society’s demands for cleaner, more energy efficient transportation. Meeting the need to provide power which sustains HEVs and EVs is an immediate area of concern that research and development within the automotive community must address. Electric batteries and electrical motors are the key components in HEV and EV power generation and transmission, and their performance plays very important role in the overall performance of the modern high efficiency vehicles. Therefore, in this dissertation, we are motivated to study the electric batteries, interior permanent motor (IPM), in the context of modern hybrid electric/electric drive systems, from both multi-physics and system level perspectives. Electrical circuit theory, electromagnetic Finite Element Analysis (FEA), and Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) finite volume method will be used primarily in this work. The work has total of five parts, and they are introduced in the following. Firstly, Battery thermal management design is critical in HEV and EV development. Accurate temperature distribution of the battery cells during vehicle operation is required for achieving optimized design. We propose a novel electrical-thermal battery modeling technique that couples a temperature dependent battery circuit model and a physics-based CFD model to meet this need. The electrical circuit model serves as a heat generation mechanism for the CFD model, and the CFD model provides the temperature distribution of the battery cells, which can also impact the heat generation of the electrical battery model. In this part of work, simulation data has been derived from the model respective to electrical performance of the battery as well iv as the temperature distribution simultaneously in consideration of the physical dimensions, material properties, and cooling conditions. The proposed model is validated against a battery model that couples the same electrical model with a known equivalent thermal model. Secondly, we propose an accurate system level Foster network thermal model. The parameters of the model are extracted from step responses of the CFD battery thermal model. The Foster network model and the CFD model give the same results. The Foster network can couple with battery circuit model to form an electric-thermal battery model for system simulation. Thirdly, IPM electric machines are important in high performance drive systems. During normal operations, irreversible demagnetization can occur due to temperature rise and various loading conditions. We investigate the performance of an IPM using 3d time stepping electromagnetic FEA considering magnet’s temperature dependency. Torque, flux linkage, induced voltage, inductance and saliency of the IPM will be studied in details. Finally, we use CFD to predict the non-uniform temperature distribution of the IPM machine and the impact of this distribution on motor performance. Fourthly, we will switch gear to investigate the IPM motor on the system level. A reduced order IPM model is proposed to consider the effect of demagnetization of permanent magnet due to temperature effect. The proposed model is validated by comparing its results to the FEA results. Finally, a HEV is a vehicle that has both conventional mechanical (i.e. internal combustion engine) and electrical propulsion systems. The electrical powertrain is used to work with the conventional powertrain to achieve higher fuel economy and lower emissions. v Computer based modeling and simulation techniques are therefore essential to help reduce the design cost and optimize system performance. Due to the complexity of hybrid vehicles, multidomain modeling ability is preferred for both component modeling and system simulation. We present a HEV library developed using VHDL-AMS

MODELING AND HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION OF POWER-SPLIT HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES

Conventional vehicles are creating pollution problems, global warming and the extinction of high density fuels. To address these problems, automotive companies and universities are researching on hybrid electric vehicles where two different power devices are used to propel a vehicle. This research studies the development and testing of a dynamic model for Prius 2010 Hybrid Synergy Drive (HSD), a power-split device. The device was modeled and integrated with a hybrid vehicle model. To add an electric only mode for vehicle propulsion, the hybrid synergy drive was modified by adding a clutch to carrier 1. The performance of the integrated vehicle model was tested with UDDS drive cycle using rule-based control strategy. The dSPACE Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) simulator was used for HIL simulation test. The HIL simulation result shows that the integration of developed HSD dynamic model with a hybrid vehicle model was successful. The HSD model was able to split power and isolate engine speed from vehicle speed in hybrid mode

The Development of Motor Tandem Axle Module in Series Hybrid Commercial Vehicles

The growing issues of energy shortage and the environmental crisis have resulted in new challenges for the automotive industry. Conventional commercial vehicles such as refuse trucks and delivery vehicles consume significantly more energy than other on-road vehicles and emit more emissions. It is important to make these vehicles more fuel efficient and environmentally friendly. Hybrid power-trains provide a good solution for commercial vehicles because they not only provide optimum dynamic properties but also substantially reduce emissions. For most commercial vehicle power-trains, the internal combustion engine (ICE) is the only power source that provides power to the drive-line. The emission reduction faces a limit since a high-powered engine is required to meet the dynamic properties of those heavy-duty vehicles. Also, the high-powered engine cannot avoid operating in low efficient areas due to the fact that these vehicles continually drive at low speeds on designated city routes. However, hybrid power-trains allow commercial vehicles to select lower powered engines because they are equipped with multi-power sources to supply torque together to the drive-line. Therefore, hybrid power-trains are a natural fit for commercial vehicles. For this reason, an alternative series hybrid drive-train system, which contains an electric tandem axle module, has been designed for those heavy-duty commercial vehicles like city transits and refuse trucks. In order to prove the theoretical efficiency and practicability of this application, the modeling methodology for specification of system architectures and hybrid drive-train control strategies will be provided in this paper with the demonstration of simulation methods and results