Thought for Food: The impact of ICT on agribusiness

The paper outlines the impact of ICT on the food economy. On basis of a literature review from four disciplines – knowledge management, management information systems, operations research and logistics, and economics - the paper identifies the demand for new ICT applications, the supply of new applications and the match between demand and supply. Subsequently, the paper discusses the impact of new ICT applications on the food economy. The paper relates the development of new technologies to innovation and adoption processes and economic growth, and to concepts of open innovations and living labs.ICT, Food Economy, Innovation and Adoption, Economic growth, Agricultural and Food Policy,

From the Geography of Innovation to Development Policy Analysis: The GMR-approach

Knowledge based local economic development policies (often labeled also as 'cluster development' or policies designed to distribute Structural Funds over the EU territory within the framework of'“national development plans') are implemented with an explicit or implicit aim towards broader state, national or even supra national interests. The main issues are growth (at the supra regional level) and convergence (across regions). How different mixtures of the instruments of local development policies can help approach theses aims – or more precisely to what extent these policies may serve either of the targets or perhaps both of them? The related theoretical and empirical literature in the new economic geography, economic growth and the geography of innovation fields is extensive. However economic models drawing from this literature and constructed for the aim of evaluating actual development policy decisions in the light of the growth and convergence targets are rare. This paper serves two aims. First it explains a manner how the geography of innovation literature can contribute to develop a sub-model that can be used for assessing the static impacts of development policy interventions in the GMR-Hungary model. Second to demonstrate the power of such a model that incorporates the lessons from the geography of innovation literature policy simulation results with GMR at the regional, interregional and macro levels are provided.Innovation, development policy, regional growth

Are Local Milieus the Key to Innovation Performance?

This study investigates how local milieus foster innovation success of firms. We complement the common practice of linking firm performance indicators to regional characteristics with survey evidence on the perceived importance of locational factors. While the former approach assumes that location characteristics affect all firms in the same way, the survey allows us to model firms judging the attractiveness of locations by a heterogeneous set of criteria. It turns out that the availability of highly skilled labor and the proximity to suppliers matters for firms? innovation performance. Interestingly, location factors obtained from the survey provide a more accurate explanation on how local milieus facilitate innovation. --Innovation performance,R&D,location factors,Flanders

Are Local Milieus the Key to Innovation Performance?

This study investigates how local milieus foster innovation success in firms. We complement the common practice of linking firm performance indicators to regional characteristics with survey evidence on the perceived importance of locational factors. While the former approach assumes that location characteristics affect all firms in the same way, the survey allows us to model how firms judge the attractiveness of locations using a heterogeneous set of criteria. It turns out that the availability of highly skilled labor and the proximity to suppliers matter for firms' innovation performance. Interestingly, location factors obtained from the survey provide a more accurate explanation of how local milieus facilitate innovation. --Innovation performance,R&D,location factors,Flanders

Transition to Green Mobility

학위논문(박사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 공과대학 협동과정 기술경영·경제·정책전공, 2022. 8. 구윤모.신고전파의 유인된 혁신 접근법은 혁신이 수요와 상대요소가격 변화에 따라 그 속도와 방향이 결정된다고 보았으며, 기술 혁신에 있어서 수요의 역할을 강조하였다. 즉, 신기술이 도입되면 소비자의 수요로 혁신이 확산된다. 그러나 시장에서의 기존 기술의 상대적 우위, 높은 진입 비용 및 불확실성 등으로 인해 소비자의 의사결정 만으로는 사회적으로 최적의 수준까지 확산이 일어나지 않을 수 있다. 이로 인해 정부는 시장의 중재자로서 혁신의 확산을 위해 개입을 하게 되며 구체적인 정책 수단을 설계한다. 그렇다면 이러한 정부 개입이 소비자 선택과 시장에 어떤 영향을 미치며 어떤 결과를 초래하는가? 본 연구에서는 그린 모빌리티를 연구 대상으로 하여 시장유인적 (규제) 수단에 집중하였다. 자동차 산업은 대표적인 B2C 시장으로 소비자의 선호를 파악하여 신기술의 확산을 예측할 수 있으며, 연쇄 효과가 크기 때문에 산업 및 경제에 미치는 영향이 크다. 정부는 그린 모빌리티로 인해 야기되는 긍정적 외부효과 (환경 개선 및 신 산업 창출을 통한 경제 성장 등)를 기대하며 다양한 정책수단으로 신기술의 확산을 지원하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 친환경차 보급 정책수단 중 대표적으로 조세 및 보조금, 충전 인프라 설치 투자에 대하여 규제와 성장, 정책 효과성 그리고 형평성 측면에서 파급 효과를 분석하였다. 이산선택모형은 개인의 선호에 따라 제품 및 기술의 수요를 예측할 수 있는 대표적인 방법론이다. 그러나 제품 및 기술 간 대체효과에 치중하여 다른 산업과 경제 간의 연쇄효과를 파악하기 어렵다. 한편 계산가능한 일반균형모형은 경제 주체 간의 관계를 고려하여 경제 변수(가격 및 수요 등)의 변화를 광범위하게 분석한다. 그러나 일반균형모형은 기술에 대한 설명이 제한적이며, 시장 변화가 재화의 가격 및 수량에만 의존한다. 두 모형을 통합함으로써 이산선택모형은 일반균형모형의 결과를 내생적으로 반영하여 속성 수준의 보다 탄력적인 변화를 포착하고, 일반균형모형은 이산선택모형의 구체적인 기술 사양을 반영한 대체 관계를 구현할 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 구축된 통합모형을 바탕으로 개인 단위의 소비자 선호에 따른 수요 변동이 신기술의 확산과 국가 전체에 미치는 영향을 규명하고자 하였다. 결과적으로 전기차와 수소차의 확산은 경제 성장으로 이어졌다. 환경적인 측면에서 전기차 및 수소차로의 수요 전환에 따라 수송 부문의 배출량이 크게 감소하였다. 그러나 전 산업의 배출량은 총 생산 증가로 인해 오히려 증가하여, 수송 부문의 배출 저감 효과를 상쇄하는 반등 효과가 나타났다. 게다가 그린 모빌리티가 초기에 급증하는 경우 석탄 화력 발전 및 LNG 개질 위주의 수소 생산으로 인해 오히려 배출량이 증가하게 된다. 따라서 그린 모빌리티의 급진적인 수요 확산 이전에 친환경 발전이 전제 되어야 바람직한 환경 개선 효과를 관찰할 수 있다. 그린 모빌리티 보급을 위한 정책 수단의 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 조세가 부과됨에 따라 기업의 생산 비용은 증가할 수 있으나, 학습률에 따라 혁신이 이 비용을 상쇄하는 가능성은 훨씬 더 빠르게 증가할 수 있다. 즉, 조세와 같은 환경정책과 기업의 생산성을 높이는 기술정책을 동시에 시행할 때 보다 효과적인 결과를 얻을 수 있다. 둘째, 소비자를 대상으로 한 직접적인 경제적 인센티브인 보조금 정책 보다 보완재 시장으로서 인프라에 대한 투자가 신기술 확산 및 경제 성장에 더 긍정적인 영향을 준다. 즉, 보조금을 더 많이 주어 현재 시장을 확대하기 보다는 충전 인프라에 투자하여 미래 시장 환경을 개선하는 것이 장기적으로 국가 경제에 도움이 될 것으로 보인다. 마지막으로 보조금의 차등 지급은 단기적으로 저소득층의 소득 향상에 긍정적인 영향을 주지만, 장기적으로는 국가 경제 성장에 부정적인 영향을 초래한다. 보조금의 차등 지급은 궁극적으로 신기술의 보급을 늦추기 때문에 장기적으로 가계 소득 증가에 덜 도움이 되기 때문이다. 본 연구에서는 두 모형을 결합함으로써 개인의 기술 채택(technology adoption)에서부터 사회 전체를 대상으로 한 기술 확산(technology diffusion)의 혁신 과정을 관찰할 수 있었다. 게다가 이산선택모형 혹은 일반균형모형만 사용하여 정책을 테스트하는 경우 보다 두 모형을 통합한 현재의 프레임워크가 정부 정책의 영향을 더 정확하게 예측할 수 있으며, 정부의 의사결정에서 명확한 근거를 제시할 수 있을 것으로 보인다.The neoclassical-induced innovation approach views the speed and direction of innovation as being determined by changes in demand and relative factor prices and emphasizes the role of demand in technological innovation. In other words, innovation spreads from consumer demand with the introduction of new technologies into the market. However, the diffusion on a socially optimal level may not fully occur solely based on the decision-making of consumers due to the relative superiority of existing technologies, high entry costs and uncertainty. Consequently, the government intervenes in the diffusion of innovation and acts as a mediator in the market by designing specific policies to address the shortfalls. This study explored how the government’s intervention affects consumer choices and markets, as well as the consequences thereof. This study examined green mobility and focused on market-inducing (regulatory) measures. The automobile industry is a representative business-to-consumer market, and therefore, it is possible to predict the spread of new technologies by understanding consumer preferences. In anticipation of positive externalities (environmental improvement and economic growth through new industry creation), the government supports the diffusion of green mobility through various policy instruments. This study analyzed the ripple effects of regulation and growth, policy effectiveness and equity on tax and subsidy as well as investment in infrastructure as representative of green mobility dissemination policy measures. The discrete choice (DC) model is a representative methodology that can predict demand for products and technologies according to individual preferences However, it is difficult to grasp the cascading effect between other industries and the economy because it focuses on the substitution effect between products and technologies. On the contrary, the computable general equilibrium (CGE) model broadly analyzes changes in economic variables such as price and demand through considering the relationship between economic agents; however, the CGE model has a limited explanation of technology and market changes, depending on the price and quantity of goods. Through an integration of both models, it can be noted that the DC model captures more elastic changes in the attribute level by endogenously reflecting the results of the CGE model, whilst the CGE model implements a substitution relationship reflecting the specific technical specifications of the DC model. Therefore, using the integrated model, this study investigated the effect of demand fluctuations according to individual consumer preferences on the diffusion of new technologies within the whole country. Consequently, the proliferation of electric vehicles and hydrogen cars has led to economic growth. From an environmental point of view, the transport sector's CO2 emissions decreased significantly because of the shift in demand for electric and hydrogen vehicles. However, emissions from other industries increased owing to the increase in production output, resulting in a rebound effect that offset the emission reduction effect in the transport sector. In addition, if green mobility surges in the early stages, emissions will increase because of coal-fired power generation and hydrogen production centered on liquefied natural gas reforming. Therefore, an environmental benefit will only be observed when a clean power mix is a prerequisite before the demand for green mobility spreads. The impact of policy measures on green mobility dissemination is as follows. Firstly, the imposition of a tax may cause the cost of production for many companies to increase; however, depending on a learning rate, innovation may offset this cost rapidly. In other words, more effective results can be obtained when environmental policies such as taxation and technological policies that increase corporate productivity are implemented simultaneously. Secondly, investment in the complementary goods (infrastructure) market to improve the future market environment has proven to have a longer-term beneficial effect on the national economy than direct economic incentives (subsidies) for consumers. Finally, the differential payment of subsidies has a positive effect on the income improvement of the low-income class in the short-term; however, it is less beneficial to household income growth and national economic growth in the long-term as it slows the adoption of new technologies. By combining the two models in this study, it was possible to observe the innovation process from individual technology adoption to technology diffusion, targeting the entire economy. In addition to the above, the current framework that integrates the two models can more accurately predict the impact of government policies and provide a clear rationale for government decision-making than when testing policies using only an independent model.Abstract iii Contents vii List of Tables x List of Figures xi Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Research Background 1 1.2 Research Objectives 9 1.3 Research Outline 15 Chapter 2. Literature Review and Theoretical and Methodological Background 18 2.1 Theoretical Background 18 2.1.1 Debates on Environmental Regulation and Innovation 18 2.1.2 Transport Policy for the Diffusion of Green Mobility 21 2.2 Methodological Background 25 2.2.1 Demand Forecasting on Individual Level 25 2.2.2 General Equilibrium Theory 30 2.3 Assessment of the Effects of Technology Diffusion: Green Mobility 31 2.3.1 Environmental Effects 31 2.3.2 Economic Effects 34 2.4 Integrated Studies of Consumption Behavior in the Transport Sector 36 2.5 Limitations of Previous Studies and Contribution of the Dissertation 40 Chapter 3. Methodology 43 3.1 Discrete Choice Model 43 3.1.1 Conceptual Background 43 3.1.2 Method 45 3.2 CGE Model 52 3.2.1 Social Accounting Matrix 52 3.2.2 Model Structure 60 3.3 Model Linkage 79 3.3.1 Choice Probability 81 3.3.2 Household Sector 83 3.3.3 Industry (Private Car Service) Sector 88 Chapter 4. Empirical Analysis 92 4.1 DC and Integrated Model Results 92 4.1.1 DC Estimation Results 92 4.1.2 Comparison of DC Model and Integrated Model 95 4.2 Baseline Scenario Analysis 99 4.2.1 Scenario Description 99 4.2.2 Validation 106 4.2.3 Scenario Results 110 4.3 Scenario Analysis 1: Fuel Tax and Learning Effects 124 4.3.1 Scenario Description 124 4.3.2 Scenario Results 126 4.4 Scenario Analysis 2: Subsidy and Charging Infrastructure Investment 138 4.4.1 Scenario Description 138 4.4.2 Scenario Results 141 4.5 Scenario Analysis 3: Differential Subsidy Payment 148 4.5.1 Scenario Description 148 4.5.2 Scenario Results 150 Chapter 5. Conclusion 160 5.1 Concluding Remarks and Contributions of This Study 160 5.2 Limitations and Suggestions for Future Research 165 Bibliography 169 Appendix 1: Respondent’s Demographics in Conjoint Survey 190 Appendix 2: Classification of Industry in the CGE Model 191 Abstract (Korean) 192박

Technology Variation vs. R&D Uncertainty: What Matters Most for Energy Patent Success?

R&D is an uncertain activity with highly skewed outcomes. Nonetheless, most recent empirical studies and modeling estimates of the potential of technological change focus on the average returns to research and development (R&D) for a composite technology and contain little or no information about the distribution of returns to R&D—which could be important for capturing the range of costs associated with climate change mitigation policies—by individual technologies. Through an empirical study of patent citation data, this paper adds to the literature on returns to energy R&D by focusing on the behavior of the most successful innovations for six energy technologies, allowing us to determine whether uncertainty or differences in technologies matter most for success. We highlight two key results. First, we compare the results from an aggregate analysis of six energy technologies to technology-by-technology results. Our results show that existing work that assumes diminishing returns but assumes one generic technology is too simplistic and misses important differences between more successful and less successful technologies. Second, we use quantile regression techniques to learn more about patents that have a high positive error term in our regressions – that is, patents that receive many more citations than predicted based on observable characteristics. We find that differences across technologies, rather than differences across quantiles within technologies, are more important. The value of successful technologies persists longer than those of less successful technologies, providing evidence that success is the culmination of several advances building upon one another, rather than resulting from one single breakthrough. Diminishing returns to research efforts appear most problematic during rapid increases of research investment, such as experienced by solar energy in the 1970s.

Strategic knowledge serendipity and arbitrage & intellectual venture capitalists: An emerging breed of knowledge entrepreneurs; and Part II: Global and Local (GloCal) knowledge logistics for innovation and competitiveness. ACES Working Papers, August 2009

Strategic Knowledge: While entrepreneurship may occur as a natural result of personal drive, it occurs most often, most robustly and is most sustainable in an environment designed to encourage it. Potential entrepreneurs become active entrepreneurs when the conditions are most supportive of their commercial opportunities and their business thus helping channel the two key qualities they exhibit as individuals obsessed maniacs and clairvoyant oracles (Carayannis, GWU Lectures, 2000-2005) and (Carayannis et at, 2003a) towards the generation of sustainable wealth. So far, entrepreneurial scholars who turn into intellectual venture capitalists by founding knowledge-driven companies remain one of the least explored specie in the territory of entrepreneurship. GloCal: The increasing engagement of firms within global knowledge and production networks and their ability to source knowledge globally as well as locally (GloCally), for the development of innovation capacities will shape the future of UK's knowledge resources and its role in the global economy. Practices such as off-shoring R&D activities are widely adopted, creating challenging, and not very well understood, issues related to cross-country and inter-firm knowledge and technology flows. We seek to address the internationalisation and networking of research and innovation activities, including the roles and strategies of enterprises, universities, research centres, governments in a cross-country and inter-sectoral way, to assess the impact and the implications for sustaining and enhancing the competitiveness of UK firms and other British knowledge producers and users

Business Ecosystem and Stakeholders’ Role Transformation: Evidence from China’s Emerging Electric Vehicle Industry

Nurturing an emerging industry’s business ecosystem always requires stakeholders’ efforts and role transformation. By systematically reviewing and studying the evolution of the Chinese electric vehicle industry, this paper constructs a three-dimensional theoretical framework including stages of business ecosystem lifecycle, stakeholder classification and functional roles, to analyse the transformation both of different stakeholders and their functional roles. The findings show that business ecosystem stakeholders have experienced role transformation following a mechanism defined as the ‘Triple Oscillation’ Model during the evolution of the emerging industry. These findings also help develop a conceptual model of agent-based system for business ecosystem evolution, which could be a starting point for further emerging industry study