255 research outputs found

    Production Capitalism vs Financial Capitalism - Symbiosis and Parasitism. An Evolutionary Perspective and Bibliography

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    This working paper presents a note and an extensive bibliography on the relationship between production capitalism and financial capitalism. The document was produced for a conference held at Leangkollen outside Oslo on September 3-4, 1998. The background for the conference was the Asian financial crisis that started in July 1997. The massive Russian financial crisis had started a few days before the conference, on August 17, 1998, and the Russian participant, Prof. Vladimir Avtonomov, brought fresh news from these dramatic events. The conference was organized by Erik Reinert, who at the time worked for Norsk Investorforum, an organisation which at the time organized Norwegian production capitalists and later helped Reinert launch The Other Canon Foundation. Reinert was at the time also affiliated with SUM, Centre for Development and the Environment at the University of Oslo. The global financial crisis that started in 2008 . ten years after this conference . vindi- cates the perspectives presented here, and prompted the wish to make the note and the very extensive bibliography of relevant, but mostly forgotten, litterature on the relationship between the production sector and the monetary sector of the economy. The conference programme is found at the end of the document.

    Bilateral variational autoencoder for collaborative filtering

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    National Research Foundation (NRF) Singapore under NRF Fellowship Programm

    Feature Selection and Classifier Development for Radio Frequency Device Identification

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    The proliferation of simple and low-cost devices, such as IEEE 802.15.4 ZigBee and Z-Wave, in Critical Infrastructure (CI) increases security concerns. Radio Frequency Distinct Native Attribute (RF-DNA) Fingerprinting facilitates biometric-like identification of electronic devices emissions from variances in device hardware. Developing reliable classifier models using RF-DNA fingerprints is thus important for device discrimination to enable reliable Device Classification (a one-to-many looks most like assessment) and Device ID Verification (a one-to-one looks how much like assessment). AFITs prior RF-DNA work focused on Multiple Discriminant Analysis/Maximum Likelihood (MDA/ML) and Generalized Relevance Learning Vector Quantized Improved (GRLVQI) classifiers. This work 1) introduces a new GRLVQI-Distance (GRLVQI-D) classifier that extends prior GRLVQI work by supporting alternative distance measures, 2) formalizes a framework for selecting competing distance measures for GRLVQI-D, 3) introducing response surface methods for optimizing GRLVQI and GRLVQI-D algorithm settings, 4) develops an MDA-based Loadings Fusion (MLF) Dimensional Reduction Analysis (DRA) method for improved classifier-based feature selection, 5) introduces the F-test as a DRA method for RF-DNA fingerprints, 6) provides a phenomenological understanding of test statistics and p-values, with KS-test and F-test statistic values being superior to p-values for DRA, and 7) introduces quantitative dimensionality assessment methods for DRA subset selection

    Kondratieff Waves: Juglar – Kuznets – Kondratieff; Yearbook

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    In the period from the 1920s to 1930s the theory of economic cycles underwent dramatic changes. Due to the research of such famous economists as Nikolay Kondratieff, Joseph Kitchin, Wesley Mitchell, Simon Kuznets, and Joseph Schumpeter the idea of a whole system of economic cycles (with characteristic periods between two and sixty years) was developed. The idea of a system of intertwined economic cycles is nowadays paramount to the school of evolutionary economics and its development promises rather interesting future outcomes. That is why this issue of our ‘Kondratieff Waves’ Yearbook is devoted to the interconnections between various economic cycles. As to the subtitle of this volume, one should note that many of the contributors refer to the system of cycles and the fact that real economic cycles make up a system, whereas among different types of cycles, the Juglar, Kuznets, and Kondratieff cycles are the most important ones for the present-day economic dynamics. Although Kondratieff himself considered long waves as above all an economic phenomenon, the theory of the long waves became, however, very actively developed in connection with their political and geopolitical aspects. In this Yearbook, the political aspect of Kondratieff waves is the subject of several articles in the second section. The last section of this Yearbook is devoted to the heritage of Kondratieff and other prominent economists. The year 2015 marks the 150th anniversary of the outstanding Russian economist, one of the most prominent researchers of medium-term economic cycles, Mikhail Tugan-Baranovsky, and the volume is concluded with Kondratieff's article about him. Concerning 2015, we should mention another anniversary, namely, 30 years since the death of Simon Kuznets (1901–1985). This edition will be useful for economists, social scientists, as well as for a wide range of those interested in the problems of the past, present, and future of global economy and globalization

    DÉVELOPPEMENT ET VALIDATION DES PROFILS CLINIQUES DES PERSONNES ÂGÉES HOSPITALISÉES POUR DES SYMPTÔMES COMPORTEMENTAUX ET PSYCHOLOGIQUES DE LA DÉMENCE ET IDENTIFICATION DES INTERVENTIONS INFIRMIÈRES QUI LEUR SONT ASSOCIÉES

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    Dans un systĂšme de soins disposant de ressources limitĂ©es, les patients hospitalisĂ©s en psychogĂ©riatrie pour des symptĂŽmes comportementaux et psychologiques de la dĂ©mence (SCPD) sont particuliĂšrement vulnĂ©rables et l'optimisation des soins selon les besoins des patients est essentielle. Toutefois, la description des diffĂ©rents profils d'atteintes somatiques, psychiatriques et socio-relationnelles de ces patients et les interventions infirmiĂšres qui leur sont associĂ©es sont trĂšs peu documentĂ©es. Cette thĂšse est composĂ©e de quatre Ă©tudes sĂ©quentielles imbriquĂ©es dont les objectifs Ă©taient : i) dĂ©velopper, valider et dĂ©crire les profils de patients souffrant de SCPD Ă  l'entrĂ©e ; ii) dĂ©crire les trajectoires de ces patients entre l'admission et la sortie selon leur profil et prĂ©dire leur mode de vie Ă  la sortie ; iii) dĂ©crire la nature et l'intensitĂ© des interventions infirmiĂšres associĂ©es aux profils et, iv) obtenir un consensus d'experts sur les interventions jugĂ©es les plus pertinentes pour chaque profil. Pour la premiĂšre Ă©tude, Ă  partir d'un Ă©chantillon de 542 patients hospitalisĂ©s en psychogĂ©riatrie en Suisse Romande entre le 1er janvier 2011 et le 30 juin 2014, une solution composĂ©e quatre profils distincts, a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©e au moyen de la version française du HoNOS65+ et nommĂ©e Lausanne classification for psychogeriatric inpatients (LCPI). Selon leurs caractĂ©ristiques prĂ©dominantes, ils ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©nommĂ©s (1) SCPD-affectif (n=233 ; 43%), (2) SCPD-fonctionnel (n=95 ; 17.5%), (3) SCPD-somatique (n=137 ; 25.3%) et (4) SCPD- psychotique (n=77 ; 14.2%). Ils ont Ă©tĂ© obtenus grĂące Ă  une combinaison de mĂ©thodes de classification hiĂ©rarchique (Ward) et non-hiĂ©rarchique (k-means). La stabilitĂ© de la solution a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©montrĂ©e par un processus de validation croisĂ©e basĂ©e sur le fractionnement de l'Ă©chantillon de base. Une autre mĂ©thode de classification utilisant Ă  de multiples reprises la mĂ©thode des k-means a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e et a mis en Ă©vidence des rĂ©sultats convergents. Pour la seconde Ă©tude, 397/542 patients disposaient d'une Ă©valuation Ă  la sortie et ont donc Ă©tĂ© inclus dans l'analyse des trajectoires. Parmi tous les patients appartenant aux profils SCPD- fonctionnel et SCPD-affectif Ă  l'admission, respectivement 70.2% et 73.5% appartenaient au mĂȘme profil Ă  la sortie. De plus, 45.7% des patients appartenant au profil SCPD-somatique Ă  l'admission appartenaient au profil SCPD-affectif (χ2(9) = 128.8299; p<0.000). A la sortie, 65.0% de tous les patients Ă©taient institutionnalisĂ©s. Les prĂ©dicteurs du retour Ă  domicile Ă©taient le fait d'ĂȘtre un homme (OR=0.96; 95% CI: 0.93-0.99) ou l'appartenance au profil SCPD-affectif Ă  la sortie (OR=1.95; 95% CI: 1.08-3.54). Les prĂ©dicteurs d'un transfert vers des unitĂ©s somatiques ou du dĂ©cĂšs Ă©taient l'appartenance Ă  un profil SCPD-somatique (OR=12.98; 95% CI: 1.96-85.91) ou SCPD-psychotique Ă  la sortie (OR=13.53; 95% CI: 1.65-111.05). Pour la troisiĂšme Ă©tude, une analyse de contenu a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e sur les notes infirmiĂšres informatisĂ©es de 10 patients par profil. Les rĂ©sultats mirent en Ă©vidence des pratiques actuelles globalement semblables pour tous les patients alors que lors de la quatriĂšme Ă©tude, les experts ont jugĂ© en consensus que les interventions requises devraient varier en fonction du profil. Par ailleurs, certains domaines restent peu investis, tels que le dĂ©pistage, l'Ă©valuation et le traitement des troubles dĂ©pressifs ainsi que le maintien de l'autonomie fonctionnelle. La LCPI dĂ©veloppĂ©e dans le cadre de cette thĂšse a permis d'identifier quatre profils, dĂ©montrant l'hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© de cette population. Chaque profil prĂ©sentait des caractĂ©ristiques propres, ce qui permettrait aux cliniciens de dĂ©velopper des plans de soins davantage centrĂ©s sur le patient. Au vu que la plupart des interventions relevĂ©es aux dossiers ont Ă©tĂ© appliquĂ©es Ă  tous les profils, le dĂ©veloppement d'Ă©tudes pour tester l'efficacitĂ© d'interventions adaptĂ©es aux profils et au milieu hospitalier psychogĂ©riatrique, ainsi que des Ă©tudes d'implĂ©mentation de pratiques basĂ©es sur les preuves, sont jugĂ©es nĂ©cessaires. -- In a healthcare system with limited resources, inpatients presenting behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) are vulnerable and care optimization, according to their needs, is essential. However, the description of the different profile of somatic, psychiatric and socio-relational issues of these patients, their clinical trajectories during hospitalization and the associated nursing interventions remains poorly described in the literature to date. The study included four sequential nested studies whose objectives were respectively: i) to develop, validate and describe the clinical profiles of aged people with BPSD at admission; ii) to describe their trajectories between the admission and discharge according to the profiles and predict their destination after discharge; iii) to describe the nature and the intensity of the nursing interventions related to the identified clinical profiles; iv) to reach a experts consensus on relevant interventions per profile. In the first study, on a sample of 542 aged inpatients presenting dementia, who were hospitalized in psychogeriatric wards in French-speaking Switzerland between January 1st, 2011, and June 30th, 2014, a solution consisted of four clinically distinct profiles was developed using the French version of the HoNOS65+, called the Lausanne classification for psychogeriatric inpatients (LCPI). They were labeled according to their predominant features (1) BPSD-affective, (2) BPSD- functional, (3) BPSD-somatic and (4) BPSD-psychotic. These profiles were obtained using combinaison of one hierarchical and one non-hierarchical clustering technique and the solution stability was demonstrated using a cross-validation process based on the split- sample method. A different clustering method, consisting of multiple k-means procedures, was performed with convergent results. For the second study, 397/542 patients had an evaluation at discharge and therefore included for the trajectories analysis. Those classified as BPSD-functional or BPSD-affective on admission, respectively 70.18% and 73.48% had the same membership at discharge. However, 45.74% of those classified as BPSD-somatic on admission were discharged with a BPSD-functional profile, and 46.15% of those classified as BPSD-psychotic on admission were discharged as BPSD-affective (χ2(9) = 128.8299; p<0.000). At discharge, 64.99% (n=258) of all patients were admitted to a nursing home. The significant predictors for go back home were the following: being male (OR=0.96; 95% CI: 0.93-0.99) and BPSD-affective profile at discharge (OR=1.95; 95% CI: 1.08-3.54). Significant predictors of transfer to acute care unit or death were: BPSD-somatic at discharge (OR=12.98; 95% CI: 1.96-85.91) or BPSD-psychotic profile at discharge (OR=13.53; 95% CI: 1.65-111.05). For the third study, a content analysis of nurses' notes on 10 patients per profile was performed. Current reported practices were generally similar for all patients. However, in the fourth study, according to expert consensus, appropriate interventions varied depending on the profile. Also, some issues remained poorly investigated, such as screening, assessment and treatment of depressive symptoms and the maintenance of functional autonomy as well. The LCPI developed in the present thesis allowed to determine four valid profiles, highlighting the population's heterogeneity, with each profile showing distinctive characteristics that may allow clinicians to develop more patient-centered care plans. Since most interventions were generally similar for all patients, the development of studies to test interventions tailored to each profile and to acute psychogeriatric environment and the implementation of evidence-based practices are needed

    Perception visuelle et olfactive chez les enfants avec un trouble du spectre de l'autisme:: implications sur l'acceptation des aliments

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    La construction du comportement alimentaire est parfois compliquĂ©e : 13 Ă  50% des enfants au dĂ©veloppement typique (DT) prĂ©sentent des problĂšmes alimentaires. Cette proportion pourrait ĂȘtre de plus de 80 voire 90% des enfants avec un trouble du spectre de l’autisme (TSA). DiffĂ©rentes Ă©tudes font Ă©tat d’un lien entre les particularitĂ©s sensorielles et la prĂ©sence de problĂšmes alimentaires chez ces enfants. Cette thĂšse de doctorat vise ainsi Ă  mieux comprendre en quoi les particularitĂ©s perceptives (vue et odorat) des enfants avec un TSA influencent leur acceptation d’un aliment. Le premier objectif de cette thĂšse Ă©tait d’établir un lien, et de le caractĂ©riser, entre les particularitĂ©s perceptives (vue et odorat) et le comportement alimentaire chez les enfants avec un TSA. Nos rĂ©sultats montrent qu’ils se distinguent des enfants au DT dans la façon dont ils explorent les stimuli, ces diffĂ©rences dĂ©pendent de la nature (visuelle ou olfactive) des stimuli. Les enfants avec un TSA attribuent aussi des valences hĂ©doniques plus basses aux stimuli a priori plaisants, et ce, plus significativement pour la modalitĂ© visuelle. Finalement, le jugement hĂ©donique est associĂ© au degrĂ© de nĂ©ophobie chez les enfants avec un TSA, ce qui n’est pas le cas chez les enfants au DT. Le second objectif Ă©tait d’évaluer les effets d’une familiarisation olfactive sur l’agrĂ©ment intrinsĂšque d’une odeur et sur l’apprĂ©ciation d’un aliment porteur de cette dimension par les enfants avec un TSA. Nos rĂ©sultats montrent une augmentation de l’expression Ă©motionnelle positive pour l’odeur familiarisĂ©e. Nous avons observĂ© aussi que deux tiers des enfants, notamment ceux qui ont le plus de particularitĂ©s sensorielles, choisissent l’aliment porteur de cette odeur lors du choix alimentaire. Le dernier objectif de cette thĂšse Ă©tait de prendre en compte le point de vue des enfants avec un TSA en leur donnant la parole et de le mettre en dialogue avec les rĂ©sultats issus des neurosciences. Nos observations relĂšvent la pertinence d’une posture de recherche et/ou d’accompagnement dialogique pour permettre la construction de savoirs sur l’alimentation. Nos Ă©tudes soulignent l’importance de prendre en compte le profil perceptif propre aux enfants avec un TSA lors de la conception d’outils pĂ©dagogiques pour accompagner la construction du comportement alimentaire.The development of eating behaviour is sometimes complicated: 13% to 50% of typically developing (TD) children display feeding problems. In children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), this figure could be above 80% or even 90%. A number of studies have established a link between sensory particularities and the presence of eating problems in these children. This doctoral thesis, therefore, aims to better understand the extent to which perceptual particularities (visual and olfactory) in children with ASD influence their acceptance of a particular food. The first objective of this thesis was to establish and describe a link between perceptual particularities (visual and olfactory) and eating behaviour in children with ASD. Firstly, our results show that they differ from TD children in the way they explore these stimuli, with these differences depending on the nature of the stimuli. Secondly, they attribute a lower valence to stimuli which are, in principle, pleasant. This was particularly true of visual stimuli. Finally, there is a link between hedonic judgement and the degree of neophobia in children with ASD. This is not the case in TD children. The second objective was to evaluate the effects of olfactory familiarisation on the valence of an odour and on the appreciation of food which carries this odour by children with ASD. Our results show an increase in positive emotional expression relating to the odour which has been familiarised. We also observed that two thirds of the children, notably those with the most sensory particularities, chose the food that carried this odour when given a choice of food. The final objective of this thesis was to consider the perspectives of children with ASD and to compare them with results obtained in neuroscience. Our observations highlight the relevance of establishing a dialogical research and/or support approach that allows children and researcher to build and develop knowledge of food and eating. Our studies underline the importance of considering the perceptual profiles of children with ASD when designing educational tools to support eating behaviour development.Die Entwicklung des ErnĂ€hrungsverhaltens ist mitunter schwierig: Bei 13 bis 50 Prozent aller Kinder mit typischer Entwicklung (TE) treten ErnĂ€hrungsprobleme auf. Bei Kindern mit einer Autismus-Spektrum-Störung (ASS) könnte dieser Anteil sogar 80 bis 90 Prozent betragen. In verschiedenen Studien wurde ein Zusammenhang zwischen den sensorischen Besonderheiten und dem Auftreten von ErnĂ€hrungsproblemen bei diesen Kindern festgestellt. Die vorliegende Doktorarbeit untersucht, inwiefern die perzeptiven Besonderheiten (Gesichts- und Geruchssinn) von Kindern mit einer ASS deren Akzeptanz eines Lebensmittels beeinflusst. Hauptziel der Arbeit war es, einen Zusammenhang zwischen den perzeptiven Besonderheiten (Gesichts- und Geruchssinn) und dem ErnĂ€hrungsverhalten bei Kindern mit einer ASS herzustellen und zu beschreiben. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass diese sich von TE-Kindern zunĂ€chst durch die Art und Weise unterscheiden, in der sie die Reize erforschen, und zwar abhĂ€ngig von der Art der Reize. Des Weiteren geben sie Reizen, die eigentlich angenehm sind, eine niedrigere hedonische Valenz, und zwar mit höherer Signifikanz den visuellen Reizen. Schliesslich ist bei Kindern mit einer ASS das Werturteil mit dem Grad der Neophobie verknĂŒpft, was bei TE-Kindern nicht der Fall ist. Zum Zweiten sollte die Auswirkung eines olfaktiven Vertrautmachens auf die hedonische Valenz eines Geruchs und die Beurteilung eines mit diesem behafteten Lebensmittel durch Kinder mit einer ASS eingeschĂ€tzt werden. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen eine VerstĂ€rkung der positiven emotionalen Expression bei vertrauten GerĂŒchen. Ebenso beobachteten wir, dass zwei Drittel der Kinder, vor allem diejenigen mit den meisten sensorischen Besonderheiten, bei der Essenswahl das Lebensmittel mit diesem Geruch auswĂ€hlen. Das dritte Ziel dieser Arbeit bestand darin, die eigene Sichtweise der Kinder mit einer ASS zu berĂŒcksichtigen, indem sie befragt und ihre Aussagen den neurowissenschaftlichen Erkenntnissen gegenĂŒbergestellt werden. Unsere Beobachtungen beruhen auf dem Ansatz einer dialogischen Forschung bzw. Begleitung, der es ermöglichen soll, einen Wissensschatz um die ErnĂ€hrung aufzubauen. Unsere Untersuchungen unterstreichen, wie wichtig es ist, bei der Erstellung von Lehrmitteln das spezifische Wahrnehmungsprofil von Kindern mit einer ASS zu berĂŒcksichtigen, um die Entwicklung des ErnĂ€hrungsverhaltens zu begleiten

    Influences gĂ©nĂ©tiques et environnementales sur la variabilitĂ© et l’unicitĂ© des activations cĂ©rĂ©brales chez l’humain : un devis familial de jumeaux sur la base de donnĂ©es d’imagerie cĂ©rĂ©brale du Human Connectome Project

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    Le comportement humain est Ă  la fois singulier et universel. La singularitĂ© serait principalement due aux trajectoires de vie propre Ă  chaque individu (variant entre autres selon leur culture) alors que l’universalitĂ© Ă©manerait d’une nature universelle ancrĂ©e dans un gĂ©nome universel. DĂ©mĂȘler les influences de la nature et de la culture sur le comportement humain est le Saint Graal de l’anthropologie biologique. J’aborde cette question en explorant les effets gĂ©nĂ©tiques et environnementaux sur les bases psychiques du comportement. Plus particuliĂšrement, je teste l’hypothĂšse que la singularitĂ© et l’universalitĂ© comportementales humaines s’observent au plan psychique par l’exploration de leur substrat neurobiologique, et que ce substrat possĂšde Ă  la fois un ancrage gĂ©nĂ©tique et environnemental. À l’aide de donnĂ©es d’imagerie par rĂ©sonance magnĂ©tique fonctionnelle (IRMf) recueillies auprĂšs de 862 participants du Human Connectome Project (HCP), j’analyse les activations cĂ©rĂ©brales liĂ©es Ă  sept tĂąches socio-cognitives qui recoupent diverses facultĂ©s, dont le langage, la mĂ©moire, la prise de risque, la logique, les Ă©motions, la motricitĂ© et le raisonnement social. AprĂšs avoir groupĂ© les sujets selon la similaritĂ© de leurs patrons d’activation cĂ©rĂ©brale (c.-Ă -d. leurs sous-types neurobiologiques), j’estime l’influence gĂ©nĂ©tique et environnementale sur la variabilitĂ© interindividuelle de ces divers sous-types. Les rĂ©sultats dĂ©montrent bel et bien l’existence d’un regroupement des sujets selon la similaritĂ© de leurs cartes d’activation cĂ©rĂ©brale lors d’une mĂȘme tĂąche socio-cognitive, ce qui reflĂšte Ă  la fois le caractĂšre singulier et universel des corrĂ©lats neuronaux d’un comportement observable. La variabilitĂ© interindividuelle constatĂ©e dans ces regroupements cĂ©rĂ©braux tĂ©moigne quant Ă  elle d’effets gĂ©nĂ©tiques (hĂ©ritabilitĂ©) ainsi qu’environnementaux (environnementalitĂ©), dont les ampleurs respectives varient selon la nature de la tĂąche effectuĂ©e. De plus, les sous-types cĂ©rĂ©braux mis Ă  jour rĂ©vĂšlent une association avec les mesures comportementales et de performance effectuĂ©es lors des diverses tĂąches Ă  l’étude. Enfin, les sous-types neurobiologiques rĂ©sultant des diverses tĂąches partagent certaines bases gĂ©nĂ©tiques. Dans leur ensemble, ces rĂ©sultats appuient la notion que le comportement humain, ainsi que les processus neurobiologiques le sous-tendant, sont des phĂ©notypes au mĂȘme titre qu’un caractĂšre morphologique ou physiologique, c’est-Ă -dire qu’ils sont le rĂ©sultat de l’expression conjointe de bases gĂ©nĂ©tiques (nature) et environnementales (culture).Human behaviour is both singular and universal. Singularity is believed to be mainly due to life trajectories unique to each individual (influenced among others by culture), whereas universality would stem from a universal nature resulting from a panhuman genome. Unravelling the influences of nature and nurture on human behaviour is the Holy Grail of biological anthropology. I approach this issue by exploring genetic and environmental influences on the neuropsychological underpinnings of behaviour. In particular, I test the hypothesis that the singularity and universality of human behaviour are also observed at the psychological level through the exploration of the neurobiological basis of behaviour, and that these bases have both genetic and environmental sources. Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) data of 862 participants from the Human Connectome Project (HCP), I analyze brain activation related to 7 socio-cognitive tasks covering language, memory, risk taking, logic, emotions, motor skills, and social reasoning. After grouping subjects according to the similarity of their brain activation patterns (neurobiological subtypes), I estimate the genetic and environmental influences on the variation between participants on these subtypes. The inter-individual variability in cerebral groupings appears to have both genetic (heritability) and environmental (environmentality) sources that vary according to the particular psychological task involved. Moreover, these neurobiological subtypes show an association with behavioural and performance measures assessed by the socio-cognitive tasks. Finally, the neurobiological subtypes across the 7 tasks share common genetic links. Overall, the results support the notion that human behaviour, as well as its underlying neurobiological processes, are phenotypes in the same way as morphology or physiology, i.e., are the results of the integrated expression of a genetic basis (nature) and environmental influences (nurture)

    Antécédents des effets du coaching : exploration des rÎles des personnes coachées, coachs et des organisations

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    La recherche et la pratique du coaching ont connu une impressionnante montĂ©e en popularitĂ© dans les derniĂšres annĂ©es. S’il est aujourd’hui possible d’affirmer que le coaching est une mĂ©thode de dĂ©veloppement qui fonctionne, il n’en demeure pas moins qu’un manque dans la littĂ©rature scientifique persiste. Plus prĂ©cisĂ©ment, les recherches actuelles et futures devraient (1) porter plus d’attention sur les antĂ©cĂ©dents individuels, relationnels et organisationnels des effets du coaching, (2) clarifier la contribution de l’interaction entre ces types d’antĂ©cĂ©dents et (3) mettre davantage d’emphase sur les facteurs organisationnels influençant une dĂ©marche de coaching. Dans le cadre de cette recherche doctorale, qui se focalise uniquement sur le coaching individuel et professionnel, l’objectif de dĂ©terminer la contribution de certaines variables individuelles, relationnelles et organisationnelles dans une dĂ©marche de coaching est poursuivi. Deux sous-objectifs, qui ont Ă©tĂ© adressĂ©s respectivement dans deux articles scientifiques, dĂ©coulent de ce but gĂ©nĂ©ral: (1) vĂ©rifier les effets directs et l’interaction entre certains antĂ©cĂ©dents associĂ©s aux effets du coaching en mettant Ă  l’épreuve un modĂšle thĂ©orique et ; (2) mieux comprendre le rĂŽle des variables organisationnelles impliquĂ©es dans un processus de coaching. « L’individu coachĂ©, la personne coach et l’organisation : Comment leur interaction influence-elle un processus de coaching? » est le premier article de cette recherche doctorale et tente de mieux comprendre le rĂŽle d’une variable individuelle, d’une variable relationnelle et de trois variables organisationnelles sur une variable dĂ©pendante largement documentĂ©e en coaching, le sentiment d’efficacitĂ© personnelle de la personne coachĂ©e. MenĂ©e auprĂšs de 211 participants gestionnaires d’une entreprise manufacturiĂšre Nord-AmĂ©ricaine, cette Ă©tude a examinĂ© le modĂšle proposĂ© Ă  l’aide de modĂ©lisation par Ă©quations structurelles. Les rĂ©sultats obtenus soutiennent partiellement les hypothĂšses Ă©mises. Le second article qui a pour titre « The role of the organization in a coaching process : A scoping study of the professional and scientific literature » vise Ă  approfondir l’apport singulier des variables organisationnelles impliquĂ©es dans un processus de coaching. Pour ce faire, une scoping study a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©. Sur les 5 785 documents recensĂ©s, 63 Ă©crits empiriques, thĂ©oriques et pratiques ont Ă©tĂ© compilĂ©s et analysĂ©s. Au total, trois grandes catĂ©gories de facteurs organisationnels regroupant huit sous-catĂ©gories ont Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©es : la culture organisationnelle (l’approche de coaching, l’ouverture au changement, le climat de sĂ©curitĂ© psychologique), le soutien (organisationnel, managĂ©rial, des pairs) et le but commun (le cadre de prĂ©paration et de suivi, l’alignement des parties prenantes). En plus d’identifier et de proposer une catĂ©gorisation des antĂ©cĂ©dents organisationnels contribuant aux effets du coaching, cette thĂšse contribue Ă  affiner la comprĂ©hension de l’interaction entre des variables individuelles, relationnelles et organisationnelles en coaching. En outre, elle offre des pistes de recherche et d’action aux personnes chercheures et praticiennes, ainsi qu’aux organisations souhaitant maximiser les effets des processus de coaching de leurs membres.Abstract: Coaching research and practice have experienced an impressive rise in popularity in recent years. While it is now possible to claim that coaching is a developmental method that works, a gap in the scientific literature remains. Specifically, current and future research should (1) pay more attention to the individual, relational, and organizational antecedents of coaching effects, (2) clarify the contribution of the interaction between these types of antecedents, and (3) place more emphasis on the organizational factors influencing a coaching approach. In this doctoral research, which focuses solely on individual and professional coaching, the objective is to determine the contribution of certain individual, relational and organizational variables in a coaching process. Two sub-objectives, which were addressed in two scientific articles, arise from this general goal: (1) to verify the direct effects and the interaction between certain antecedents associated with the effects of coaching by testing a theoretical model and; (2) to better understand the role of organizational variables involved in a coaching process. "The coachee, the coach, and the organization: How do they interact in a coaching process?" is the first article of this doctoral research and attempts to better understand the role of an individual variable, a relational variable and three organizational variables on a widely documented dependent variable in coaching, the coachee's self-efficacy. This study examined the proposed model using structural equation modeling with 211 managerial participants from a North American manufacturing company. The results obtained partially support the hypotheses put forward. "The role of the organization in a coaching process: A scoping study of the professional and scientific literature", the second article of this doctoral research, aims to further investigate the singular contribution of organizational variables involved in a coaching process. To do so, a scoping study was conducted. Out of 5,785 documents, 63 empirical, theoretical and practical writings were compiled and analyzed. In total, three main categories of organizational factors were identified, grouping together eight subcategories: organizational culture (coaching approach, openness to change, psychological safety climate), support (organizational, managerial, peer), and common purpose (preparation/follow-up framework, stakeholder alignment). In addition to identifying and proposing a categorization of organizational antecedents contributing to coaching effects, this thesis contributes to a more refined understanding of the interaction between individual, relational, and organizational variables in coaching. In addition, it offers avenues for research and action to researchers and practitioners, as well as to organizations wishing to maximize the effects of coaching processes on their members

    Diffusion directions imaging (high resolution reconstruction of white matter fascicles from low angular resolution diffusion MRI)

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    L'objectif de cette thĂšse est de fournir une chaine de traitement complĂšte pour la reconstruction des faisceaux de la matiĂšre blanche Ă  partir d'images pondĂ©rĂ©es en diffusion caractĂ©risĂ©es par une faible rĂ©solution angulaire. Cela implique (i) d'infĂ©rer en chaque voxel un modĂšle de diffusion Ă  partir des images de diffusion et (ii) d'accomplir une ''tractographie", i.e., la reconstruction des faisceaux Ă  partir de ces modĂšles locaux. Notre contribution en modĂ©lisation de la diffusion est une nouvelle distribution statistique dont les propriĂ©tĂ©s sont Ă©tudiĂ©es en dĂ©tail. Nous modĂ©lisons le phĂ©nomĂšne de diffusion par un mĂ©lange de telles distributions incluant un outil de sĂ©lection de modĂšle destinĂ© Ă  estimer le nombre de composantes du mĂ©lange. Nous montrons que le modĂšle peut ĂȘtre correctement estimĂ© Ă  partir d'images de diffusion ''single-shell" Ă  faible rĂ©solution angulaire et qu'il fournit des biomarqueurs spĂ©cifiques pour l'Ă©tude des tumeurs. Notre contribution en tractographie est un algorithme qui approxime la distribution des faisceaux Ă©manant d'un voxel donnĂ©. Pour cela, nous Ă©laborons un filtre particulaire mieux adaptĂ© aux distributions multi-modales que les filtres traditionnels. Pour dĂ©montrer l'applicabilitĂ© de nos outils en usage clinique, nous avons participĂ© aux trois Ă©ditions du MICCAI DTI Tractography challenge visant Ă  reconstruire le faisceau cortico-spinal Ă  partir d'images de diffusion ''single-shell" Ă  faibles rĂ©solutions angulaire et spatiale. Les rĂ©sultats montrent que nos outils permettent de reconstruire toute l'Ă©tendue de ce faisceau.The objective of this thesis is to provide a complete pipeline that achieves an accurate reconstruction of the white matter fascicles using clinical diffusion images characterized by a low angular resolution. This involves (i) a diffusion model inferred in each voxel from the diffusion images and (ii) a tractography algorithm fed with these local models to perform the actual reconstruction of fascicles. Our contribution in diffusion modeling is a new statistical distribution, the properties of which are extensively studied. We model the diffusion as a mixture of such distributions, for which we design a model selection tool that estimates the number of mixture components. We show that the model can be accurately estimated from single shell low angular resolution diffusion images and that it provides specific biomarkers for studying tumors. Our contribution in tractography is an algorithm that approximates the distribution of fascicles emanating from a seed voxel. We achieve that by means of a particle filter better adapted to multi-modal distributions than the traditional filters. To demonstrate the clinical applicability of our tools, we participated to all three editions of the MICCAI DTI Tractography challenge aiming at reconstructing the cortico-spinal tract from single-shell low angular and low spatial resolution diffusion images. Results show that our pipeline provides a reconstruction of the full extent of the CST.RENNES1-Bibl. Ă©lectronique (352382106) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Gestion et visualisation de données hétérogÚnes multidimensionnelles : application PLM à la neuroimagerie

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    Neuroimaging domain is confronted with issues in analyzing and reusing the growing amount of heterogeneous data produced. Data provenance is complex – multi-subjects, multi-methods, multi-temporalities – and the data are only partially stored, restricting multimodal and longitudinal studies. Especially, functional brain connectivity is studied to understand how areas of the brain work together. Raw and derived imaging data must be properly managed according to several dimensions, such as acquisition time, time between two acquisitions or subjects and their characteristics. The objective of the thesis is to allow exploration of complex relationships between heterogeneous data, which is resolved in two parts : (1) how to manage data and provenance, (2) how to visualize structures of multidimensional data. The contribution follow a logical sequence of three propositions which are presented after a research survey in heterogeneous data management and graph visualization.The BMI-LM (Bio-Medical Imaging – Lifecycle Management) data model organizes the management of neuroimaging data according to the phases of a study and takes into account the scalability of research thanks to specific classes associated to generic objects. The application of this model into a PLM (Product Lifecycle Management) system shows that concepts developed twenty years ago for manufacturing industry can be reused to manage neuroimaging data. GMDs (Dynamic Multidimensional Graphs) are introduced to represent complex dynamic relationships of data, as well as JGEX (Json Graph EXchange) format that was created to store and exchange GMDs between software applications. OCL (Overview Constraint Layout) method allows interactive and visual exploration of GMDs. It is based on user’s mental map preservation and alternating of complete and reduced views of data. OCL method is applied to the study of functional brain connectivity at rest of 231 subjects that are represented by a GMD – the areas of the brain are the nodes and connectivity measures the edges – according to age, gender and laterality : GMDs are computed through processing workflow on MRI acquisitions into the PLM system. Results show two main benefits of using OCL method : (1) identification of global trends on one or many dimensions, and (2) highlights of local changes between GMD states.La neuroimagerie est confrontĂ©e Ă  des difficultĂ©s pour analyser et rĂ©utiliser la masse croissante de donnĂ©es hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšnes qu’elle produit. La provenance des donnĂ©es est complexe – multi-sujets, multi-analyses, multi-temporalitĂ©s – et ces donnĂ©es ne sont stockĂ©es que partiellement, limitant les possibilitĂ©s d’études multimodales et longitudinales. En particulier, la connectivitĂ© fonctionnelle cĂ©rĂ©brale est analysĂ©e pour comprendre comment les diffĂ©rentes zones du cerveau travaillent ensemble. Il est nĂ©cessaire de gĂ©rer les donnĂ©es acquises et traitĂ©es suivant plusieurs dimensions, telles que le temps d’acquisition, le temps entre les acquisitions ou encore les sujets et leurs caractĂ©ristiques. Cette thĂšse a pour objectif de permettre l’exploration de relations complexes entre donnĂ©es hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšnes, ce qui se dĂ©cline selon deux axes : (1) comment gĂ©rer les donnĂ©es et leur provenance, (2) comment visualiser les structures de donnĂ©es multidimensionnelles. L’apport de nos travaux s’articule autour de trois propositions qui sont prĂ©sentĂ©es Ă  l’issue d’un Ă©tat de l’art sur les domaines de la gestion de donnĂ©es hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšnes et de la visualisation de graphes.Le modĂšle de donnĂ©es BMI-LM (Bio-Medical Imaging – Lifecycle Management) structure la gestion des donnĂ©es de neuroimagerie en fonction des Ă©tapes d’une Ă©tude et prend en compte le caractĂšre Ă©volutif de la recherche grĂące Ă  l’association de classes spĂ©cifiques Ă  des objets gĂ©nĂ©riques. L’implĂ©mentation de ce modĂšle au sein d’un systĂšme PLM (Product Lifecycle Management) montre que les concepts dĂ©veloppĂ©s depuis vingt ans par l’industrie manufacturiĂšre peuvent ĂȘtre rĂ©utilisĂ©s pour la gestion des donnĂ©es en neuroimagerie. Les GMD (Graphes MultidimensionnelsDynamiques) sont introduits pour reprĂ©senter des relations complexes entre donnĂ©es qui Ă©voluent suivant plusieurs dimensions, et le format JGEX (Json Graph EXchange) a Ă©tĂ© crĂ©Ă© pour permettre le stockage et l’échange de GMD entre applications. La mĂ©thode OCL (Overview Constraint Layout) permet l’exploration visuelle et interactive de GMD. Elle repose sur la prĂ©servation partielle de la carte mentale de l’utilisateur et l’alternance de vues complĂštes et rĂ©duites des donnĂ©es. La mĂ©thode OCL est appliquĂ©e Ă  l’étude de la connectivitĂ© fonctionnelle cĂ©rĂ©brale au repos de 231 sujets reprĂ©sentĂ©es sous forme de GMD – les zones du cerveau sont reprĂ©sentĂ©es par les noeuds et les mesures de connectivitĂ© par les arĂȘtes – en fonction de l’ñge, du genre et de la latĂ©ralitĂ© : les GMD sont obtenus par l’application de chaĂźnes de traitement sur des acquisitions IRM dans le systĂšme PLM. Les rĂ©sultats montrent deux intĂ©rĂȘts principaux Ă  l’utilisation de la mĂ©thode OCL : (1) l’identification des tendances globales sur une ou plusieurs dimensions et (2) la mise en exergue des changements locaux entre Ă©tats du GMD
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