Two-Year and Four-Year Tertiary Education: Measuring Human Capital Effects on Economic Growth in Developing and Developed Countries with the Uzawa-Lucas Model

Tertiary education is believed to be a driver of economic development through the relationship between human capital development and economic output. Global massification efforts of tertiary education have led to increased global demand. Countries with limited tertiary education systems, like developing countries, have employed policies to increase domestic tertiary education opportunities instead of sending students abroad. Many tertiary education policies have focused on importing tertiary education from countries with established tertiary education systems. Import efforts first emphasized university models, but limited success prompted the import of more flexible short-cycle education modeled after the United States’ community college system. Limited empirical research has studied the relationship between tertiary education and economic growth. Currently, there has been no research on the effect of importing U.S. four-year and two-year tertiary education models in other countries and the effect on economic growth. The purpose of this study was to examine differences between two- and four-year U.S. university models implemented in developing countries by examining changes in economic growth. Utilizing country level economic and tertiary education data spanning 1970 to 2013 from The World Bank and the United National Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization Institute for Statistics in the Uzawa-Lucas model with a General Method of Moments (GMM) estimation of an autoregressive distribution lag model to take into account the lagged effect of tertiary education on economic indicators

The role of status hierarchies and resource allocation on education attainment of Papua New Guinea oil palm smallholders

This thesis examines resource allocation among co-resident households in three oil palm growing regions of Papua New Guinea to better understand status hierarchies that control investment in education. The results show not all families co-resident on the smallholder blocks participate equally in oil palm production, resulting in unequal education attainment amongst households, as smallholders increasingly pursue individual income strategies. These findings are significant given that education attainment is a critical development outcome

The Political System of the Atoni of Timor

Indonesi

Expanding Horizons. Settlement Patterns and Outfield Land Use in the Norse North Atlantic

publishedVersio

The Hemingway Hero: Modern Fiction’s Knight Without Armor

After noticing unusually high identification with Hemingway's characters among my high school readers, I set out to determine why this identification occurs. Since these students do not know of Hemingway's life and since they have no critical knowledge from which to draw, I felt their personal reactions had to stem from something intrinsically present in the characters them¬selves. Thus began my odyssey to define the element in the characters that can so touch teen readers. Examining both Hemingway's life and as many critical analyses of his work as possible provided insight into what finally emerged as a new hero who withstands the disi1lusionments of the twentieth century. Since most accepted scholarly theory on Hemingway's work concludes that his fiction is his life written down, I began by examining areas of convergence between his life and his fiction. What emerged from this study of well publicized convergences were telling areas of divergence. Though Hemingway's life frequently touched his fiction, his characters' coping abilities far exceed any their creator ever acquired. This is the most profoundly important difference between the creations of Hemingway and the man himself. The man Ernest Hemingway took his own life when he realized that his creative abilities were diminishing. The writer-artist Ernest Hemingway created a hero, who in his most mature version—Santiago, lives at peace with himself and the world, satisfied with his manhood and his humanity. Studying the criticism of Hemingway's work helped clarify its important role in defining a literary hero for the twentieth century. Hemingway's hero completes the modernization of the literary hero begun with Huck Finn. From Hemingway's fiction, emerges a hero figure recast to live in the wasteland of the twentieth century. This hero has no illusions about saving society; he is simply trying to save himself. Ultimately, Hemingway's hero becomes fully cognizant of the nada facing modern existence. In this awareness and in the ensuing battle not to be defeated by it, the hero gains his heroic stature by struggling for control. For the Hemingway hero, success in society's eyes is not the issue. Rather, his success lies in controlling the terms of his inevitable loss. With these two conclusions—that Hemingway's life cannot be conformed to that of his hero and that this hero is representative of mankind's existence in modern society--I began to understand why my students make personal identification with Hemingway's work. Sixteen year olds also struggle to make their way against obstacles they have little practical chance of over-coming. Whenever my students can exercise control, even within losing struggles, they claim victories. Like Jack in "Fifty Grand," they win when they choose how they lose. They also admire this hero because, as they see with Santiago in The Old Man and the Sea, this hero is a winner when he satisfies himself. He does not need the affirmation of society to feel successful. High school age readers truly admire this trait and long for it on a very personal level. This hero, who is so often vulnerable, has the inner courage to make his own code for living. He be¬comes an armorless knight stripped of tradition's pro¬tection, but able to survive by building on the strength of the lone individual forging a meaning from nothingness. It is this loner's code that so touches my young readers, for they too must struggle to find meaning in the face of overwhelming odds

HapticHead - Augmenting Reality via Tactile Cues

Information overload is increasingly becoming a challenge in today's world. Humans have only a limited amount of attention to allocate between sensory channels and tend to miss or misjudge critical sensory information when multiple activities are going on at the same time. For example, people may miss the sound of an approaching car when walking across the street while looking at their smartphones. Some sensory channels may also be impaired due to congenital or acquired conditions. Among sensory channels, touch is often experienced as obtrusive, especially when it occurs unexpectedly. Since tactile actuators can simulate touch, targeted tactile stimuli can provide users of virtual reality and augmented reality environments with important information for navigation, guidance, alerts, and notifications. In this dissertation, a tactile user interface around the head is presented to relieve or replace a potentially impaired visual channel, called \emph{HapticHead}. It is a high-resolution, omnidirectional, vibrotactile display that presents general, 3D directional, and distance information through dynamic tactile patterns. The head is well suited for tactile feedback because it is sensitive to mechanical stimuli and provides a large spherical surface area that enables the display of precise 3D information and allows the user to intuitively rotate the head in the direction of a stimulus based on natural mapping. Basic research on tactile perception on the head and studies on various use cases of head-based tactile feedback are presented in this thesis. Several investigations and user studies have been conducted on (a) the funneling illusion and localization accuracy of tactile stimuli around the head, (b) the ability of people to discriminate between different tactile patterns on the head, (c) approaches to designing tactile patterns for complex arrays of actuators, (d) increasing the immersion and presence level of virtual reality applications, and (e) assisting people with visual impairments in guidance and micro-navigation. In summary, tactile feedback around the head was found to be highly valuable as an additional information channel in various application scenarios. Most notable is the navigation of visually impaired individuals through a micro-navigation obstacle course, which is an order of magnitude more accurate than the previous state-of-the-art, which used a tactile belt as a feedback modality. The HapticHead tactile user interface's ability to safely navigate people with visual impairments around obstacles and on stairs with a mean deviation from the optimal path of less than 6~cm may ultimately improve the quality of life for many people with visual impairments.Die Informationsüberlastung wird in der heutigen Welt zunehmend zu einer Herausforderung. Der Mensch hat nur eine begrenzte Menge an Aufmerksamkeit, die er zwischen den Sinneskanälen aufteilen kann, und neigt dazu, kritische Sinnesinformationen zu verpassen oder falsch einzuschätzen, wenn mehrere Aktivitäten gleichzeitig ablaufen. Zum Beispiel können Menschen das Geräusch eines herannahenden Autos überhören, wenn sie über die Straße gehen und dabei auf ihr Smartphone schauen. Einige Sinneskanäle können auch aufgrund von angeborenen oder erworbenen Erkrankungen beeinträchtigt sein. Unter den Sinneskanälen wird Berührung oft als aufdringlich empfunden, besonders wenn sie unerwartet auftritt. Da taktile Aktoren Berührungen simulieren können, können gezielte taktile Reize den Benutzern von Virtual- und Augmented Reality Anwendungen wichtige Informationen für die Navigation, Führung, Warnungen und Benachrichtigungen liefern. In dieser Dissertation wird eine taktile Benutzeroberfläche um den Kopf herum präsentiert, um einen möglicherweise beeinträchtigten visuellen Kanal zu entlasten oder zu ersetzen, genannt \emph{HapticHead}. Es handelt sich um ein hochauflösendes, omnidirektionales, vibrotaktiles Display, das allgemeine, 3D-Richtungs- und Entfernungsinformationen durch dynamische taktile Muster darstellt. Der Kopf eignet sich gut für taktiles Feedback, da er empfindlich auf mechanische Reize reagiert und eine große sphärische Oberfläche bietet, die die Darstellung präziser 3D-Informationen ermöglicht und es dem Benutzer erlaubt, den Kopf aufgrund der natürlichen Zuordnung intuitiv in die Richtung eines Reizes zu drehen. Grundlagenforschung zur taktilen Wahrnehmung am Kopf und Studien zu verschiedenen Anwendungsfällen von kopfbasiertem taktilem Feedback werden in dieser Arbeit vorgestellt. Mehrere Untersuchungen und Nutzerstudien wurden durchgeführt zu (a) der Funneling Illusion und der Lokalisierungsgenauigkeit von taktilen Reizen am Kopf, (b) der Fähigkeit von Menschen, zwischen verschiedenen taktilen Mustern am Kopf zu unterscheiden, (c) Ansätzen zur Gestaltung taktiler Muster für komplexe Arrays von Aktoren, (d) der Erhöhung des Immersions- und Präsenzgrades von Virtual-Reality-Anwendungen und (e) der Unterstützung von Menschen mit Sehbehinderungen bei der Führung und Mikronavigation. Zusammenfassend wurde festgestellt, dass taktiles Feedback um den Kopf herum als zusätzlicher Informationskanal in verschiedenen Anwendungsszenarien sehr wertvoll ist. Am interessantesten ist die Navigation von sehbehinderten Personen durch einen Mikronavigations-Hindernisparcours, welche um eine Größenordnung präziser ist als der bisherige Stand der Technik, der einen taktilen Gürtel als Feedback-Modalität verwendete. Die Fähigkeit der taktilen Benutzerschnittstelle HapticHead, Menschen mit Sehbehinderungen mit einer mittleren Abweichung vom optimalen Pfad von weniger als 6~cm sicher um Hindernisse und auf Treppen zu navigieren, kann letztendlich die Lebensqualität vieler Menschen mit Sehbehinderungen verbessern

Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2014

The Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2014 is the flagship annual statistical publication of the Asian Development Bank (ADB). The Key Indicators presents the latest available indicators for the 48 regional ADB members. It contains analyses and statistical tables on the Millennium Development Goals and eight other economic, financial, social, and environmental themes. The Key Indicators also includes a special chapter -- "Poverty in Asia: A Deeper Look" -- that reviews the direction and pace of Asia's povert

Interaction: 'Samhandling' Under Risk

The authors of Interaction: ‘Samhandling’ Under Risk. A Step Ahead of the Unforeseen elucidate new views on emergency-preparedness management and understanding the unforeseen in society and learning processes by introducing the concept of ‘samhandling’, a Norwegian term that connotes interaction, collaboration and cooperation in one word. What are the basic structures of the concept of ‘samhandling’ under risk? How can ‘samhandling’ be created when conditions are unpredictable? These questions served as the springboard for 28 research studies, the results of which are now presented in this anthology, organized in four parts: Educational, Organizational, Operational Samhandling Structures and Theory Construction and The Way Forward. The book conveys new knowledge that forms the basis for a new view on strategic, emergency-preparedness management, and understanding of the unforeseen in society and in learning processes. The approach is interdisciplinary but has a particular focus on disciplines such as pedagogy, psychology, military science, health sciences, and organization and management, applied in various industries and sectors related to practical examples, experiences and challenges. The book’s primary target group is the scientific research communities within these disciplines

The entrepreneurial and management cultural transformation in independent Estonia

Abstract available: p.i