Estruturas de controle preditivo repetitivo baseadas na formulação GPC

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Automação e Sistemas, Florianópolis, 2015.Este trabalho apresenta um estudo de diversas estruturas de controle baseadas no algoritmo de controle preditivo generalizado, Generalized Predictive Control (GPC), e no controle repetitivo, Repetitive Control (RC). Os controladores analisados possuem as vantagens do controle preditivo no que diz respeito à otimização e ao tratamento de restrições e as do controle repetitivo no tratamento de perturbações periódicas, caracterizando a estrutura de controle preditivo generalizado repetitivo, Repetitive Generalized Predictive Control (RGPC). A estrutura proposta usa ação de controle repetitiva, baseada em um modelo interno com filtro de robustez e faz o tratamento das restrições considerando a repetitividade da ação de controle. O estudo compara diversas possibilidades de implementação, uma clássica e outra com o projeto separado, apontando vantagens e desvantagens de cada uma, assim como a aplicação em um estudo de caso.Abstract : This work presents a study of different control schemes based on the GPC and RC. These controllers have the advantages of online optimization and contraint hadling of the predictive control and periodic signals treatment of the repetitive control, defining the RGPC. The proposed structure uses a repetitive control action based on an internal model with robustness filter and deals with constraints considering the control action repetitiveness. The study compares various implementation possibilities, a classic and a separated design, pointing advantages and disadvantages of each one as well as their implementation

Multi-robot cooperative platform : a task-oriented teleoperation paradigm

This thesis proposes the study and development of a teleoperation system based on multi-robot cooperation under the task oriented teleoperation paradigm: Multi-Robot Cooperative Paradigm, MRCP. In standard teleoperation, the operator uses the master devices to control the remote slave robot arms. These arms reproduce the desired movements and perform the task. With the developed work, the operator can virtually manipulate an object. MRCP automatically generates the arms orders to perform the task. The operator does not have to solve situations arising from possible restrictions that the slave arms may have. The research carried out is therefore aimed at improving the accuracy teleoperation tasks in complex environments, particularly in the field of robot assisted minimally invasive surgery. This field requires patient safety and the workspace entails many restrictions to teleoperation. MRCP can be defined as a platform composed of several robots that cooperate automatically to perform a teleoperated task, creating a robotic system with increased capacity (workspace volume, accessibility, dexterity ...). The cooperation is based on transferring the task between robots when necessary to enable a smooth task execution. The MRCP control evaluates the suitability of each robot to continue with the ongoing task and the optimal time to execute a task transfer between the current selected robot and the best candidate to continue with the task. From the operator¿s point of view, MRCP provides an interface that enables the teleoperation though the task-oriented paradigm: operator orders are translated into task actions instead of robot orders. This thesis is structured as follows: The first part is dedicated to review the current solutions in the teleoperation of complex tasks and compare them with those proposed in this research. The second part of the thesis presents and reviews in depth the different evaluation criteria to determine the suitability of each robot to continue with the execution of a task, considering the configuration of the robots and emphasizing the criterion of dexterity and manipulability. The study reviews the different required control algorithms to enable the task oriented telemanipulation. This proposed teleoperation paradigm is transparent to the operator. Then, the Thesis presents and analyses several experimental results using MRCP in the field of minimally invasive surgery. These experiments study the effectiveness of MRCP in various tasks requiring the cooperation of two hands. A type task is used: a suture using minimally invasive surgery technique. The analysis is done in terms of execution time, economy of movement, quality and patient safety (potential damage produced by undesired interaction between the tools and the vital tissues of the patient). The final part of the thesis proposes the implementation of different virtual aids and restrictions (guided teleoperation based on haptic visual and audio feedback, protection of restricted workspace regions, etc.) using the task oriented teleoperation paradigm. A framework is defined for implementing and applying a basic set of virtual aids and constraints within the framework of a virtual simulator for laparoscopic abdominal surgery. The set of experiments have allowed to validate the developed work. The study revealed the influence of virtual aids in the learning process of laparoscopic techniques. It has also demonstrated the improvement of learning curves, which paves the way for its implementation as a methodology for training new surgeons.Aquesta tesi doctoral proposa l'estudi i desenvolupament d'un sistema de teleoperació basat en la cooperació multi-robot sota el paradigma de la teleoperació orientada a tasca: Multi-Robot Cooperative Paradigm, MRCP. En la teleoperació clàssica, l'operador utilitza els telecomandaments perquè els braços robots reprodueixin els seus moviments i es realitzi la tasca desitjada. Amb el treball realitzat, l'operador pot manipular virtualment un objecte i és mitjançant el MRCP que s'adjudica a cada braç les ordres necessàries per realitzar la tasca, sense que l'operador hagi de resoldre les situacions derivades de possibles restriccions que puguin tenir els braços executors. La recerca desenvolupada està doncs orientada a millorar la teleoperació en tasques de precisió en entorns complexos i, en particular, en el camp de la cirurgia mínimament invasiva assistida per robots. Aquest camp imposa condicions de seguretat del pacient i l'espai de treball comporta moltes restriccions a la teleoperació. MRCP es pot definir com a una plataforma formada per diversos robots que cooperen de forma automàtica per dur a terme una tasca teleoperada, generant un sistema robòtic amb capacitats augmentades (volums de treball, accessibilitat, destresa,...). La cooperació es basa en transferir la tasca entre robots a partir de determinar quin és aquell que és més adequat per continuar amb la seva execució i el moment òptim per realitzar la transferència de la tasca entre el robot actiu i el millor candidat a continuar-la. Des del punt de vista de l'operari, MRCP ofereix una interfície de teleoperació que permet la realització de la teleoperació mitjançant el paradigma d'ordres orientades a la tasca: les ordres es tradueixen en accions sobre la tasca en comptes d'estar dirigides als robots. Aquesta tesi està estructurada de la següent manera: Primerament es fa una revisió de l'estat actual de les diverses solucions desenvolupades actualment en el camp de la teleoperació de tasques complexes, comparant-les amb les proposades en aquest treball de recerca. En el segon bloc de la tesi es presenten i s'analitzen a fons els diversos criteris per determinar la capacitat de cada robot per continuar l'execució d'una tasca, segons la configuració del conjunt de robots i fent especial èmfasi en el criteri de destresa i manipulabilitat. Seguint aquest estudi, es presenten els diferents processos de control emprats per tal d'assolir la telemanipulació orientada a tasca de forma transparent a l'operari. Seguidament es presenten diversos resultats experimentals aplicant MRCP al camp de la cirurgia mínimament invasiva. En aquests experiments s'estudia l'eficàcia de MRCP en diverses tasques que requereixen de la cooperació de dues mans. S'ha escollit una tasca tipus: sutura amb tècnica de cirurgia mínimament invasiva. L'anàlisi es fa en termes de temps d'execució, economia de moviment, qualitat i seguretat del pacient (potencials danys causats per la interacció no desitjada entre les eines i els teixits vitals del pacient). Finalment s'ha estudiat l'ús de diferents ajudes i restriccions virtuals (guiat de la teleoperació via retorn hàptic, visual o auditiu, protecció de regions de l'espai de treball, etc) dins el paradigma de teleoperació orientada a tasca. S'ha definint un marc d'aplicació base i implementant un conjunt de restriccions virtuals dins el marc d'un simulador de cirurgia laparoscòpia abdominal. El conjunt d'experiments realitzats han permès validar el treball realitzat. Aquest estudi ha permès determinar la influencia de les ajudes virtuals en el procés d'aprenentatge de les tècniques laparoscòpiques. S'ha evidenciat una millora en les corbes d'aprenentatge i obre el camí a la seva implantació com a metodologia d'entrenament de nous cirurgians.Postprint (published version

Controladores preditivos filtrados utilizando otimização multiobjetivo para garantir offset-free e robustez

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Automação e Sistemas, Florianópolis, 2017.A tese tem como objetivo estudar e desenvolver controladores preditivos do tipo GMV (Generalized Minimum Variance) e GPC (Generalized Predictive Controller), ampliando a família de projetos e a aplicabilidade destes controladores, para eliminar o offset (erro de regime permanente), rejeitar perturbações e assegurar rastreamento de referência e robustez. A proposta apresenta um novo formalismo matemático aos projetos dos controladores GMV e GPC, aplicado a sistemas monovariáveis e multivariáveis, empregando o modelo do processo e a função custo na forma posicional e inserindo um filtro de ponderação polinomial e integral na referência e saída do processo, alcançando projetos de controladores denominados Indirect Filtered Positional GMV (I-FPGMV) e Filtered Positional GPC (FPGPC). Para o projeto do controlador I-FPGMV, dois controladores adicionais são implementados, um utilizando-se a abordagem adaptativa (Direct FPGMV) e o outro hibridizado com a síntese do controlador PID. Para o FPGPC, é apresentada uma metodologia de projeto para processos multivariáveis e a hibridização do FPGPC com o controlador PID e com uma estrutura IMC filtrada (Filtered Internal Model Control - F-IMC). Adicionalmente, em ambos os controladores, I-FPGMV e FPGPC, uma estrutura de malha de controle é sugerida para mitigar problemas de saturação no sinal de controle. Ademais, os controladores I-FPGMV e FPGPC são combinados com a técnica de controle repetitivo para tratar referências e/ou perturbações periódicas, fornecendo dois projetos alternativos de controladores denominados Repetitive I-FPGMV (RI-FPGMV) e Adaptive Repetitive FPGPC (AR-FPGPC). Em seguida, é proposto um projeto de controle para lidar com perturbações conhecidas ou desconhecidas e mensuráveis ou não mensuráveis, combinando o FPGPC, hibridizado com a estrutura F-IMC e a ação de controle feedforward adaptativa, alcançando uma estrutura de malha de controle denominada Adaptive Feedback/Feedforward F-IMC (AFF-FIMC). Por fim, aspectos de robustez são incorporados nos polinômios de projetos dos controladores propostos, por meio de uma implementação que envolve as definições da função sensitividade e da integral do erro absoluto (Integrated Absolute Error - IAE), para a sintonia ?ótima? dos parâmetros do filtro, utilizando otimização multiobjetivo baseada em algoritmo genético. Simulações numéricas e ensaios práticos são aplicados para avaliar os projetos dos controladores propostos.Abstract : The thesis aims to study and develop predictive controllers of the kind GMV (Generalized Minimum Variance) and GPC (Generalized Predictive Controller), thereby extending the design family and the applicability of these controllers to eliminate offset (steady-state error), disturbance rejection and ensure reference tracking and robustness. The proposal presents a new mathematical formalism to the designs of the GMV and GPC controllers, applied to monovariable and multivariable systems, using both process model and cost function in the positional form and inserting an integral polynomial weighting filter for the setpoint and output of the process, thus achieving controller designs called Indirect Filtered Positional GMV (I-FPGMV) and Filtered Positional GPC (FPGPC). For the I-FPGMV controller design, two additional controllers are implemented, one using the adaptive approach (Direct FPGMV) and another hybridized with the PID controller synthesis. For the FPGPC, a design methodology to multivariable processes and for the hybridization of the FPGPC with the PID controller and with a Filtered Internal Model Control (F-IMC) structure is presented. Additionally, using both I-FPGMV and FPGPC controllers, a control loop structure is suggested to mitigate saturation problems in the control signal. In addition, the I-FPGMV and FPGPC controllers are combined with the repetitive control technique to handle periodic references and/or disturbances, providing two alternative controller designs called Repetitive I-FPGMV (RI-FPGMV) and Adaptive Repetitive FPGPC (AR-FPGPC). Afterwards, a control design is proposed to deal with known or unknown and measurable or non-measurable disturbances, combining the FPGPC, hybridized with the F-IMC structure, and the adaptive feedforward control action, achieving a control loop structure called Adaptive Feedback/Feedforward Filtered IMC (AFF-FIMC). Finally, robustness aspects are incorporated into the design polynomials of the proposed controllers, through an implementation involving the definitions of sensitivity function and integrated absolute error (IAE), for the optimal tuning of the filter parameters, using multiobjective optimization based on genetic algorithm. Numerical simulations and practical essays are applied to evaluate the proposed designs

A minimally invasive surgical system for 3D ultrasound guided robotic retrieval of foreign bodies from a beating heart

The result of various medical conditions and trauma, foreign bodies in the heart pose a serious health risk as they may interfere with cardiovascular function. Particles such as thrombi, bullet fragments, and shrapnel can become trapped in a person's heart after migrating through the venous system, or by direct penetration. The severity of disruption can range from benign to fatal, with associated symptoms including anxiety, fever, cardiac tamponade, hemorrhage, infection, embolism, arrhythmia, and valve dysfunction. Injuries of this nature are common in both civilian and military populations. For symptomatic cases, conventional treatment is removal of the foreign body through open surgery via a median sternotomy, the use of cardiopulmonary bypass, and a wide incision in the heart muscle; these methods incur pronounced perioperative risks and long recovery periods. In order to improve upon the standard of care, we propose an image guided robotic system and a corresponding minimally invasive surgical approach. The system employs a dexterous robotic capture device that can maneuver inside the heart through a small incision. Visualization and guidance within the otherwise occluded internal regions are provided by 3D transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), an emerging form of intraoperative medical imaging used in interventions such as mitral valve repair and device implantation. A robotic approach, as opposed to a manual procedure using rigid instruments, is motivated by the various challenges inherent in minimally invasive surgery, which arise from attempts to perform skilled surgical tasks through small incisions without direct vision. Challenges include reduced dexterity, constrained workspace, limited visualization, and difficult hand-eye coordination, which ultimately lead to poor manipulability. A dexterous robotic end effector with real-time image guidance can help overcome these challenges and potentially improve surgical performance. However promising, such a system and approach require that several technical hurdles be resolved. The foreign body must be automatically tracked as it travels about the dynamic environment of the heart. The erratically moving particle must then be captured using a dexterous robot that moves much more slowly in comparison. Furthermore, retrieval must be performed under 3D ultrasound guidance, amidst the uncertainties presented by both the turbulent flow and by the imaging modality itself. In addressing such barriers, this thesis explores the development of a prototype system capable of retrieving a foreign body from a beating heart, culminating in a set of demonstrative in vitro experiments