Energy Efficient Location Aided Routing Protocol for Wireless MANETs

A Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes forming a temporary network without using any centralized access point, infrastructure, or centralized administration. In this paper we introduce an Energy Efficient Location Aided Routing (EELAR) Protocol for MANETs that is based on the Location Aided Routing (LAR). EELAR makes significant reduction in the energy consumption of the mobile nodes batteries by limiting the area of discovering a new route to a smaller zone. Thus, control packets overhead is significantly reduced. In EELAR a reference wireless base station is used and the network's circular area centered at the base station is divided into six equal sub-areas. At route discovery instead of flooding control packets to the whole network area, they are flooded to only the sub-area of the destination mobile node. The base station stores locations of the mobile nodes in a position table. To show the efficiency of the proposed protocol we present simulations using NS-2. Simulation results show that EELAR protocol makes an improvement in control packet overhead and delivery ratio compared to AODV, LAR, and DSR protocols.Comment: 9 Pages IEEE format, International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, IJCSIS 2009, ISSN 1947 5500, Impact factor 0.423, http://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis

SINK MOBILITY MODEL FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS USING KOHONEN SELF-ORGANIZING MAP

Wireless sensor networks are expected to operate in an unattended manner for long periods of time. As a result, different mobility models were proposed by many research papers in order to improve the performance and extend the lifetime of the network. In this paper a new sink mobility model that is based on kohonen self-organizing maps is proposed in order to provide a mobile sink node with the ability to collect data from static sensor nodes. Moreover, the performance of the proposed mobility model was studied using NS-2 simulator under different network sizes and movement speeds of the mobile sink. Finally, the performance of the proposed model was evaluated based on different performance metrics namely, end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio and throughput

Swarm intelligence and its applications to wireless ad hoc and sensor networks.

Swarm intelligence, as inspired by natural biological swarms, has numerous powerful properties for distributed problem solving in complex real world applications such as optimisation and control. Swarm intelligence properties can be found in natural systems such as ants, bees and birds, whereby the collective behaviour of unsophisticated agents interact locally with their environment to explore collective problem solving without centralised control. Recent advances in wireless communication and digital electronics have instigated important changes in distributed computing. Pervasive computing environments have emerged, such as large scale communication networks and wireless ad hoc and sensor networks that are extremely dynamic and unreliable. The network management and control must be based on distributed principles where centralised approaches may not be suitable for exploiting the enormous potential of these environments. In this thesis, we focus on applying swarm intelligence to the wireless ad hoc and sensor networks optimisation and control problems. Firstly, an analysis of the recently proposed particle swarm optimisation, which is based on the swarm intelligence techniques, is presented. Previous stability analysis of the particle swarm optimisation was restricted to the assumption that all of the parameters are non random since the theoretical analysis with the random parameters is difficult. We analyse the stability of the particle dynamics without these restrictive assumptions using Lyapunov stability and passive systems concepts. The particle swarm optimisation is then used to solve the sink node placement problem in sensor networks. Secondly, swarm intelligence based routing methods for mobile ad hoc networks are investigated. Two protocols have been proposed based on the foraging behaviour of biological ants and implemented in the NS2 network simulator. The first protocol allows each node in the network to choose the next node for packets to be forwarded on the basis of mobility influenced routing table. Since mobility is one of the most important factors for route changes in mobile ad hoc networks, the mobility of the neighbour node using HELLO packets is predicted and then translated into a pheromone decay as found in natural biological systems. The second protocol uses the same mechanism as the first, but instead of mobility the neighbour node remaining energy level and its drain rate are used. The thesis clearly shows that swarm intelligence methods have a very useful role to play in the management and control iv problems associated with wireless ad hoc and sensor networks. This thesis has given a number of example applications and has demonstrated its usefulness in improving performance over other existing methods

Engineering the Virtual Node Layer for Reactive MANET Routing

The VNLayer approach simplifies software development for MANET by providing the developers an abstraction of a network divided into fixed geographical regions, each containing a virtual server for network services. In this paper, we present our study on reactive MANET routing over the VNLayer. During this research, we identified in our initial VNLayer implementation three major limitations that lead to heavy control traffic, long forwarding paths and frequent message collisions in MANET routing. To address the problems, we changed the assumptions made by the VNLayer on the link layer and extended the operations allowed by VNLayer. This results in a VNLayer implementation that can be tuned to optimize the performance of traffic intensive applications (such as routing) while maintaining their simplicity and robustness. Simulation results showed that VNAODV, a VNLayer based routing protocol adapted from AODV, delivers more packets, generates less routing traffic and creates more stable routes than AODV in a dense MANET with high node motion rates. This research validated that the VNLayer approach makes software development for MANET easier and improves the performance of MANET protocols

Variable power transmission in highly Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks pose challenges in terms of power control, due to their fixed transmission power, the mobility of nodes and a constantly changing topology. High levels of power are needed in wireless networks, particularly for routing. As a result of the increase in the number of communication devices being used, there is the challenge of increased density within these networks, and a need to extend the battery life of communication devices. In order to address this challenge, this thesis presents the development of a new protocol (Dynamic Power AODV), which is an enhancement of the Ad Hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol. The new protocol dynamically adjusts the transmission power based on the range, which depends on node density. This thesis provides a systematic evaluation of the performance of DP-AODV, in a high speed and high density environment, in comparison with three other routing protocols. The experiments demonstrated that DP-AODV performed better than two of the protocols in all scenarios. As compared to the third protocol (AOMDV), DP-AODV gave better performance results for throughput and Power Consumption, but AOMDV performed better in terms of Packet Delivery Fraction rate and End-to-End Delay in some cases

Energy-aware routing protocols in wireless sensor networks

Saving energy and increasing network lifetime are significant challenges in the field of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Energy-aware routing protocols have been introduced for WSNs to overcome limitations of WSN including limited power resources and difficulties renewing or recharging sensor nodes batteries. Furthermore, the potentially inhospitable environments of sensor locations, in some applications, such as the bottom of the ocean, or inside tornados also have to be considered. ZigBee is one of the latest communication standards designed for WSNs based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. The ZigBee standard supports two routing protocols, the Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV), and the cluster-tree routing protocols. These protocols are implemented to establish the network, form clusters, and transfer data between the nodes. The AODV and the cluster-tree routing protocols are two of the most efficient routing protocols in terms of reducing the control message overhead, reducing the bandwidth usage in the network, and reducing the power consumption of wireless sensor nodes compared to other routing protocols. However, neither of these protocols considers the energy level or the energy consumption rate of the wireless sensor nodes during the establishment or routing processes. (Continues...)

Simulation of physical and media access control (MAC) for resilient and scalable wireless sensor networks

The resilience of wireless sensor networks is investigated. A key concept is that scale-free network principles can be adapted to artificially create resilient wireless sensor networks. As scale-free networks are known to be resilient to errors but vulnerable to attack, a strategy using "cold-start" diversity is proposed to reduce the vulnerability to attacks. The IEEE 802.15.4 MAC and ZigBee protocols are investigated for their ability to form resilient clusters. Our investigation reveals there exists deficiencies in these protocols and the possibility of selfdirected and attack-directed denial-of-service is significant. Through insights gained, techniques are recommended to augment the protocols, increasing their resilience without major changes to the standard itself. Since both topological and protocol resilience properties are investigated, our results reveal important insights. Simulation of the physical and media access control layers using ns-2 is carried out to validate key concepts and approach.http://archive.org/details/simulationofphys109452893Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited