Restricting Barrier and Finding the Shortest Path in Wireless Sensor Network Using Mobile Sink

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a collection of spatially deployed in wireless sensors. In general, sensing field could contain various barriers which cause loss of information transferring towards the destination. As a remedy, this proposed work presents an energy-efficient routing mechanism based on cluster in mobile sink. The scope of this work is to provide a mobile sink in a single mobile node which begins data-gathering from starting stage, then immediately collects facts from cluster heads in single-hop range and subsequently, it returns to the starting stage. During the movement of the mobile sink if the barrier exists in the sensing field it can be detected using Spanning graph and Grid based techniques. The possible locations for the mobile sink movement can be reduced easily by Spanning graph. At last, Barrier avoidance-shortest route was established for mobile sink using Dijkstra algorithm. The Distributed location information is collected using a Timer Bloom Filter Aggregation (TBFA) scheme. In the TBFA scheme, the location information of Mobile node (MNs) is maintained by Bloom filters by each Mobile agent (MA). Since the propagation of the whole Bloom filter for every Mobile node (MN) movement leads to high signaling overhead, each Mobile agent (MA) only propagates changed indexes in the Bloom filter when a pre-defined timer expires. To verify the performance of the TBFA scheme, an analytical model is developed on the signaling overhead and the latency and devise an algorithm to select an appropriate timer value. Extensive simulation and Network Simulator 2(NS2) results are given to show the accuracy of analytical models and effectiveness of the proposed method

Energy-efficient routing for mobile data collectors in wireless sensor networks with obstacles

This paper proposes an energy-efficient routing mechanism by introducing intentional mobility to wireless sensor networks (WSNs) with obstacles. In the sensing field, Mobile Data Collectors (MDCs) can freely move for collecting data from sensors. An MDC begins its periodical movement from the base station and finally returns and transports the data to the base station. In physical environments, the sensing field may contain various obstacles. A research challenge is how to find an obstacle-avoiding shortest tour for the MDC. Firstly, we obtain the same size grid cells by dividing the network region. Secondly, according to the line sweep technique, the spanning graph is easily constructed. The spanning graph composed of some grid cells usually includes the shortest search path for the MDC. Then, based on the spanning graph, we can construct a complete graph by Warshall-Floyd algorithm. Finally, we present a heuristic tour-planning algorithm on the basis of the complete graph. Through simulation, the validity of our method is verified. This paper contributes in providing an energy-efficient routing mechanism for the WSNs with obstacles

Internet of Things From Hype to Reality

The Internet of Things (IoT) has gained significant mindshare, let alone attention, in academia and the industry especially over the past few years. The reasons behind this interest are the potential capabilities that IoT promises to offer. On the personal level, it paints a picture of a future world where all the things in our ambient environment are connected to the Internet and seamlessly communicate with each other to operate intelligently. The ultimate goal is to enable objects around us to efficiently sense our surroundings, inexpensively communicate, and ultimately create a better environment for us: one where everyday objects act based on what we need and like without explicit instructions

Progress in Landslide Research and Technology, Volume 1 Issue 2, 2022

This open access book provides an overview of the progress in landslide research and technology and is part of a book series of the International Consortium on Landslides (ICL). It gives an overview of recent progress in landslide research and technology for practical applications and the benefit for the society contributing to understanding and reducing landslide disaster risk

Sustainability in design: now! Challenges and opportunities for design research, education and practice in the XXI century

Copyright @ 2010 Greenleaf PublicationsLeNS project funded by the Asia Link Programme, EuropeAid, European Commission

USCID fourth international conference

Presented at the Role of irrigation and drainage in a sustainable future: USCID fourth international conference on irrigation and drainage on October 3-6, 2007 in Sacramento, California.Includes bibliographical references.The two-layer model of Shuttlerworth and Wallace (SW) was evaluated to estimate actual evapotranspiration (ETa) above a drip-irrigated Merlot vineyard, located in the Talca Valley, Region del Maule, Chile (35° 25' LS; 71° 32' LW ; 136m above the sea level). An automatic weather system was installed in the center of the vineyard to measure climatic variables (air temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed) and energy balance components (solar radiation, net radiation, latent heat flux, sensible heat flux, and soil heat flux) during November and December 2006. Values of ETa estimated by the SW model were tested with latent heat flux measurements obtained from an eddy-covariance system on a 30 minute time interval. Results indicated that SW model was able to predict ETa with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.44 mm d-1 and mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.36 mm d-1. Furthermore, SW model predicted latent heat flux with RMSE and MAE of 32 W m-2 and 19W m-1, respectively

USCID fourth international conference

Presented at the Role of irrigation and drainage in a sustainable future: USCID fourth international conference on irrigation and drainage on October 3-6, 2007 in Sacramento, California.Includes bibliographical references.Application of different irrigation management practices plays a considerable role in water saving to achieve potential yields. On the other hand, network water distribution schedule is a governing factor in this regard. In current study conducted in Mahabad plain in North West of Iran, four different irrigation managements on sugarbeet cultivation including traditional farmer's management, Furrow Deepening, Reduced Discharge per Deepened Furrow, and Alternate Furrow Irrigation have been studied in real farmers' fields measuring 10.2 hectares. Participatory management approach has been used while working in farmers' fields. Soils textures are silty clayey. Results of studies indicate that water used has been reduced considerably while higher root and sugar yields are obtained due to better on-farm water management practices. Water Use Efficiency, in kg of yield per m3 of water used, increased considerably under alternate furrow irrigation management in comparison to what obtained under traditional management. Results show application of alternate furrow irrigation in sugarbeet cultivation not only resulted in lesser water use per hectare, but also it increased both root and sugar yields and, consequently, higher water use efficiency was obtained. Assessments have been made on irrigation schedule imposed by the irrigation network and its effects on actual water requirements. Results show that the delivery schedule practiced in the network in incapable of delivering the actual amount of water requirement for the dominant crop of the scheme. Suggestions are made to the network operator to improve overall network efficiency including revisions on water resources planning and allocation and/or improve network operation system