A Survey on Behavioral Pattern Mining from Sensor Data in Internet of Things

The deployment of large-scale wireless sensor networks (WSNs) for the Internet of Things (IoT) applications is increasing day-by-day, especially with the emergence of smart city services. The sensor data streams generated from these applications are largely dynamic, heterogeneous, and often geographically distributed over large areas. For high-value use in business, industry and services, these data streams must be mined to extract insightful knowledge, such as about monitoring (e.g., discovering certain behaviors over a deployed area) or network diagnostics (e.g., predicting faulty sensor nodes). However, due to the inherent constraints of sensor networks and application requirements, traditional data mining techniques cannot be directly used to mine IoT data streams efficiently and accurately in real-time. In the last decade, a number of works have been reported in the literature proposing behavioral pattern mining algorithms for sensor networks. This paper presents the technical challenges that need to be considered for mining sensor data. It then provides a thorough review of the mining techniques proposed in the recent literature to mine behavioral patterns from sensor data in IoT, and their characteristics and differences are highlighted and compared. We also propose a behavioral pattern mining framework for IoT and discuss possible future research directions in this area. © 2013 IEEE

Maintainability analysis of mining trucks with data analytics.

The mining industry is one of the biggest industries in need of a large budget, and current changes in global economic challenges force the industry to reduce its production expenses. One of the biggest expenditures is maintenance. Thanks to the data mining techniques, available historical records of machines’ alarms and signals might be used to predict machine failures. This is crucial because repairing machines after failures is not as efficient as utilizing predictive maintenance. In this case study, the reasons for failures seem to be related to the order of signals or alarms, called events, which come from trucks. The trucks ran twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week, and drivers worked twelve-hour shifts during a nine-month period. Sequential pattern mining was implemented as a data mining methodology to discover which failures might be connected to groups of events, and SQL was used for analyzing the data. According to results, there are several sequential patterns in alarms and signals before machine breakdowns occur. Furthermore, the results are shown differently depending on shifts’ sizes. Before breakdowns occur in the last five shifts a hundred percent detection rates are observed. However, in the last three shifts it is observed less than a hundred-percentage detection rate

CNN-Based Health Model for Regular Health Factors Analysis in Internet-of-Medical Things Environment

Remote health monitoring applications with the advent of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies have changed traditional healthcare services. Additionally, in terms of personalized healthcare and disease prevention services, these depend primarily on the strategy used to derive knowledge from the analysis of lifestyle factors and activities. Through the use of intelligent data retrieval and classification models, it is possible to study disease, or even predict any abnormal health conditions. To predict such abnormality, the Convolutional neural network (CNN) model is used, which can detect the knowledge related to disease prediction accurately from unstructured medical health records. However, CNN uses a large amount of memory if it uses a fully connected network structure. Moreover, the increase in the number of layers can lead to an increase in the complexity analysis of the model. Therefore, to overcome these limitations of the CNN-model, we propose a CNN-regular target detection and recognition model based on the Pearson Correlation Coefficient and regular pattern behavior, where the term "regular" denotes objects that generally appear in similar contexts and have structures with low variability. In this framework, we develop a CNN-regular pattern discovery model for data classification. First, the most important health-related factors are selected in the first hidden layer, then in the second layer, a correlation coefficient analysis is conducted to classify the positively and negatively correlated health factors. Moreover, regular patterns' behaviors are discovered through mining the regular pattern occurrence among the classified health factors. The output of the model is subdivided into regular-correlated parameters related to obesity, high blood pressure, and diabetes. Two distinct datasets are adopted to mitigate the effects of the CNN-regular knowledge discovery model. The experimental results show that the proposed model has better accuracy, and low computational load, compared with three different machine learning techniques methods

IoT Anomaly Detection Methods and Applications: A Survey

Ongoing research on anomaly detection for the Internet of Things (IoT) is a rapidly expanding field. This growth necessitates an examination of application trends and current gaps. The vast majority of those publications are in areas such as network and infrastructure security, sensor monitoring, smart home, and smart city applications and are extending into even more sectors. Recent advancements in the field have increased the necessity to study the many IoT anomaly detection applications. This paper begins with a summary of the detection methods and applications, accompanied by a discussion of the categorization of IoT anomaly detection algorithms. We then discuss the current publications to identify distinct application domains, examining papers chosen based on our search criteria. The survey considers 64 papers among recent publications published between January 2019 and July 2021. In recent publications, we observed a shortage of IoT anomaly detection methodologies, for example, when dealing with the integration of systems with various sensors, data and concept drifts, and data augmentation where there is a shortage of Ground Truth data. Finally, we discuss the present such challenges and offer new perspectives where further research is required.Comment: 22 page

Innovation in manufacturing through digital technologies and applications: Thoughts and Reflections on Industry 4.0

The rapid pace of developments in digital technologies offers many opportunities to increase the efficiency, flexibility and sophistication of manufacturing processes; including the potential for easier customisation, lower volumes and rapid changeover of products within the same manufacturing cell or line. A number of initiatives on this theme have been proposed around the world to support national industries under names such as Industry 4.0 (Industrie 4.0 in Germany, Made-in-China in China and Made Smarter in the UK). This book presents an overview of the state of art and upcoming developments in digital technologies pertaining to manufacturing. The starting point is an introduction on Industry 4.0 and its potential for enhancing the manufacturing process. Later on moving to the design of smart (that is digitally driven) business processes which are going to rely on sensing of all relevant parameters, gathering, storing and processing the data from these sensors, using computing power and intelligence at the most appropriate points in the digital workflow including application of edge computing and parallel processing. A key component of this workflow is the application of Artificial Intelligence and particularly techniques in Machine Learning to derive actionable information from this data; be it real-time automated responses such as actuating transducers or informing human operators to follow specified standard operating procedures or providing management data for operational and strategic planning. Further consideration also needs to be given to the properties and behaviours of particular machines that are controlled and materials that are transformed during the manufacturing process and this is sometimes referred to as Operational Technology (OT) as opposed to IT. The digital capture of these properties and behaviours can then be used to define so-called Cyber Physical Systems. Given the power of these digital technologies it is of paramount importance that they operate safely and are not vulnerable to malicious interference. Industry 4.0 brings unprecedented cybersecurity challenges to manufacturing and the overall industrial sector and the case is made here that new codes of practice are needed for the combined Information Technology and Operational Technology worlds, but with a framework that should be native to Industry 4.0. Current computing technologies are also able to go in other directions than supporting the digital ‘sense to action’ process described above. One of these is to use digital technologies to enhance the ability of the human operators who are still essential within the manufacturing process. One such technology, that has recently become accessible for widespread adoption, is Augmented Reality, providing operators with real-time additional information in situ with the machines that they interact with in their workspace in a hands-free mode. Finally, two linked chapters discuss the specific application of digital technologies to High Pressure Die Casting (HDPC) of Magnesium components. Optimizing the HPDC process is a key task for increasing productivity and reducing defective parts and the first chapter provides an overview of the HPDC process with attention to the most common defects and their sources. It does this by first looking at real-time process control mechanisms, understanding the various process variables and assessing their impact on the end product quality. This understanding drives the choice of sensing methods and the associated smart digital workflow to allow real-time control and mitigation of variation in the identified variables. Also, data from this workflow can be captured and used for the design of optimised dies and associated processes

Glucose Data Classification for Diabetic Patient Monitoring

[EN] Living longer and healthier is the wish of all patients. Therefore, to design effective solutions for this objective, the concept of Big Data in the health field can be integrated. Our work proposes a patient monitoring system based on Internet of Things (IoT) and a diagnostic prediction tool for diabetic patients. This system provides real-time blood glucose readings and information on blood glucose levels. It monitors blood glucose levels at regular intervals. The proposed system aims to prevent high blood sugar and significant glucose fluctuations. The system provides a precise result. The collected and stored data will be classified by using several classification algorithms to predict glucose levels in diabetic patients. The main advantage of this system is that the blood glucose level is reported instantly; it can be lowered or increased.This work has been partially supported by the "Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad" in the "Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnica de Excelencia, Subprograma Estatal de Generacion de Conocimiento" within the project under Grant TIN2017-84802-C2-1-P.Rghioui, A.; Lloret, J.; Parra-Boronat, L.; Sendra, S.; Oumnad, A. (2019). Glucose Data Classification for Diabetic Patient Monitoring. Applied Sciences. 9(20):1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9204459S115920Rghioui, A., Sendra, S., Lloret, J., & Oumnad, A. (2016). Internet of Things for Measuring Human Activities in Ambient Assisted Living and e-Health. Network Protocols and Algorithms, 8(3), 15. doi:10.5296/npa.v8i3.10146Zhang, Y., Gravina, R., Lu, H., Villari, M., & Fortino, G. (2018). PEA: Parallel electrocardiogram-based authentication for smart healthcare systems. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 117, 10-16. doi:10.1016/j.jnca.2018.05.007Ismail, W. N., Hassan, M. M., Alsalamah, H. A., & Fortino, G. (2018). Mining productive-periodic frequent patterns in tele-health systems. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 115, 33-47. doi:10.1016/j.jnca.2018.04.014Aboufadel, E., Castellano, R., & Olson, D. (2011). Quantification of the Variability of Continuous Glucose Monitoring Data. Algorithms, 4(1), 16-27. doi:10.3390/a4010016Katon, W. J., Rutter, C., Simon, G., Lin, E. H. B., Ludman, E., Ciechanowski, P., … Von Korff, M. (2005). The Association of Comorbid Depression With Mortality in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care, 28(11), 2668-2672. doi:10.2337/diacare.28.11.2668Riazul Islam, S. M., Daehan Kwak, Humaun Kabir, M., Hossain, M., & Kyung-Sup Kwak. (2015). The Internet of Things for Health Care: A Comprehensive Survey. IEEE Access, 3, 678-708. doi:10.1109/access.2015.2437951Lloret, J., Canovas, A., Sendra, S., & Parra, L. (2015). A smart communication architecture for ambient assisted living. IEEE Communications Magazine, 53(1), 26-33. doi:10.1109/mcom.2015.7010512Xiao, Z., Tan, X., Chen, X., Chen, S., Zhang, Z., Zhang, H., … Min, H. (2015). An Implantable RFID Sensor Tag toward Continuous Glucose Monitoring. IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics, 1-1. doi:10.1109/jbhi.2015.2415836Wang, H.-C., & Lee, A.-R. (2015). Recent developments in blood glucose sensors. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 23(2), 191-200. doi:10.1016/j.jfda.2014.12.001Ahmed, H. B., & Serener, A. (2016). Effects of External Factors in CGM Sensor Glucose Concentration Prediction. Procedia Computer Science, 102, 623-629. doi:10.1016/j.procs.2016.09.452Siddiqui, S. A., Zhang, Y., Lloret, J., Song, H., & Obradovic, Z. (2018). Pain-Free Blood Glucose Monitoring Using Wearable Sensors: Recent Advancements and Future Prospects. IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering, 11, 21-35. doi:10.1109/rbme.2018.2822301Fortino, G., Parisi, D., Pirrone, V., & Di Fatta, G. (2014). BodyCloud: A SaaS approach for community Body Sensor Networks. Future Generation Computer Systems, 35, 62-79. doi:10.1016/j.future.2013.12.015Kanchan, B. D., & Kishor, M. M. (2016). Study of machine learning algorithms for special disease prediction using principal of component analysis. 2016 International Conference on Global Trends in Signal Processing, Information Computing and Communication (ICGTSPICC). doi:10.1109/icgtspicc.2016.7955260Hall, M., Frank, E., Holmes, G., Pfahringer, B., Reutemann, P., & Witten, I. H. (2009). The WEKA data mining software. ACM SIGKDD Explorations Newsletter, 11(1), 10-18. doi:10.1145/1656274.1656278Huda, S., Yearwood, J., Jelinek, H. F., Hassan, M. M., Fortino, G., & Buckland, M. (2016). A Hybrid Feature Selection With Ensemble Classification for Imbalanced Healthcare Data: A Case Study for Brain Tumor Diagnosis. IEEE Access, 4, 9145-9154. doi:10.1109/access.2016.264723

ASPIE: A Framework for Active Sensing and Processing of Complex Events in the Internet of Manufacturing Things

Rapid perception and processing of critical monitoring events are essential to ensure healthy operation of Internet of Manufacturing Things (IoMT)-based manufacturing processes. In this paper, we proposed a framework (active sensing and processing architecture (ASPIE)) for active sensing and processing of critical events in IoMT-based manufacturing based on the characteristics of IoMT architecture as well as its perception model. A relation model of complex events in manufacturing processes, together with related operators and unified XML-based semantic definitions, are developed to effectively process the complex event big data. A template based processing method for complex events is further introduced to conduct complex event matching using the Apriori frequent item mining algorithm. To evaluate the proposed models and methods, we developed a software platform based on ASPIE for a local chili sauce manufacturing company, which demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed methods for active perception and processing of complex events in IoMT-based manufacturing

Building Blocks for IoT Analytics Internet-of-Things Analytics

Internet-of-Things (IoT) Analytics are an integral element of most IoT applications, as it provides the means to extract knowledge, drive actuation services and optimize decision making. IoT analytics will be a major contributor to IoT business value in the coming years, as it will enable organizations to process and fully leverage large amounts of IoT data, which are nowadays largely underutilized. The Building Blocks of IoT Analytics is devoted to the presentation the main technology building blocks that comprise advanced IoT analytics systems. It introduces IoT analytics as a special case of BigData analytics and accordingly presents leading edge technologies that can be deployed in order to successfully confront the main challenges of IoT analytics applications. Special emphasis is paid in the presentation of technologies for IoT streaming and semantic interoperability across diverse IoT streams. Furthermore, the role of cloud computing and BigData technologies in IoT analytics are presented, along with practical tools for implementing, deploying and operating non-trivial IoT applications. Along with the main building blocks of IoT analytics systems and applications, the book presents a series of practical applications, which illustrate the use of these technologies in the scope of pragmatic applications. Technical topics discussed in the book include: Cloud Computing and BigData for IoT analyticsSearching the Internet of ThingsDevelopment Tools for IoT Analytics ApplicationsIoT Analytics-as-a-ServiceSemantic Modelling and Reasoning for IoT AnalyticsIoT analytics for Smart BuildingsIoT analytics for Smart CitiesOperationalization of IoT analyticsEthical aspects of IoT analyticsThis book contains both research oriented and applied articles on IoT analytics, including several articles reflecting work undertaken in the scope of recent European Commission funded projects in the scope of the FP7 and H2020 programmes. These articles present results of these projects on IoT analytics platforms and applications. Even though several articles have been contributed by different authors, they are structured in a well thought order that facilitates the reader either to follow the evolution of the book or to focus on specific topics depending on his/her background and interest in IoT and IoT analytics technologies. The compilation of these articles in this edited volume has been largely motivated by the close collaboration of the co-authors in the scope of working groups and IoT events organized by the Internet-of-Things Research Cluster (IERC), which is currently a part of EU's Alliance for Internet of Things Innovation (AIOTI)