Do children get dry socket?—The incidence and pattern of presentation of alveolar osteitis in children and adolescents following dental extractions

Background Alveolar osteitis (AO) is widely reported as the most common post-operative complication following surgical and non-surgical exodontia. Despite being one of the most studied complications in dentistry, there is no established consensus on its aetiology, alongside a relative paucity of studies looking exclusively into AO incidence in children and adolescents. Objectives To determine the incidence, risk factors and pattern of presentation of AO in children and adolescents following exodontia, as well as identifying concepts and theories to provide a basis regarding why such a common post-operative complication reportedly manifests so rarely in the paediatric population. Methods This cross-sectional analysis forms part of a prospective service evaluation of the exodontia service provided by Newcastle Dental Hospital. All patients aged 5–16 who underwent dental extractions of deciduous and/or permanent teeth under general anaesthetic (GA) between 15 June 2020 and the 15 July 2020 were telephoned 1 week following their procedure to determine if any had developed post-operative complications. Data were cleaned manually and analysed using descriptive statistics, exploratory analysis with chi-squared tests and multivariable analyses. A scoping review was performed using the PubMed, OVID Medline and Scopus databases. Results Four of 150 patients (2.8%) developed AO and reported extreme pain which began 2–3 days after removal, lasted 2 days after onset, and were all associated with the non-surgical removal of lower first permanent molar teeth. All patients who developed AO were female and aged between 9 and 10 years old. Mandibular sockets were significantly associated with development of AO (p = 0.026). Conclusions Despite the belief that AO rarely manifests in children, the incidence of paediatric AO in this study is in line with that of AO found in the adult literature. The literature is inconsistent and conflicting regarding current understanding of AO. As far as possible, an atraumatic approach to exodontia should be adopted. We have proposed four underlying concepts which may benefit from future research given the paucity of research exclusively into dry socket in children and adolescents

Neighborhood-Level Inequalities in Dental Care of Adolescents and Young Adults in Southwestern Ontario

We examined whether the association of neighborhood-level socioeconomic status (SES) with the cost of dental care and dental care outcomes differs between adolescents and young adults. A total of 2915 patient records were split into two groups: adolescents (15 to 17 years of age) and young adults (18 to 24 years of age). Three dental care outcomes—routine oral evaluation (OEV-CH-A), utilization of preventive services (PRV-CH-A), and dental treatment services (TRT-CH-A)— were determined according to the Dental Quality Alliance (DQA) criteria. Associations of neighborhood SES and other sociodemographic variables with dental care outcomes and the cost of dental care were assessed using binary logistic and univariate linear regression models, respectively. Young adults had significantly lower PRV-CH-A and higher TRT-CH-A scores when compared to adolescents. We observed a significant negative association between TRT-CH-A and median household income in both adolescents and young adults. Utilization of dental treatment services was positively associated with the cost of care in both age groups, whereas utilization of preventive services was inversely associated with the cost of care in young adults, but not in adolescents. Neighborhood-level income was inversely associated with increased TRT-CH-A in both young adults and adolescents. In summary, young adults showed significantly worse preventive and treatment outcomes when compared to adolescents. Moreover, individuals from neighborhoods with a lower household income showed a significantly higher cost of dental care, yet worse treatment out-comes

Análise da capacidade antissética de esponjas de celulose oxidada em digluconato de clorexidina 0,2% v/v: estudo piloto

As extrações dentárias são procedimentos efetuados rotineiramente pelos Médicos Den-tistas e que na grande maioria dos casos não produz mais que um incómodo passageiro de rápida cicatrização. No entanto, não é rara a ocorrência de complicações relacionadas com as extrações dentárias. As complicações pós-operatórias podem ser locais ou sisté-micas. A complicação infecciosa local mais frequente é a alveolite. Existem vários tipos de alveolite, sendo a alveolite seca a mais comum. O objetivo deste estudo piloto in vitro foi avaliar a capacidade antissética de 3 esponjas hemostáticas reabsorvíveis de celulose oxidada de marcas comerciais distintas: hemos-pon®, spongostan® e gelatamp®, impregnadas em digluconato de clorexidina a 0,2% v/v. Foi recolhida saliva de 6 voluntários, com idades compreendidas entre os 23 e os 30 anos, com evidência de saúde oral (OMS), sem história terapêutica antibiótica ou medicamen-tosa, sem patologia periodontal ativa ou exodontias. As esponjas foram impregnadas com uma solução de 0,2%v/v de digluconato de clorexidina e colocadas no respetivo tubo com 5 ml de saliva. A amostragem foi realizada às 0, 24, 48, 72 e 96 horas. As amostras foram submetidas ao método das diluíções decimais sucessivas e realizado o respectivo plaque-amento em gelose de sangue. Após o período de incubação, os resultados foram visuali-zados e expressos em Unidades Formadoras de Colónias /mL. Dentro das limitações do desenho do estudo, verificou-se que a solução de digluconato de clorexidina a 0.2% v/v apresentou capacidade antissética bactericida e verificou-se uma desintegração mais lenta das esponjas hemostáticas.Dental extractions are procedures routinely performed by dentists and in the vast majority of cases it produces no more than a transient discomfort of rapid healing. However, there is no rare occurrence of complications related to tooth extractions. Post-operative com-plications may be local or systemic. The most frequent local infectious complication is alveolitis. There are several types of alveolitis, and the most common is dry alveolitis. The objective of this in vitro pilot study was to evaluate the antiseptic capacity of 3 reab-sorbable hemostatic sponges of oxidised cellulose from distinct trademarks Hemospon®, Spongostan® and Gelatamp®, impregnated in chlorhexidine digluconate of 0.2% v/v. Saliva was collected from 6 volunteers, aged between 23 and 30 years, with evidence of oral health (WHO), with no antibiotic or drug therapeutic history, without active perio-dontal pathology or exodontias. The sponges were impregnated with a solution of 0.2%v/v and placed in the respective tube with 5 ml of saliva. The sampling was per-formed at 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. The samples were submitted to the method of suc-cessive decimal dilutions and the respective plating was performed in blood agar. After the incubation period, the results were visualized and expressed in Colony Forming Units/mL. Within the limitations of the study design, it was found that chlorhexidine digluconate solution at 0.2% v/v presented bactericidal antissetic capacity and there was a slower disintegration of hemostatic sponges

Mercury use in the goldmining industry : a retrospective examination of elemental mercury use in the gold mining industry of the West Coast of New Zealand in the period 1984-1988 : a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Philosophy (Science) at Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand

No abstract availabl

Southwest Research Institute assistance to NASA in biomedical areas of the technology

Significant applications of aerospace technology were achieved. These applications include: a miniaturized, noninvasive system to telemeter electrocardiographic signals of heart transplant patients during their recuperative period as graded situations are introduced; and economical vital signs monitor for use in nursing homes and rehabilitation hospitals to indicate the onset of respiratory arrest; an implantable telemetry system to indicate the onset of the rejection phenomenon in animals undergoing cardiac transplants; an exceptionally accurate current proportional temperature controller for pollution studies; an automatic, atraumatic blood pressure measurement device; materials for protecting burned areas in contact with joint bender splints; a detector to signal the passage of animals by a given point during ecology studies; and special cushioning for use with below-knee amputees to protect the integrity of the skin at the stump/prosthesis interface

What Hope Lies Buried Here: Differential Mortality and Mortuary Treatment of Adolescents in Dubuque's Third Street Cemetery

Appendix C is available at https://doi.org/10.24378/exe.2763 and Appendix D is available at https://doi.org/10.24378/exe.2764Excavations at the Catholic Third Street Cemetery in Dubuque, Iowa (2007-2011), uncovered 939 unmarked graves dating to the period between 1833 and 1880. Skeletal analysis identified 43 individuals whose age estimate ranges overlapped with osteological (12 to 20 years) and social (13 to 19 years) adolescence, as defined for this cultural context. The current research design focused on mortality patterns and mortuary preparations of these individuals and highlights differences between teenagers and the rest of the cemetery population. This interdisciplinary project utilised data from osteological analyses and archival research to explore health and mortality among adolescent non-survivors. Palaeopathological observations reflecting early life health insults (linear enamel hypoplasias, cribra orbitalia, porotic hyperostosis) and later illness (labyrinthine endocranial lesions, periosteal new bone formation, tubercular lesions) were studied to explore the potential vulnerability of adolescents with frailty acquired through earlier health stresses. Perimortem trauma and local death records were examined to determine the proportion of teenage mortality due to external causes such as accidents, homicide, and suicide. The lack of perimortem trauma observed in the Third Street adolescent sample was explained to some extent by the number of teenagers who perished from, but were unmarked by, a single accidental cause – drowning. The investigation of mortuary treatment examined combinations of burial attributes – including coffin hardware, burial clothing, religious objects, and nonreligious grave goods – and demonstrated how age-related patterns reflect an increase in socially acceptable sentimentality and changing views of the afterlife, with preferential treatment afforded to some adolescents. Comparative pathological marker and burial attribute data were gathered from publications on nine additional nineteenth-century burial populations, and death records from a tenth were consulted. Despite issues with inconsistent data collection procedures for parts of the comparative sample, results tentatively support the observations from Third Street. The proportion of adolescents with both early-life stress markers and later pathological manifestations is higher than that of other age classes, suggesting that survival of health insults in infancy or early childhood left teenagers more susceptible to fatal disease, particularly when their immune systems were vulnerable due to competing pubertal energy investments. Observed regional differences in skeletal marker rates suggest that this “double signal” may be more pronounced in populations with a high prevalence of TB. Perimortem trauma levels are equal to those of adults, though greater evidence of violence in the South and Southwest reflects the unstable social conditions in those areas. Regional, as well as temporal, trends were also identified in adolescent funerary preparations. Mid-nineteenth-century adolescents received preferential treatment, though general increases in mortuary elaboration overshadow this distinction in some later cemetery populations. Parental grief at the loss of near-adult offspring was expressed in the tendency to employ the metaphor of death as a journey when preparing adolescents for the grave, instead of the metaphor of sleep applied to younger children. Meanwhile, in frontier areas, independently living teenagers were often interred without familial involvement in the equivalent of paupers’ graves

Space benefits: The secondary application of aerospace technology in other sectors of the economy

Over 580 examples of the beneficial use of NASA aerospace technology by public and private organizations are described to demonstrate the effects of mission-oriented programs on technological progress in the United States. General observations regarding technology transfer activity are presented. Benefit cases are listed in 20 categories along with pertinent information such as communication link with NASA; the DRI transfer example file number and individual case numbers associated with the technology and examples used; and the date of the latest contract with user organizations. Subject, organization, geographic, and field center indexes are included