기술지식의 복잡성 관리: 다양성, 융합성, 동태성

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 공과대학 산업·조선공학부, 2018. 2. 박용태.지속적인 기술혁신을 창출하기 위해서 연구개발에 관련된 데이터와 정보를 가공하여 이를 창의적인 지식으로 전환시키는 기술지식경영이 강조되고 있다. 특히 최근 기술지식의 복잡성이 지속적으로 증가함에 따라 복잡성을 고려한 보다 체계적인 기술지식경영에 대한 요구가 증가하고 있다. 기술지식은 더 이상 하나의 단일 기술이 아닌 다양한 관련 기술과 학제를 포함하게 되었으며, 다양한 기술들이 서로 융합하여 새로운 기술로 발전하는 양상을 나타내고 있다. 또한, 기술지식을 활용하는 사람들이 더욱 다양해지고 그 파급효과가 광범위해짐에 따라 기술지식은 더욱 동적인 환경에 노출되고 있다. 이에, 본 학위 논문은 기술지식의 복잡성을 구성하는 특성에 대한 연구를 수행하며, 특히 복잡성으로 인해 발생하는 주요 경영 문제를 해결한다. 구체적으로, 본 학위 논문은 최근 기술지식의 복잡성을 구성하는 특성을 다양성, 융합성, 동태성로 정의하고 각 특성에 관련된 세 가지 연구 문제를 다룬다. 다양화된 기술지식의 구조 탐색 문제, 기술융합이 활발한 상황에서 기술 트렌드 예측 문제, 동적인 환경에 놓인 대형 기술 프로젝트 평가 문제를 다룬 세 가지 세부 연구는 적합한 방법론을 활용 및 창조적으로 결합하여 각 문제들을 효과적으로 다룬다. 첫 번째 연구는 기술지식의 다양성 관리 측면에서 기술지식의 구조 분석을 다룬다. 최근 기술지식은 다학제적인 성격을 가지며, 연구개발 전략의 올바른 방향을 설정하기 위해서 그 구조를 파악하고 연구 동향을 이해하는 것이 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 다학제적인 기술지식의 구조를 파악하는 방법으로 저널 인용 네트워크와 네트워크 분석을 활용한 프레임워크를 제시한다. 구체적으로, 저널 인용 네트워크를 구축하고 네트워크 중심성(centrality) 측정 및 중개(brokerage) 분석을 활용하여 다학제 연구가 대표적으로 활발히 일어나고 있는 나노과학기술 분야의 지적 구조를 탐색한다. 제안된 접근은 지식의 흐름 측면에서 중요한 기술 요소(technology element)와 지식 교환 측면에서 지식 원천(knowledge source)의 중개 역할을 파악함으로써 기술지식의 다학제적인 구조에 대한 미시적, 거시적 관점을 제공할 수 있다는 점에서 의의가 있다. 두 번째 연구는 기술지식의 융합성 관리 측면에서 기술융합의 예측을 다룬다. 오늘날 기술지식은 빠르게 진화하고 있으며, 융합을 통해 새로운 기술이 창출되는 양상을 보이고 있다. 이에 따라, 기술 간의 경계가 흐려지고 있으며 새로운 기술 트렌드를 예측하는 것이 더욱 어려워지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 새롭게 등장하는 유망 기술의 기술융합을 예측하는 방법으로 특허동시분류분석과 링크예측기법을 활용한 프레임워크를 제시한다. 제안된 접근은 네트워크의 특성을 바탕으로 잠재적인 링크를 예측하므로 과거에 존재 않았더라도 미래에 나타날 가능성이 높은 기술융합을 파악할 수 있다는 장점을 가진다. 이해를 돕기 위해, 제안된 접근은 3D 프린팅 기술에 적용되었으며, 향후 다양한 기술 및 산업에서 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 마지막으로, 세 번째 연구는 기술지식의 동태성 관리 측면에서 대형 기술 프로젝트의 평가를 다룬다. 기술지식을 활용하는 사람들이 다양해지고, 기술지식이 영향을 미치는 파급효과의 범위가 확대됨에 따라 기술 투자 프로젝트의 의사결정 문제가 더욱 중요해지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 동적인 환경에서 프로젝트의 타당성을 분석하는 방법으로 시스템 다이내믹스(system dynamics)와 행위자 기반 모델링(agent-based modeling)을 결합한 프레임워크를 제시한다. 제안된 접근에서 시스템 다이내믹스 부분은 프로젝트의 비용과 효익을 구성하는 시스템 요소 간의 관계를 설명하고, 행위자 기반 모델링 부분은 사용자의 이질성(heterogeneity)을 고려한 창발적 행동(emergent behavior)을 묘사한다. 사례 연구를 통해 제안된 접근의 적용 가능성을 보였으며, 제안된 접근은 동적인 환경에서 프로젝트의 실현 가능성을 분석하기 위한 유연한 프레임워크를 제공할 수 있다는 점에서 의의가 있다.In order to create constant innovation, management of technological knowledge, where the data and information related to R&D are transformed into creative knowledge, has been increasingly emphasized. Moreover, as the complexity of recent technological knowledge continues to increase, there is a growing demand for more systematic management considering complexity to obtain novel insights about rising managerial problems and solutions. Technological knowledge no longer includes a single technology but various related technologies and disciplines, and various technologies converge into a new technology. In addition, as the people who use technological knowledge become more diversified and its ripple effects become more widespread, technological knowledge is exposed to a more dynamic environment. Therefore, this dissertation aims to examine the characteristics that constitute the complexity of technological knowledge, and resolve major managerial problems resulting from its characteristics. Specifically, this study defines the emerging characteristics that accelerate the complexity of technological knowledge as diversity, convergence, and dynamismthen three research questions related to each characteristic are addressed through three research themes. Each research theme is studied by utilizing and creatively combining appropriate methodologies to answer each research question. The first study focuses on the research theme for managing diversity in complexity, and deals with the identification of intellectual structure of technological knowledge. Recently, technological knowledge has a multidisciplinary nature. Hence, it is important to understand the knowledge structure and research trends in order to develop the direction of R&D strategy. In this study, a framework that includes journal citation network and network analysis is proposed as a method to identify the structure of multidisciplinary technological knowledge. Specifically, a journal citation network is constructedthen network centrality measures and brokerage analysis are used to explore the intellectual structure of nanoscience and nanotechnology, where multidisciplinary research is actively done. The proposed approach can provide a microscopic and macroscopic view of the multidisciplinary structure of technological knowledge by identifying the important technology element regarding knowledge flow, and the intermediary role of each knowledge source regarding knowledge exchange. The second study focuses on the research theme for managing convergence in complexity, and deals with the prediction of technological convergence. As technological knowledge is rapidly evolving and new technologies are being created through convergence, the boundaries between technologies are blurred and it becomes more difficult to predict new technology trends. In this study, a framework that includes patent co-classification analysis and link prediction is proposed as a method to predict the technological convergence of emerging technologies. The proposed approach has the advantage in that it can discover the potential convergence, even if it does not exist in the past, because it predicts the potential link based on the characteristics of the network. The proposed approach is applied to 3D printing technology, and it is expected to be utilized in various technologies and industries in the future. Finally, the third study focuses on the research theme for managing dynamism in complexity, and deals with the evaluation of technology-intensive and large-scale projects. Increasingly, technology investment projects face a dynamic environment that incorporates both macroscopic system and microscopic individuals. In this study, a new approach to dynamic feasibility analysis for investment projects is proposed through an integrated simulation model using system dynamics (SD) and agent-based modeling (ABM). The combination of SD and ABM is suggested due to their complementary strengths. The former SD part elucidates the relationships among system elements that constitute project's benefits and costs, while the latter ABM part depicts users emergent behavior with their heterogeneity. A case study demonstrates the applicability of the proposed approach. The findings show that the proposed approach can provide a valuable and flexible framework for analyzing project feasibility in a dynamic environment.Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background and Motivation 1 1.2 Purpose 3 1.3 Scope and framework 5 1.4 Outline 7 Chapter 2 Research Background 10 2.1 Theoretical Background 10 2.1.1 Concept of Complexity 10 2.1.2 Complexity Management 11 2.1.3 Dimension of Complexity 13 2.2 Methodological Background 15 2.2.1 Network Metrics: Centrality and Brokerage 15 2.2.2 Link Prediction 19 2.2.3 System Dynamics (SD) and Agent-based Modeling (ABM) 21 Chapter 3 Managing Diversity in Complexity 24 3.1 Introduction 24 3.2 Knowledge Source Network 27 3.3 Research Process 31 3.3.1 Overall Process 31 3.3.2 Knowledge Source Selection 32 3.3.3 Technology Element Composition 33 3.4 Identification of Intellectual Structure 37 3.4.1 Macro View of Intellectual Structure 37 3.4.2 Micro View of Intellectual Structure 43 3.5 Conclusion 56 Chapter 4 Managing Convergence in Complexity 58 4.1 Introduction 58 4.2 Convergence of Emerging Technologies 60 4.2.1 Understanding of Emerging Technology 60 4.2.2 Technological Convergence Analysis using Patents 61 4.3 Research process 63 4.3.1 Overall Process 63 4.3.2 Detailed Process 64 4.4 Prediction of Technological Convergence 69 4.4.1 Background 69 4.4.2 Data Collection and Data Partition 69 4.4.3 Patent Co-classification Network Construction 71 4.4.4 Link Prediction of Patent Network 73 4.4.5 Investigation and Prediction of Technological Convergence 75 4.5 Conclusion 83 Chapter 5 Managing Dynamism in Complexity 85 5.1 Introduction 85 5.2 Feasibility Studies 89 5.2.1 Feasibility Studies for Large-scale Projects 89 5.2.2 Dynamic Approach in Feasibility Study 90 5.3 Research Process 93 5.3.1 Conceptual Framework 93 5.3.2 Composition of Modules 95 5.3.3 Overall Process 100 5.4 Evaluation of Large-scale Project 103 5.4.1 Background 103 5.4.2 Modeling Process 104 5.4.3 Results 115 5.5 Discussion 118 5.5.1 Theoretical and Practical Implications 118 5.5.2 Generalization 119 5.6 Conclusion 122 Chapter 6 Conclusion 124 6.1 Summary and Contributions 124 6.2 Limitations and Future Research 129 Bibliography 131 Appendix 150 Appendix A Supplementary Information about SD and ABM 150 Appendix A.1 System Dynamics (SD) 150 Appendix A.2 Agent-based Modeling (ABM) 151 Appendix B Prior Research on Formulating Integrated SD Model and AB Model 152 Appendix C List of 73 Nano Journals 153 Appendix D Centrality Score of Nano Knowledge Sources 156 Appendix E Brokerage Score of Nano Knowledge Sources in Weighted Version 159 Appendix F Description and Assumption of Overall Variables in Combined Model 162 초 록 168Docto

Characterising and modeling the co-evolution of transportation networks and territories

The identification of structuring effects of transportation infrastructure on territorial dynamics remains an open research problem. This issue is one of the aspects of approaches on complexity of territorial dynamics, within which territories and networks would be co-evolving. The aim of this thesis is to challenge this view on interactions between networks and territories, both at the conceptual and empirical level, by integrating them in simulation models of territorial systems.Comment: Doctoral dissertation (2017), Universit\'e Paris 7 Denis Diderot. Translated from French. Several papers compose this PhD thesis; overlap with: arXiv:{1605.08888, 1608.00840, 1608.05266, 1612.08504, 1706.07467, 1706.09244, 1708.06743, 1709.08684, 1712.00805, 1803.11457, 1804.09416, 1804.09430, 1805.05195, 1808.07282, 1809.00861, 1811.04270, 1812.01473, 1812.06008, 1908.02034, 2012.13367, 2102.13501, 2106.11996

Digitalisation in wind and solar power technologies

Highlights • Digitalisation and ICT solutions are impacting on wind power and solar PV technologies. • The prominent RES technologies with ICT solutions control, manage and optimise electricity production. • Wind power patent data shows a straightforward technology convergence trend with ICT. • Basic inventions in solar PV have increased more rapidly than solar PV ICT solutions. • Digitalisation in wind power and solar PV has been driven by the US, Germany, Denmark and Japan.Smart energy transition includes a widespread deployment of clean energy technologies and intelligent energy management with information and communication technologies (ICTs). In this paper, the smart energy transition is studied from the viewpoint of the technology convergence of renewable energy sources (RESs) and ICTs. Two important, fast-growing and weather-dependent renewable energy generation technologies: wind power and solar PV (photovoltaic) are studied. This paper provides technology convergence analyses of RES and ICT inventions based on international patent data. Digitalisation is changing the whole of society, and according to the results, this transition can also be seen in the studied renewable energy generation technologies. The digitalisation of RES production covers technologies that control, manage and optimise electricity production in different intelligent ways. Differences between wind power and solar PV technologies are found: in the case of wind power, the development from virtually no ICT solutions to partial technology convergence with the ICT sector is straightforward. However, in the case of solar PV, the development of basic technologies has been even faster than the development of the solar PV ICT solutions, which may indicate the immature nature of solar PV technologies during the studied years. The digitalisation of the renewable energy sector poses challenges for RES companies in following and predicting ICT development and opportunities for innovations and collaborations with ICT companies. This conclusion can also be expanded to society and policy levels because focusing on only a narrow field when planning innovation policy instruments can negatively impact the country's competitiveness

Products and Services

Today’s global economy offers more opportunities, but is also more complex and competitive than ever before. This fact leads to a wide range of research activity in different fields of interest, especially in the so-called high-tech sectors. This book is a result of widespread research and development activity from many researchers worldwide, covering the aspects of development activities in general, as well as various aspects of the practical application of knowledge

Development of an In Situ Measurement Device for Obtaining Material Thermal Properties

This thesis presents a methodology for measuring thermal properties in situ, with a special focus on obtaining properties of layered stack-ups commonly used in armored vehicle components. The technique involves attaching a thermal source to the surface of a component, measuring the heat flux transferred between the source and the component, and measuring the surface temperature response. The material properties of the component can subsequently be determined from measurement of the transient heat flux and temperature response at the surface alone. Experiments involving multilayered specimens show that the surface temperature response to a sinusoidal heat flux forcing function is also sinusoidal. A frequency domain analysis shows that sinusoidal thermal excitation produces a gain and phase shift behavior typical of linear systems. Additionally, this analysis shows that the material properties of sub-surface layers affect the frequency response function at the surface of a particular stack-up. The methodology involves coupling a thermal simulation tool with an optimization algorithm to determine the material properties from temperature and heat flux measurement data. Use of a sinusoidal forcing function not only provides a mechanism to perform the frequency domain analysis described above, but sinusoids also have the practical benefit of reducing the need for instrumentation of the backside of the component. Heat losses can be minimized by alternately injecting and extracting heat on the front surface, as long as sufficiently high frequencies are used

Aerospace Medicine and Biology: A continuing supplement 180, May 1978

This special bibliography lists 201 reports, articles, and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system in April 1978

Congress UPV Proceedings of the 21ST International Conference on Science and Technology Indicators

This is the book of proceedings of the 21st Science and Technology Indicators Conference that took place in València (Spain) from 14th to 16th of September 2016. The conference theme for this year, ‘Peripheries, frontiers and beyond’ aimed to study the development and use of Science, Technology and Innovation indicators in spaces that have not been the focus of current indicator development, for example, in the Global South, or the Social Sciences and Humanities. The exploration to the margins and beyond proposed by the theme has brought to the STI Conference an interesting array of new contributors from a variety of fields and geographies. This year’s conference had a record 382 registered participants from 40 different countries, including 23 European, 9 American, 4 Asia-Pacific, 4 Africa and Near East. About 26% of participants came from outside of Europe. There were also many participants (17%) from organisations outside academia including governments (8%), businesses (5%), foundations (2%) and international organisations (2%). This is particularly important in a field that is practice-oriented. The chapters of the proceedings attest to the breadth of issues discussed. Infrastructure, benchmarking and use of innovation indicators, societal impact and mission oriented-research, mobility and careers, social sciences and the humanities, participation and culture, gender, and altmetrics, among others. We hope that the diversity of this Conference has fostered productive dialogues and synergistic ideas and made a contribution, small as it may be, to the development and use of indicators that, being more inclusive, will foster a more inclusive and fair world

Aerospace Medicine and Biology: A continuing bibliography with indexes, supplement 145

This bibliography lists 301 reports, articles, and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system in August 1975

Advanced Technique and Future Perspective for Next Generation Optical Fiber Communications

Optical fiber communication industry has gained unprecedented opportunities and achieved rapid progress in recent years. However, with the increase of data transmission volume and the enhancement of transmission demand, the optical communication field still needs to be upgraded to better meet the challenges in the future development. Artificial intelligence technology in optical communication and optical network is still in its infancy, but the existing achievements show great application potential. In the future, with the further development of artificial intelligence technology, AI algorithms combining channel characteristics and physical properties will shine in optical communication. This reprint introduces some recent advances in optical fiber communication and optical network, and provides alternative directions for the development of the next generation optical fiber communication technology