A Review of Smart Materials in Tactile Actuators for Information Delivery

As the largest organ in the human body, the skin provides the important sensory channel for humans to receive external stimulations based on touch. By the information perceived through touch, people can feel and guess the properties of objects, like weight, temperature, textures, and motion, etc. In fact, those properties are nerve stimuli to our brain received by different kinds of receptors in the skin. Mechanical, electrical, and thermal stimuli can stimulate these receptors and cause different information to be conveyed through the nerves. Technologies for actuators to provide mechanical, electrical or thermal stimuli have been developed. These include static or vibrational actuation, electrostatic stimulation, focused ultrasound, and more. Smart materials, such as piezoelectric materials, carbon nanotubes, and shape memory alloys, play important roles in providing actuation for tactile sensation. This paper aims to review the background biological knowledge of human tactile sensing, to give an understanding of how we sense and interact with the world through the sense of touch, as well as the conventional and state-of-the-art technologies of tactile actuators for tactile feedback delivery

Analysis of Product Architectures of Pin Array Technologies for Tactile Displays

Refreshable tactile displays based on pin array technologies have a significant impact on the education of children with visual impairments, but they are prohibitively expensive. To better understand their design and the reason for the high cost, we created a database and analyzed the product architectures of 67 unique pin array technologies from literature and patents. We qualitatively coded their functional elements and analyzed the physical parts that execute the functions. Our findings highlight that pin array surfaces aim to achieve three key functions, i.e., raise and lower pins, lock pins, and create a large array. We also contribute a concise morphological chart that organises the various mechanisms for these three functions. Based on this, we discuss the reasons for the high cost and complexity of these surface haptic technologies and infer why larger displays and more affordable devices are not available. Our findings can be used to design new mechanisms for more affordable and scalable pin array display systems

A Characterization of Actuation Techniques for Generating Movement in Shape-Changing Interfaces

Abstract This article characterizes actuation techniques for generating movement in shape-changing displays with physically reconfigurable geometry. To date, few works in Human Computer Interaction literature provide detailed and reflective descriptions of the implementation techniques used in shape-changing displays. This hinders the rapid development of novel interactions as researchers must initially spend time understanding technologies before prototyping new interactions and applications. To bridge this knowledge gap, we propose a taxonomy that classifies actuator characteristics and simplifies the process for designers to select appropriate technologies that match their requirements for developing shape-displays. We scope our investigation to linear actuators that are used in grid configurations. The taxonomy is validated by (a) examining current implementation techniques of motorized, pneumatic, hydraulic, magnetic, and shape-memory actuators in the literature, (b) constructing prototypes to address limited technical details and explore actuator capabilities in depth, (c) describing a use-case scenario through a case study that details the construction of a 10 ? 10 actuator shape-display, and (d) a set of guidelines to aid researchers in selecting actuation techniques for shape-changing applications. The significance of our taxonomy is twofold. First, we provide an original contribution that enables HCI researchers to appropriately select actuation techniques and build shape-changing applications. This is situated amongst other past works that have investigated broader application scenarios such as a shape-changing vocabulary, a framework for shape transformations, material properties, and technical characteristics of various actuators. Second, we carry out in-depth investigations to validate our taxonomy and expand the knowledge of vertical actuation in shape-changing applications to enable rapid development

Designing a New Tactile Display Technology and its Disability Interactions

People with visual impairments have a strong desire for a refreshable tactile interface that can provide immediate access to full page of Braille and tactile graphics. Regrettably, existing devices come at a considerable expense and remain out of reach for many. The exorbitant costs associated with current tactile displays stem from their intricate design and the multitude of components needed for their construction. This underscores the pressing need for technological innovation that can enhance tactile displays, making them more accessible and available to individuals with visual impairments. This research thesis delves into the development of a novel tactile display technology known as Tacilia. This technology's necessity and prerequisites are informed by in-depth qualitative engagements with students who have visual impairments, alongside a systematic analysis of the prevailing architectures underpinning existing tactile display technologies. The evolution of Tacilia unfolds through iterative processes encompassing conceptualisation, prototyping, and evaluation. With Tacilia, three distinct products and interactive experiences are explored, empowering individuals to manually draw tactile graphics, generate digitally designed media through printing, and display these creations on a dynamic pin array display. This innovation underscores Tacilia's capability to streamline the creation of refreshable tactile displays, rendering them more fitting, usable, and economically viable for people with visual impairments

Development of a Tactile Thimble for Augmented and Virtual Reality Applications

The technologies that have gained a renewed interest during the recent years are Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR), as they become more accessible and affordable for mass-production. The input device which allows us to interact with the virtual environment is a very crucial aspect. One of the main barriers to immerse ourselves in virtual reality is the lack of realistic feedback. The user has to almost rely entirely on visual feedback without any haptic feedback, and this increases the user's workload and decreases the performance. In this thesis, a functional demonstrator of a tactile feedback device which conveys compelling interactions with not just VR, but also AR is presented. The device is designed such that there is realistic feedback for virtual touches and least obstruction during contact of a real object in AR applications. New design principle of introducing small actuators allows the device to be compact and increases its portability. In contrast to actuators that are placed on the finger pad in most of the available input devices for VR, a tactile device with two actuators that are arranged laterally on the finger, so that the underside of the fingertip is free is proposed. The output from these actuators generate a tactile stimulus by stimulating a sense of touch, which helps the user to manipulate virtual objects. The actuators are designed to independently generate vibrations and this coupled tactile feedback enhances the stimulation resulting in a wide variety of stimulation patterns for the sense of touch. Preliminary experimental evaluation for design and location of actuators has been carried out to measure the vibration intensity. In addition, user experiments for design evaluation of the two actuators based on different vibration patterns have also been conducted

A reconfigurable tactile display based on polymer MEMS technology

This research focuses on the development of polymer microfabrication technologies for the realization of two major components of a pneumatic tactile display: a microactuator array and a complementary microvalve (control) array. The concept, fabrication, and characterization of a kinematically-stabilized polymeric microbubble actuator (¡°endoskeletal microbubble actuator¡±) were presented. A systematic design and modeling procedure was carried out to generate an optimized geometry of the corrugated diaphragm to satisfy membrane deflection, force, and stability requirements set forth by the tactile display goals. A refreshable Braille cell as a tactile display prototype has been developed based on a 2x3 endoskeletal microbubble array and an array of commercial valves. The prototype can provide both a static display (which meets the displacement and force requirement of a Braille display) and vibratory tactile sensations. Along with the above capabilities, the device was designed to meet the criteria of lightness and compactness to permit portable operation. The design is scalable with respect to the number of tactile actuators while still being simple to fabricate. In order to further reduce the size and cost of the tactile display, a microvalve array can be integrated into the tactile display system to control the pneumatic fluid that actuates the microbubble actuator. A piezoelectrically-driven and hydraulically-amplified polymer microvalve has been designed, fabricated, and tested. An incompressible elastomer was used as a solid hydraulic medium to convert the small axial displacement of a piezoelectric actuator into a large valve head stroke while maintaining a large blocking force. The function of the microvalve as an on-off switch for a pneumatic microbubble tactile actuator was demonstrated. To further reduce the cost of the microvalve, a laterally-stacked multilayer PZT actuator has been fabricated using diced PZT multilayer, high aspect ratio SU-8 photolithography, and molding of electrically conductive polymer composite electrodes.Ph.D.Committee Chair: Allen,Mark; Committee Member: Bucknall,David; Committee Member: Book,Wayne; Committee Member: Griffin,Anselm; Committee Member: Yao,Donggan

Nitinol shape memory alloy spring

446-453Manufacturing, over the years, has evolved through three revolutions brought out by the impact of mechanization, electricity and Information Technology. The update in manufacturing has its root of intelligence. Necessity of miniaturization is shifted the use of conventional actuators with smart actuators. Conventional actuators generally produce the power in proportion to their volume, which reduce their application in micro applications. A concise review of the recent developments within nearly ten years on shape memory alloys has been presented. Besides other available shape memory alloys, Nitinol(Ni-Ti) is preferred due to its array of characteristicslike light weight, high power to weight ratio, noiseless operation, ease of actuation and muscle like movement. Shape memory effect and pseudo-elasticity play a crucial role in smart materials. Various actuation modes (Joule heating, hot water, laser assisted) and cooling methods are tabulated for Ni-Ti. The different forms of Nitinolare commercially available, but spring is used specially, due to its coiled structure

Nitinol shape memory alloy spring

Manufacturing, over the years, has evolved through three revolutions brought out by the impact of mechanization, electricity and Information Technology. The update in manufacturing has its root of intelligence. Necessity of miniaturization is shifted the use of conventional actuators with smart actuators. Conventional actuators generally produce the power in proportion to their volume, which reduce their application in micro applications. A concise review of the recent developments within nearly ten years on shape memory alloys has been presented. Besides other available shape memory alloys, Nitinol(Ni-Ti) is preferred due to its array of characteristicslike light weight, high power to weight ratio, noiseless operation, ease of actuation and muscle like movement. Shape memory effect and pseudo-elasticity play a crucial role in smart materials. Various actuation modes (Joule heating, hot water, laser assisted) and cooling methods are tabulated for Ni-Ti. The different forms of Nitinolare commercially available, but spring is used specially, due to its coiled structure

Realistic Interaction with Virtual Objects within Arm's Reach

The automotive industry requires realistic virtual reality applications more than other domains to increase the efficiency of product development. Currently, the visual quality of virtual invironments resembles reality, but interaction within these environments is usually far from what is known in everyday life. Several realistic research approaches exist, however they are still not all-encompassing enough to be usable in industrial processes. This thesis realizes lifelike direct multi-hand and multi-finger interaction with arbitrary objects, and proposes algorithmic and technical improvements that also approach lifelike usability. In addition, the thesis proposes methods to measure the effectiveness and usability of such interaction techniques as well as discusses different types of grasping feedback that support the user during interaction. Realistic and reliable interaction is reached through the combination of robust grasping heuristics and plausible pseudophysical object reactions. The easy-to-compute grasping rules use the objects’ surface normals, and mimic human grasping behavior. The novel concept of Normal Proxies increases grasping stability and diminishes challenges induced by adverse normals. The intricate act of picking-up thin and tiny objects remains challenging for some users. These cases are further supported by the consideration of finger pinches, which are measured with a specialized finger tracking device. With regard to typical object constraints, realistic object motion is geometrically calculated as a plausible reaction on user input. The resulting direct finger-based interaction technique enables realistic and intuitive manipulation of arbitrary objects. The thesis proposes two methods that prove and compare effectiveness and usability. An expert review indicates that experienced users quickly familiarize themselves with the technique. A quantitative and qualitative user study shows that direct finger-based interaction is preferred over indirect interaction in the context of functional car assessments. While controller-based interaction is more robust, the direct finger-based interaction provides greater realism, and becomes nearly as reliable when the pinch-sensitive mechanism is used. At present, the haptic channel is not used in industrial virtual reality applications. That is why it can be used for grasping feedback which improves the users’ understanding of the grasping situation. This thesis realizes a novel pressure-based tactile feedback at the fingertips. As an alternative, vibro-tactile feedback at the same location is realized as well as visual feedback by the coloring of grasp-involved finger segments. The feedback approaches are also compared within the user study, which reveals that grasping feedback is a requirement to judge grasp status and that tactile feedback improves interaction independent of the used display system. The considerably stronger vibrational tactile feedback can quickly become annoying during interaction. The interaction improvements and hardware enhancements make it possible to interact with virtual objects in a realistic and reliable manner. By addressing realism and reliability, this thesis paves the way for the virtual evaluation of human-object interaction, which is necessary for a broader application of virtual environments in the automotive industry and other domains.Stärker als andere Branchen benötigt die Automobilindustrie realistische Virtual Reality Anwendungen für eine effiziente Produktentwicklung. Während sich die visuelle Qualität virtueller Darstellungen bereits der Realität angenähert hat, ist die Interaktion mit virtuellen Umgebungen noch weit vom täglichen Erleben der Menschen entfernt. Einige Forschungsansätze haben sich mit realistischer Interaktion befasst, gehen aber nicht weit genug, um in industriellen Prozessen eingesetzt zu werden. Diese Arbeit realisiert eine lebensnahe mehrhändige und fingerbasierte Interaktion mit beliebigen Objekten. Dabei ermöglichen algorithmische und technische Verbesserungen eine realitätsnahe Usability. Außerdem werden Methoden für die Evaluation dieser Interaktionstechnik vorgestellt und benutzerunterstützende Greiffeedbackarten diskutiert. Die verlässliche und gleichzeitig realistische Interaktion wird durch die Kombination von robusten Greifheuristiken und pseudophysikalischen Objektreaktionen erreicht. Die das menschliche Greifverhalten nachbildenden Greifregeln basieren auf den Oberflächennormalen der Objekte. Die Reduktion negativer Einflüsse verfälschter Normalen und eine höhere Griffstabilität werden durch das neuartige Konzept der Normal Proxies erreicht. Dennoch bleibt für manche Nutzer das Aufnehmen von dünnen und kleinen Objekten problematisch. Diese Fälle werden zusätzlich durch die Einbeziehung von Fingerberührungen unterstützt, die mit einem speziellen Fingertracking Gerät erfasst werden. Plausible Objektreaktionen auf Benutzereingaben werden unter Berücksichtigung typischer Objekteinschränkungen geometrisch berechnet. Die Arbeit schlägt zwei Methoden zur Evaluierung der fingerbasierten Interaktion vor. Ein Expertenreview zeigt, dass sich erfahrene Benutzer sehr schnell in die Technik einfinden. In einer Benutzerstudie wird nachgewiesen, dass fingerbasierte Interaktion im hier untersuchten Kontext vor indirekter Interaktion mit einem Eingabegerät bevorzugt wird. Während letztere robuster zu handhaben ist, stellt die fingerbasierte Interaktion einen deutlich höheren Realismus bereit und erreicht mit den vorgeschlagenen Verbesserungen eine vergleichbare Verlässlichkeit. Um Greifsituationen transparent zu gestalten, realisiert diese Arbeit ein neuartiges druckbasiertes taktiles Feedback an den Fingerspitzen. Alternativ wird ein vibrotaktiles Feedback am gleichen Ort realisiert und visuelles Feedback durch die Einfärbung der griffbeteiligten Fingersegmente umgesetzt. Die verschiedenen Feedbackansätze werden in der Benutzerstudie verglichen. Dabei wird Greiffeedback als Voraussetzung identifiziert, um den Greifzustand zu beurteilen. Taktiles Feedback verbessert dabei die Interaktion unabhängig vom eingesetzten Display. Das merklich stärkere Vibrationsfeedback kann während der Interaktion störend wirken. Die vorgestellten Interaktionsverbesserungen und Hardwareerweiterungen ermöglichen es, mit virtuellen Objekten auf realistische und zuverlässige Art zu interagieren. Indem die Arbeit Realismus und Verlässlichkeit gleichzeitig adressiert, bereitet sie den Boden für die virtuelle Untersuchung von Mensch-Objekt Interaktionen und ermöglicht so einen breiteren Einsatz virtueller Techniken in der Automobilindustrie und in anderen Bereichen