34 research outputs found
Metric Structure of the Space of Two-Qubit Gates, Perfect Entanglers and Quantum Control
We derive expressions for the invariant length element and measure for the
simple compact Lie group SU(4) in a coordinate system particularly suitable for
treating entanglement in quantum information processing. Using this metric, we
compute the invariant volume of the space of two-qubit perfect entanglers. We
find that this volume corresponds to more than 84% of the total invariant
volume of the space of two-qubit gates. This same metric is also used to
determine the effective target sizes that selected gates will present in any
quantum-control procedure designed to implement them.Comment: 27 pages, 5 figure
A geometric theory of non-local two-qubit operations
We study non-local two-qubit operations from a geometric perspective. By
applying a Cartan decomposition to su(4), we find that the geometric structure
of non-local gates is a 3-Torus. We derive the invariants for local
transformations, and connect these local invariants to the coordinates of the
3-Torus. Since different points on the 3-Torus may correspond to the same local
equivalence class, we use the Weyl group theory to reduce the symmetry. We show
that the local equivalence classes of two-qubit gates are in one-to-one
correspondence with the points in a tetrahedron except on the base. We then
study the properties of perfect entanglers, that is, the two-qubit operations
that can generate maximally entangled states from some initially separable
states. We provide criteria to determine whether a given two-qubit gate is a
perfect entangler and establish a geometric description of perfect entanglers
by making use of the tetrahedral representation of non-local gates. We find
that exactly half the non-local gates are perfect entanglers. We also
investigate the non-local operations generated by a given Hamiltonian. We first
study the gates that can be directly generated by a Hamiltonian. Then we
explicitly construct a quantum circuit that contains at most three non-local
gates generated by a two-body interaction Hamiltonian, together with at most
four local gates generated by single qubit terms. We prove that such a quantum
circuit can simulate any arbitrary two-qubit gate exactly, and hence it
provides an efficient implementation of universal quantum computation and
simulation.Comment: 22 pages, 6 figure
Universal quantum Controlled-NOT gate
An investigation of an optimal universal unitary Controlled-NOT gate that
performs a specific operation on two unknown states of qubits taken from a
great circle of the Bloch sphere is presented. The deep analogy between the
optimal universal C-NOT gate and the `equatorial' quantum cloning machine (QCM)
is shown. In addition, possible applications of the universal C-NOT gate are
briefly discussed.Comment: 18 reference
Deterministic Generation of Multipartite Entanglement via Causal Activation in the Quantum Internet
Entanglement represents ``\textit{the}'' key resource for several
applications of quantum information processing, ranging from quantum
communications to distributed quantum computing. Despite its fundamental
importance, deterministic generation of maximally entangled qubits represents
an on-going open problem. Here, we design a novel generation scheme exhibiting
two attractive features, namely, i) deterministically generating different
classes -- namely, GHZ-like, W-like and graph states -- of genuinely
multipartite entangled states, ii) without requiring any direct interaction
between the qubits. Indeed, the only necessary condition is the possibility of
coherently controlling -- according to the indefinite causal order framework --
the causal order among the unitaries acting on the qubits. Through the paper,
we analyze and derive the conditions on the unitaries for deterministic
generation, and we provide examples for unitaries practical implementation. We
conclude the paper by discussing the scalability of the proposed scheme to
higher dimensional genuine multipartite entanglement (GME) states and by
introducing some possible applications of the proposal for quantum networks
Optimizing entangling quantum gates for physical systems
Optimal control theory is a versatile tool that presents a route to
significantly improving figures of merit for quantum information tasks. We
combine it here with the geometric theory for local equivalence classes of
two-qubit operations to derive an optimization algorithm that determines the
best entangling two-qubit gate for a given physical setting. We demonstrate the
power of this approach for trapped polar molecules and neutral atoms.Comment: extended version; Phys. Rev. A (2011
Krotov: A Python implementation of Krotov's method for quantum optimal control
We present a new open-source Python package, krotov, implementing the quantum optimal control method of that name. It allows to determine time-dependent external fields for a wide range of quantum control problems, including state-to-state transfer, quantum gate implementation and optimization towards an arbitrary perfect entangler. Krotov's method compares to other gradient-based optimization methods such as gradient-ascent and guarantees monotonic convergence for approximately time-continuous control fields. The user-friendly interface allows for combination with other Python packages, and thus high-level customization
Quantum Optimal Control via Semi-Automatic Differentiation
We develop a framework of "semi-automatic differentiation" that combines
existing gradient-based methods of quantum optimal control with automatic
differentiation. The approach allows to optimize practically any computable
functional and is implemented in two open source Julia packages, GRAPE.jl and
Krotov.jl, part of the QuantumControl.jl framework. Our method is based on
formally rewriting the optimization functional in terms of propagated states,
overlaps with target states, or quantum gates. An analytical application of the
chain rule then allows to separate the time propagation and the evaluation of
the functional when calculating the gradient. The former can be evaluated with
great efficiency via a modified GRAPE scheme. The latter is evaluated with
automatic differentiation, but with a profoundly reduced complexity compared to
the time propagation. Thus, our approach eliminates the prohibitive memory and
runtime overhead normally associated with automatic differentiation and
facilitates further advancement in quantum control by enabling the direct
optimization of non-analytic functionals for quantum information and quantum
metrology, especially in open quantum systems. We illustrate and benchmark the
use of semi-automatic differentiation for the optimization of perfectly
entangling quantum gates on superconducting qubits coupled via a shared
transmission line. This includes the first direct optimization of the
non-analytic gate concurrence.Comment: 30 pages, 2 figures, 2 tables. Accepted in Quantu
Quantum Instruction Set Design for Performance
A quantum instruction set is where quantum hardware and software meet. We
develop new characterization and compilation techniques for non-Clifford gates
to accurately evaluate different quantum instruction set designs. We
specifically apply them to our fluxonium processor that supports mainstream
instruction by calibrating and characterizing its square root
. We measure a gate fidelity of up to with an average
of and realize Haar random two-qubit gates using
with an average fidelity of . This is an average error reduction of
for the former and a reduction for the latter compared to using
on the same processor. This shows designing the quantum
instruction set consisting of and single-qubit gates on such
platforms leads to a performance boost at almost no cost.Comment: 2 figures in main text and 21 figures in Supplementary Materials.
This manuscript subsumes version 1 with significant improvements such as
experimental demonstration and materials presentatio