A Postcolonial Approach

학위논문(박사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 사범대학 협동과정 글로벌교육협력전공, 2021.8. YOO Sung Sang.Despite being a long-standing, prominent and controversial aid, international scholarship remains as an understudied subject of inquiry within the international development field. Research on the topic is still in a state of academic infancy and merely gaining increasing attention as it rose to become a global target SDG4b in 2015. With this background, the study aims to problematize the research field: uncover the overlooked politics of knowledge concerning its research scholarship and seek to rethink it. Using Postcolonial Theory as critical lens, this study explores how colonial legacies limit the way researchers conceptualize and research international scholarships over the years. To uncover forms of domination, marginalization and resistance within the research field, 167 grey literature, 72 peer-reviewed academic journals and 7 books on the topic of international scholarships from 2000-2020 were examined using Postcolonial Critical Discourse Analysis as methodology. Concepts of Connell’s Northern/Southern Theory, Alatas’ Academic Dependency and Captive Mind, De Sousa Santos’ epistemologies of the North/South were used for analysis. Findings suggest that there is colonial gaze within the research field: dominated by Northern experts as researchers with limited research agendas, theories and approaches under Northern epistemologies. And while there are emerging researches that serve as forms of resistance, these initiatives still remain under Northern epistemologies and missing alternative ways of knowing. These findings imply that without addressing the monological research paradigm, international scholarship research remains parochial, marginalizing Southern epistemologies, perspectives and voices. As a response, the study calls not only to resist status quo by diversifying research agendas or voices, but disrupting colonial research paradigm that is largely unchallenged in the field and to welcome ecologies of knowledges. Aligned with this insight, this dissertation also includes my critical reflexivity as an international scholarship researcher. This reflexivity serves as a meta-critique and contemplation concerning the research process: confronting the colonial nature of my research and re-imagining international scholarship research under alternative paradigm. As recommendation, four international scholarship researches under epistemologies of the South are enumerated at the end of the study for researchers to consider in order to rethink international scholarship research using alternative ways of knowing/being. This dissertation proposes that the entire international scholarship community must sincerely take steps in rethinking the research field beyond colonial paradigm and start re-imagining international scholarship for future possibilities, together.오랫동안 주요한 논란이 되고 있는 원조이지만, 국제 장학금은 지금도 국제개발 분야에서 연구가 적게 된 주제이다. 이 주제에 대한 연구는 여전히 학술적 초기 단계에 머물러 있으며 2015 년 유엔의 지속가능한 개발목표 (SDG4b) 로 지정되면서 겨우 관심을 얻기 시작했다. 이러한 배경에서, 본 연구는 기존 연구분야를 문제화하여 그동안 간과되어온 지식의 정치적 측면을 발견하고자 한다. 탈식민주의론을 비평적 렌즈로 활용하여 본 연구는 국제 장학금의 식민지 유산이 그동안 어떻게 국제 장학금을 개념화하고 연구하는 방식을 제한해 왔는지 살펴본다. 본 연구에서는 비평적 담론 분석에 대한 탈식민주의적 접근법을 방법론으로 하여, 2000 년부터 2020 년까지 국제 장학금 주제에 대한 167 건의 회색문헌, 72 건의 동료심사를 받은 학술지, 그리고 7 권의 단행본을 검토했다. 연구결과, 기존의 연구문헌들은 북부 중심의 헤게모니를 반영하고 있으며 해당 연구 분야의 연구 의제, 이론, 대표성은 제한적임을 보여준다. 또한 저항이 있긴 하지만 여전히 이러한 연구가 주도적 위치를 차지하고 있다. 이러한 연구결과는 기존의 권력 불균형을 해결하지 않는다면 국제 개발 장학금의 연구는 주로 북부 우위의 관점에서 이루어지고 대안적 관점, 의견 그리고 인식론을 소외시킨다는 사실을 보여준다. 이에 본 연구는 국제 장학금을 재고하는 방식으로서 연구 의제를 다양화하여 기존 헤게모니에 저항할 뿐만 아니라 국제 장학금 연구를 탈식민지화할 것을 요청한다. 이러한 탈식민지화를 위해서는 연구자들이 비평적 의식을 발휘하고 서양중심의 인식론을 넘어서는 다양한 인식론을 사용하는 데 개방적이어야 한다. 제언으로 대안적 인식론을 사용하는 연구을 본 논문의 후반부에 열거했다. 이는 그동안 간과해온 지식의 정치학적 특성을 검토하고 비평적이고 세심한 담론의 전환을 추구함으로써 진정으로 미래의 유망주들을 위한 국제 장학금을 다시 상상할 수 있을 뿐 아니라 본 연구분야를 재고하는 데 한 걸음 나아갈 수 있음을 보여준다.CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Background 2 1.2. Statement of the Problem 3 1.3. Purpose of the Study 5 CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 14 2.1. International Scholarship Research Landscape 14 2.1.1. Multiple Meanings of ‘International Scholarship’ 15 2.1.2. Three Waves of Research Production: From Pre-2015 to Post-2015 18 2.2. Common Critical Perspectives on International Scholarship 33 2.2.1. Scholarship Aid as Disputed Aid 33 2.2.2. Paradox of Scholarships 42 2.2.3. Post-2015 SDG4b as Incongruent Global Target 52 2.3. The Need for Alternative Critique: Dismantling Politics of Knowledge 55 2.3.1. Challenging the Normativity of the Research Field 55 2.3.2. Putting International Scholarship Research under Postcolonial Lens 57 CHAPTER 3: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 58 3.1. International Scholarship as Dev’t Aid under Postcolonial Lens 58 3.1.1. Western Vision of Development and Hierarchical Ontologies 59 3.1.2. Knowledge Hierarchy within International Scholarships 60 3.1.3. Rethinking Development towards “Otherwise” 66 3.2. Epistemologies in Knowledge Production 66 3.2.1. Connell’s Northern and Southern Theory 66 3.2.2. Alatas’ Academic Dependency and Captive Mind 69 3.2.3. De Sousa Santos’ Epistemologies of the North/South 71 3.3. Postcolonial Politics of Voice and Representation in Literature 74 3.3.1. ‘Other’ as Hegemonic Perspectives and Voices 75 3.3.2. Subaltern Voice as Silenced Perspectives and Voices 76 3.3.3. Re-presentation and Writing Back as Resistance 77 3.4. Conceptual Framework 78 CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGY 81 4.1. Methodological Approach 81 4.1.1. Critical Research Paradigm 81 4.1.2. Postcolonial Critical Discourse Analysis as Methodology 83 4.2. Data Collection and Analysis 87 4.2.1. Data Collection: Process and Limitations 88 4.2.2. Data Analysis Process 94 4.3. Transparency, Trustworthiness and Reflexivity 96 4.3.1. Issues on CDA as Methodology 96 4.3.2. Trustworthiness and Transparency 98 4.3.3. Personal, Epistemic and Methodological Reflexivity 99 CHAPTER 5: FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS 110 5.1. Three Research Genres under Northern Lens 112 5.1.1. UNESCO Global Report: Datafication of Aid Donors and Recipients 112 5.1.2. Alumni Tracer Studies: Recipients as Other 127 5.1.3. Academic Literature: Diversification under Northern Lens 139 5.2. Scholarship of Other: Common Themes Across Research Genres 151 5.2.1. Subject-Object Relations 151 5.2.2. Axiology of Productivity and Progress 153 5.2.3. Monologic Research Inquiry 154 5.2.4. Resistance from Within 156 5.3. My Dissertation as Resistance: A Meta-Critique and Contemplation 158 5.3.1. Swimming in the Colonial Unconscious: Confronting Captive Mind 160 5.3.2. Questioning the Critical Scholar in Resistance 162 5.3.3. Scholarship of Liberation: Expanding Radical Imagination 165 5.3.4. Healing Transgenerational Epistemic Trauma 185 CHAPTER 6: DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS 187 6.1. Scholarship of Other: Research under Northern Lens 188 6.1.1. Expert Gaze and Dominance of Northern Agenda 188 6.1.2. Missing Complexities and Vulnerabilities under Northern Lens 192 6.1.3. Erasure under Northern Gaze: Transgenerational Epistemic Violence 195 6.2. International Scholarship Researchers in Resistance 198 6.2.1. Research Diversification under Epistemologies of the North 198 6.2.2. Radical Resistance with Captive Mind: Missing Epistemologies of South 199 6.2.3. Role of Western Research Culture in Limited Rethinking 201 6.3. Scholarship of Otherwise: Rethinking Int’l Scholarship Research 204 6.3.1. Epistemic Bayanihan as Ecologies of Knowledges 205 6.3.2. Kapwa (Shared Being) as Relational Ontology 206 6.3.3. Pakikipagkwentuhan (Storytelling) as Inquiry of Shared Vulnerability 207 6.4. Implications 208 CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 211 7.1. Summary 211 7.2. Way Forward: Researching with Alternative Ways of Knowing/Being 215 7.3. Limitations and Future Directions 229 7.4. Conclusion 232 REFERENCES 233 APPENDICES 261 Appendix A: List of International Scholarship Programs 261 Appendix B: List of Literature (Data) 262 Appendix C: Student Movement Advocacy 286 KOREAN ABSTRACT 293 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 294박

An Ontology of Human Flourishing: Economic Development and Epistemologies of Faith, Hope, and Love

This chapter demonstrates that the presence of poverty, and its associated pathologies, is of concern to all humankind whose innate desire is to seek the flourishing of fellow humanity. The traditional, often unsuccessful, methods of poverty alleviation have been challenged in creative, bold, and refreshing ways that are superior in both identifying poverty and moving agencies and pathways toward greater success. This involves a technical application of quantitative microeconomics which is paired with expertise and insights on human behavior gleaned from the behavioral sciences. It turns out that human behavior is often better explained by behavioral categories such as hope than by traditional assumptions of rationality. Drawing from the western philosophical and Christian theistic traditions (between which there is considerable overlap), this innate desire to hope is explained as part of that triad of virtues—faith, hope, and love—that comprise the epicenter of the human condition. The Christian-theistic tradition postulates that this condition of hope for a physically and metaphysically-redeemed humanity requires certain lived behaviors in the present, even as we approach, ultimately, the very telos of our existence. Paramount among these behaviors is the pursuit of socio-economic justice. Much use is made of narratives to illustrate the lived reality of those living in desperation but buoyed by hope

Learning with ‘Generation Like’ about Digital Global Citizenship: A Case Study from Spain

Eloísa Nos Aldás This chapter focuses on the practices and challenges faced by higher education (HE) in order to engage ‘Generation Like’ (Frontline 2014) , the generations who have grown up with social media, in learning to be critical, cosmopolitan and global political subjects. We present here a specific case study based on experience at the Universitat Jaume I of Castellón (UJI) , Spain, in the undergraduate degree course in advertising and public relations at the Department of Communication Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, in the subject of ‘Communication towards Equality’ (one term, fourth year) . This pedagogical project contributes to international discourses on global education (GE) by sharing evidence from an interdisciplinary approach that combines global citizenship education (GCE) with areas of media literacy and communication for social change, to explore and design an innovative syllabus on ‘transgressive communication of social change’. This aims to train future... [...

Gender: A Useful Category of Analysis for Tanzanian Researchers

This article enriches reflections on the circulation of the concept of gender in the Global South by looking at the transformations of Tanzanian research on gender in education between the 1970s and the early 1990s. A close reading of the texts shows how the concept of gender has been used in this field of study since 1990; it considers variations depending on authors and their positioning. Comparing this with the writings of the 1970s and 1980s, when no one used the concept, reveals how it contributed to epistemological change. The article also reflects on the respective role of local factors and international influences (via donor agencies and global epistemologies) in the epistemological evolutions of the field. It highlights that researchers, even in a time of growing international dependency, managed to keep intellectual autonomy

“It’s about lots of small things that you experience all the time”: Perceived discrimination among young Norwegians with Minoritized backgrounds

This study explores how young Norwegians with minoritized backgrounds perceive discrimination, and how intersecting dimensions of identity shape these experiences. This study reveals that these young Norwegians perceive discrimination within many important arenas and institutions throughout their lifespan, also in encounters with people of authority. This study finds that perceived discrimination is not necessarily always about serious infringements that would be considered severe enough for punishment under the law, but rather about a never-ending series of minor incidents and experiences, which when accumulated over time have significant impacts on these young people’s lives.Master's Thesis in Global DevelopmentGLODE33

An agentic perspective on teachers’ enactment of professional digital competence

Understanding digital competence in teaching is challenging because technology and teachers’ workdays are moving targets. Previous research suggests using professional digital competence (PDC) as an approach for better understanding how teachers develop a deep understanding of technology, learning processes and subjects. Accordingly, inspired by a short-term design-based research methodology, a project was conceived to have a group of teachers and teacher educators collaborate on developing digital teaching environments using Microsoft Class Teams and OneNote Class Notebook at a lower secondary school in Norway. To investigate the outcomes, this paper adopts an agentic socio-cultural perspective to examine how the teachers enacted digital teaching environments to develop PDC. The results show that the teachers employed negotiation strategies and used different material and immaterial resources in their local school contexts to enact digital teaching environments. The study suggests adding new research to two emerging and relevant research streams—teachers’ digital competence and Microsoft Class Teams and the OneNote Class Notebook—by emphasising a strong human-centric agency approach and that teachers’ digital competence can be made visible through acts of collaboration.publishedVersio

A Meta-Perspective on Societal Security & Safety: Ontological, Epistemological, & Axiological Assumptions in Societal Security & Safety Research

This thesis explores the ontological, epistemological, and axiological assumptions held by societal security & safety researchers by utilizing the scoping study methodology to select and rapidly assess relevant literature for inquiry about these assumptions. The relevant literature is analyzed according to a framework consisting of several questions related to the metaphysical notions of the author(s), which in turn allows for typological classification of the research articles with regards to ontological, epistemological, and axiological assumptions. The typologies are drawn from a literature review explicating on the origins of the amalgamated discipline of social security (& safety) from two separate iterations (identity-based & functional societal security), which adhere to different metaphysical assumptions. This thesis reveals that the identity-based iteration is hardly referenced in the selected literature, while traces of the functionalist iteration are far more frequent. This thesis further reveal that researchers are both conform and congruent with regards to ontological and epistemological assumptions but diverge with regards to axiological assumptions

Non-state actors and civil society adaptation to crisis: conflict and disaster

This portfolio of research comprises an in-depth exploration and critical analysis of different methods of responding to conflict and disaster, here collectively termed crisis. While recent years have experienced increasing movement in practice and especially policy towards localisation and recognition of domestic capacities in humanitarian and peacebuilding work, there remain significant gaps between policy priorities and operations on the ground. Local expertise, practices and knowledge are often not sufficiently integrated or even acknowledged in responding to conflict and disaster and reconstruction processes. Barriers to this include lack of basic recognition, falling under the radar of established systems and structures, colonial and interventionist mentalities, lack of contextual understanding of gender and other social divisions, and unwillingness or inability of established Global North institutions to genuinely share power and decision-making.However, the published outputs in this portfolio rigorously demonstrate that suitably crafted research agendas and data collection methods can accurately and equitably reflect the experiences and needs of affected people, and speak directly to the sensitivities of colonialism and the localisation agenda. This portfolio demonstrates that it is possible to make progress in research and humanitarianism that reflects a greater awareness of colonial legacies and shifts towards localisation, while recognising the complexities around these contestations in policy and programming. Improvements in these particularly sensitive and contentious areas tends to be iterative and piecemeal, but I attempt to show thorough this portfolio some case studies of demonstrable success in localising response to conflict and disaster. While this portfolio critically analyses alternatives to top-down and interventionist approaches in conflict and disaster, it also highlights the tensions and shortcomings in domestic or national level responses, if these replicate some of the same deficiencies outlined above. Thus, there may be limitations to locally-led agendas for peace and recovery if they also lack appropriate and inclusive approaches. Localisation is not a panacea, suggesting that a more nuanced understanding is required of what constitutes representation and participation to ensure durable peacebuilding and disaster reconstruction

Drivers and barriers for implementation radical and incremental innovation in subsea complex in Russia

Master i Energy Management - Nord universitet, 2017Sperret til 2020-10-0