522 research outputs found

    ANALISIS KETERAMPILAN METAKOGNISI SISWA MULTIETNIS DI SEKOLAH DASAR MELALUI MODEL PEMBELAJARAN STAD

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    This research aims to determine the STAD learning model in empowering students' critical thinking and metacognition skills. Furthermore, this research is aimed at finding out differences in critical thinking skills and metacognition of students of different ethnicities related to the learning model applied. This research is classified as a quasi experiment, carried out in the 2022/2023 academic year in class IV at two schools, SDN 14 and SDN 15, Ternate City, which are classified as multiethnic schools in Ternate City. The variables measured in this research are students' critical thinking skills and metacognition. To test the hypothesis, it was carried out with Anakova in the SPSS 16.0 program. If the probability value is significant, then a further test is carried out with LSD. The results of data analysis show that the learning model has an influence on students' critical thinking skills and metacognition and or it can be said that the PBMP pattern learning model has more potential to empower students' critical thinking skills and metacognition than the conventional model. There are differences in students' critical thinking skills between ethnic groups in classes where the STAD learning model is applied. These differences can be seen in the LSD test results which show that the critical thinking skills of the Ternate ethnic group are not significantly different from those of the Makian ethnic group but are significantly different from those of the Tidore ethnic group. These differences can be concluded that students in each ethnicity have different learning styles

    Upper Elementary Teachers\u27 Use of Pedagogical Content Knowledge With Nonfiction Reading Instruction

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    After a shift in upper elementary reading instruction that emphasized complex learning using nonfiction text, Texas schools showed low reading comprehension scores among upper elementary students. The purpose of this exploratory single case study was to examine the pedagogical content knowledge of Texas upper elementary teachers who teach nonfiction reading comprehension strategies to at-risk students who do not qualify for special education services. The central research question focused on how teachers view their pedagogical content knowledge while instructing students. The conceptual framework for this study was a combined Shulman\u27s (1986) pedagogical content knowledge model and Thomlinson\u27s (2000) differentiated instruction learning model. Data sources included online questionnaires (N=161), open-ended scenario-based phone or Skype interviews (N=10), and public documents on reading professional development in the state of Texas. Findings from open coding and inductive analysis indicated that the paradigm shift from reading to learn to learning to read is a challenge in the upper elementary classroom, teachers are relying on inadequate professional development to develop their pedagogy and content knowledge, and teachers may be rescuing struggling students rather than differentiating them. Findings may help Texas educators make more informed decisions on pedagogy to promote expository reading comprehension among upper elementary at-risk students and to increase their opportunities for success

    Using the BioDatamation strategy to learn introductory college biology: value-added effects on selected students\u27 conceptual understanding and conceptual integration of the processes of photosynthesis and celluar respiration

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    The purpose of this exploratory research was to study how students learn photosynthesis and cellular respiration and to determine the value added to the student\u27s learning by each of the three technology-scaffolded learning strategy components (animated concept presentations and WebQuest-style activities, data collection, and student-constructed animations) of the BioDatamation™ (BDM) Program. BDM learning strategies utilized the Theory of Interacting Visual Fields™ (TIVF) (Reuter & Wandersee, 2002a, 2002b; 2003a, 2003b) which holds that meaningful knowledge is hierarchically constructed using the past, present, and future visual fields, with visual metacognitive components that are derived from the principles of Visual Behavior (Jones,1995), Human Constructivist Theory (Mintzes & Wandersee, 1998a), and Visual Information Design Theory (Tufte, 1990, 1997, 2001). Student alternative conceptions of photosynthesis and cellular respiration were determined by the item analysis of 263,267 Biology Advanced Placement Examinations and were used to develop the BDM instructional strategy and interview questions. The subjects were 24 undergraduate students of high and low biology prior knowledge enrolled in an introductory-level General Biology course at a major research university in the Deep South. Fifteen participants received BDM instruction which included original and innovative learning materials and laboratories in 6 phases; 8 of the 15 participants were the subject of in depth, extended individual analysis. The other 9 participants received traditional, non-BDM instruction. Interviews which included participants’ creation of concept maps and visual field diagrams were conducted after each phase. Various content analyses, including Chi\u27s Verbal Analysis and quantitizing/qualitizing were used for data analysis. The total value added to integrative knowledge during BDM instruction with the three visual fields was an average increase of 56% for cellular respiration and 62% increase for photosynthesis knowledge, improved long-term memory of concepts, and enhanced biological literacy to the multidimensional level, as determined by the BSCS literacy model. WebQuest-style activities and data collection provided for animated prior knowledge in the past visual field, and detailed content knowledge construction in the present visual field. During student construction of animated presentations, layering required participants to think by rearranging words and images for improved hierarchical organization of knowledge with real-life applications

    Practice, principles, and theory in the design of instructional text

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    This study is concerned with an analysis of the research arising from three quite different perspectives on instructional text - the `physical characteristics' research (legibility, layout, and readability), the `improvement of text' research (visual illustrations, adjunct aids, and typographical cueing), and the `learning theories' research (representation of knowledge, human memory, and quality of learning). From this analysis there is synthesised principles for the design of instructional text against which heuristic practice in text design is evaluated and from which a nascent theory of instructional text design is evolved. The principles derived from the various research perspectives provide a basis for the manipulation of text design elements in order to ensure that (a) existing knowledge in the reader can be activated, and (b) new knowledge can be assimilated in a manner facilitative of comprehension by (i) presentation in a structured and organised way, and (ii) appropriately highlighted through verbal and typographic cueing supported, as required, by verbal illustration and organisation. The emerging theory of instructional text design suggests: a topical analysis to determine the heirarchic relationship of ideas within the topic and the desired learning outcomes or objectives; a consideration of the linguistic aspects of the text; a consideration of the role of visual illustrations; and a consideration of the physical parameters of the text. These activities are concerned, respectively, with the design areas of structure and organisation, readability, visual illustration, and legibility, and are summed up in the acronym SORVIL

    EVALUATING THE PRAGMATIC ANALYTICAL READING LEVEL INSTRUCTION FRAMEWORK: A MIXED METHODS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY

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    In light of the escalating literacy demands of the 21st Century workplace, and the reality the adolescent literacy rates remain stagnant despite considerable focus on them, there appears to be a need for translation of the role that reading comprehension plays in the growth of literacy of adolescent learners. A framework that recognizes the inherent complexities of reading at the secondary school level and provides a systematic and targeted means for flexible instruction to remediate the reading comprehension deficits of a diverse population of struggling adolescent readers was developed. The Pragmatic Analytical Reading Level Instruction (PARLI) framework integrates the essential constructs from the fields of education, cognitive science, and neuroscience as they relate to reading comprehension among adolescent learners. A mixed methods evaluation multi-case study was conducted to provide a formative evaluation of the Pragmatic Analytical Reading Level Instruction (PARLI) framework. In particular, the ten cases of the quintain were middle school students identified as struggling readers. The PARLI framework was effective with nine of the 10 cases of the quintain when all data are considered. When exclusively considering quantitative data from reading assessments, seven of the ten reached proficiency on two out of three measures. Further development and evaluation of the PARLI framework is recommended

    Game-Based Learning, Gamification in Education and Serious Games

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    The aim of this book is to present and discuss new advances in serious games to show how they could enhance the effectiveness and outreach of education, advertising, social awareness, health, policies, etc. We present their use in structured learning activities, not only with a focus on game-based learning, but also on the use of game elements and game design techniques to gamify the learning process. The published contributions really demonstrate the wide scope of application of game-based approaches in terms of purpose, target groups, technologies and domains and one aspect they have in common is that they provide evidence of how effective serious games, game-based learning and gamification can be

    Teaching and learning secondary school biology with diagrams

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    This thesis comprises a series of inter-related studies that examined: (1) diagrams presented in commonly used biology textbooks in Western Australian schools; (2) teachers’ use of diagrams as part of their normal teaching routines; (3) students’ perceptions of how they learn about diagrams in their lessons; and (4) students’ use of text and diagrams in explaining two phenomena in biology that had not been presented in class.Phase one of the research reports the results of an analysis diagrams presented in biology textbooks used by Western Australian students to examine their distribution pattern. Three types of diagrams (iconic, schematic, and charts & graphs) were investigated in science education based on the work of Novick (2006). Therefore, content analysis in this research entailed a systematic reading and categorizing of these diagrams from a number of secondary school textbooks. The textbook types include lower secondary general science textbooks, upper secondary biology textbooks, and biology workbooks. Descriptive statistics were conducted in order to provide first-hand data on exploring how diagrams are used in biology books. Findings of the study suggest that the three types of diagrams are distributed with unique patterns in the secondary biology textbooks.Phase two reports the investigation of biology teachers’ use of diagrams in their classroom teaching. Biology teachers’ teaching was observed in order to determine instructional methods related to diagrammatic teaching and learning in the natural environment. This study described and analysed how teachers of biology use the three different types of diagrams to introduce, explain and evaluate abstract biology concepts.The third phase of the research reports an analysis of how students think about their teachers’ instructional strategies when teaching with diagrams. An instrument was developed from a previously existing instrument to help students reflect upon their use of diagrams during their teachers’ instruction. The questionnaire data indicated that most participant students recognised teachers’ instructional methods in teaching diagrammatic representations as being explanatory tools, in representing biological concepts, and in help assessing their learning. The three dimensions identified by the questionnaire (Instruction with diagram, Assessment with diagrams and Student diagrammatic competence), demonstrated that students’ perceived experienced biology teachers as being more skillful in having diagrams to engage their learning.Phase four investigated students’ conceptual learning of diagrams alongside other modes of representations. The purpose of this phase was to determine how the students interpreted diagrams together with their counterpart – text – when learning three different biology concepts using an interview protocol. In each interview, students were presented with a biological concept with diagrammatic representation (iconic, schematic diagrams, and charts & graphs) together with textual representation (such as written text and chemical equations). The chapter concludes by showing that diagram and text serve different functional roles in students’ conceptual learning when one or both representations are presented. The results showed that diagram and text may constrain, construct or complementary each other so as to help students understand the complex concept.The final chapter draws together and discusses the findings generated in all of the previous studies in which diagrams were used in various aspects of secondary biological education, such as textbooks, classroom instruction, students’ perceptions, and representational learning with text. The limitations of the research are discussed and suggestions made for future research on the instructional usage of diagrams in biological teaching and learning

    Sensemaking with learning analytics visualizations: Investigating dashboard comprehension and effects on learning strategy

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    In the provision of just-in-time feedback, student-facing learning analytics dashboards (LADs) are meant to aid decision-making during the process of learning. Unlike summative feedback received at its conclusion, this formative feedback may help learners pivot their learning strategies while still engaged in the learning activity. To turn this feedback into actionable insights however, learners must understand LADs well enough to make accurate judgements of learning with them. For these learners, LADs could become an integral part of their self-regulatory learning strategy. This dissertation presents a multifaceted examination of learners’ sensemaking processes with LADs designed to support self-regulatory learning. The in-situ studies detailed therein examine learners’ understanding of the data visualized in LADs and the effects of this understanding on their performance-related mental models. Trace data, surveys, semi-structured in-depth qualitative interviews, and retrospective cued recall methods were used to identify why, when, and how learners used LADs to guide their learning. Learners’ qualitative accounts of their experience explained and contextualized the quantitative data collected from the observed activities. Learners preferred less complex LADs, finding them more useful and aesthetically appealing, despite lower gist recall with simpler visualizations. During an early investigation of how LADs were used to make learning judgments in situ, we observed learners’ tendency to act upon brief LAD interactions. This inspired us to operationalize gist as a form of measurement, describing learners’ ability to make sense of a LAD after a brief visual interrogation. Subsequent comparisons of the accuracy and descriptiveness of learners’ gist estimates to those of laypeople repeatedly showed that laypeople were more apt than learners to produce accurate and complete gist descriptions. This dissertation culminates in a final study examining the evolution of learners’ mental models of their performance due to repeated LAD interaction, followed by a discussion of the contextual factors that contributed to what was observed. Trends observed across this work suggest that learners were more apt to “get the gist” with LAD after repeated interaction. This dissertation contributes a novel method for evaluating learners’ interpretation of LADs, while our findings offer insight into how LADs shape learners’ sensemaking processes

    Seven Cs of reading comprehension strategy/graphic organizer

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    The intervention was Seven Cs/graphic organizer, comprised of seven steps (connect, clarify, consider, collect, converse, conclude and cite) in a graphic organizer format. It is completed as the reader works through the reading process (pre, during, and after-reading) in a nonfiction reading selection. The purposes of this study were as follows: (a) to determine if the use of the Seven Cs strategy/graphic organizer increased nonfiction reading comprehension scores for middle school students with learning disabilities, (b) to determine if the use of the Seven Cs strategy/graphic organizer in other content areas increased reading comprehension for the participants when measured through scores on grade level probe assessments; Six participants took part in the 11-week period, single subject reversal design, AB-A-B, which included an instructional phase. Dependent measures included a pre-test and a post-test, daily reading comprehension quiz scores and, three grade level probes; Participants were members of an inclusive seventh grade reading class in a large urban school in the western portion of the United States. Each day they completed a reading selection, a graphic organizer, and an associated quiz. The participants also completed three grade level probes, which were selections from a social studies seventh grade text. Results were analyzed individually. Data across participants was also analyzed as a means to determining whether there was a pattern of repeated improvement; The results of this study demonstrated that from pre-test to post-test reading comprehension scores increased for each student. In the cases of three participants the use of the graphic organizer did not result in increased reading comprehension. In the cases of two other participants, there was an initial gain in daily reading comprehension but it was not maintained. In the case of one participant, his reading comprehension scores did improve with the use of the graphic organizer. At the end of the study there was not sufficient evidence to claim that the participants\u27 use of the graphic organizer as an intervention, helped to increase reading comprehension

    Peningkatan Aktivitas Belajar dan Keterampilan Metakognitif Siswa Kelas XI dan XII MIA melalui Discovery Learning Berbasis Lesson Study

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    Tujuan penelitian ini ialah untuk meningkatkan aktivitas belajar dan keterampilan metakognitif siswa. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif yaitu Penelitian Tindakan Kelas berbasis lesson study. Hasil penelitian menujukkan bahwa penerapan discovery learning pada aktivitas belajar seperti melakukan percobaan, pengamatan, merancangan percobaan, analisis dan studi literatur dapat meningkatkan aktivitas belajar dan keterampilan metakognitif siswa. Berdasarkan analisis data pada setiap pertemuan serta analisis lembar kerja siswa dan analisis hasil observasi pembelajaran secara langsung oleh observer. Selain itu, dampak lain dari implementasi lesson study memberikan pengalaman dan pelajaran berharga bagi peneliti lesson study dalam memperbaiki dan meningkatkan kualitas pembelajaran serta melihat perkembangan belajar siswa.Tujuan penelitian ini ialah untuk meningkatkan aktivitas belajar dan keterampilan metakognitif siswa. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif yaitu Penelitian Tindakan Kelas berbasis lesson study. Hasil penelitian menujukkan bahwa penerapan discovery learning pada aktivitas belajar seperti melakukan percobaan, pengamatan, merancangan percobaan, analisis dan studi literatur dapat meningkatkan aktivitas belajar dan keterampilan metakognitif siswa. Berdasarkan analisis data pada setiap pertemuan serta analisis lembar kerja siswa dan analisis hasil observasi pembelajaran secara langsung oleh observer. Selain itu, dampak lain dari implementasi lesson study memberikan pengalaman dan pelajaran berharga bagi peneliti lesson study dalam memperbaiki dan meningkatkan kualitas pembelajaran serta melihat perkembangan belajar siswa
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