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Middleware architectures for the smart grid: A survey on the state-of-the-art, taxonomy and main open issues
The integration of small-scale renewable energy sources in the smart grid depends on several challenges that must be overcome. One of them is the presence of devices with very different characteristics present in the grid or how they can interact among them in terms of interoperability and data sharing. While this issue is usually solved by implementing a middleware layer among the available pieces of equipment in order to hide any hardware heterogeneity and offer the application layer a collection of homogenous resources to access lower levels, the variety and differences among them make the definition of what is needed in each particular case challenging. This paper offers a description of the most prominent middleware architectures for the smart grid and assesses the functionalities they have, considering the performance and features expected from them in the context of this application domain
Increasing the Efficiency of Rule-Based Expert Systems Applied on Heterogeneous Data Sources
Nowadays, the proliferation of heterogeneous data sources provided by different
research and innovation projects and initiatives is proliferating more and more and
presents huge opportunities. These developments create an increase in the number
of different data sources, which could be involved in the process of decisionmaking
for a specific purpose, but this huge heterogeneity makes this task difficult.
Traditionally, the expert systems try to integrate all information into a main
database, but, sometimes, this information is not easily available, or its integration
with other databases is very problematic. In this case, it is essential to establish
procedures that make a metadata distributed integration for them. This process
provides a “mapping” of available information, but it is only at logic level. Thus, on
a physical level, the data is still distributed into several resources. In this sense, this
chapter proposes a distributed rule engine extension (DREE) based on edge computing
that makes an integration of metadata provided by different heterogeneous
data sources, applying then a mathematical decomposition over the antecedent of
rules. The use of the proposed rule engine increases the efficiency and the capability
of rule-based expert systems, providing the possibility of applying these rules over
distributed and heterogeneous data sources, increasing the size of data sets that
could be involved in the decision-making process
QoS-enabled middleware for smart grids
Emerging smart grid systems must be able to react quickly and predictably, adapting their operation to changing energy
supply and demand, by controlling energy consuming and energy storage devices. An intrinsic problem with smart
grids is that energy produced from in-house renewable sources is affected by fluctuating weather factors. The
applications driving smart grids operation must rely on a solid communication network that is secure, highly scalable,
and always available. Thus, any communication infrastructure for smart grids should support its potential of producing
high quantities of real-time data, with the goal of reacting to state changes by actuating on devices in real-time, while
providing Quality of Service (QoS)
The role of communication systems in smart grids: Architectures, technical solutions and research challenges
The purpose of this survey is to present a critical overview of smart grid concepts, with a special focus on the role that communication, networking and middleware technologies will have in the transformation of existing electric power systems into smart grids. First of all we elaborate on the key technological, economical and societal drivers for the development of smart grids. By adopting a data-centric perspective we present a conceptual model of communication systems for smart grids, and we identify functional components, technologies, network topologies and communication services that are needed to support smart grid communications. Then, we introduce the fundamental research challenges in this field including communication reliability and timeliness, QoS support, data management services, and autonomic behaviors. Finally, we discuss the main solutions proposed in the literature for each of them, and we identify possible future research directions
Data-centric communication framework for multicast iec 61850 routable GOOSE messages over the WAN in modern power systems
In this paper, a data-centric communication framework is proposed for multicast routable generic object-oriented substation event (GOOSE) messages (MRGM) over the wide area network (WAN) for effective substation-to-substation (SS2SS) and substation to control center (SS2CC) communications. In this structure, the IEC 61850 GOOSE message is transmitted over the WAN using the data distribution service (DDS) as a fast, reliable, and secure data-centric communication middleware. The main feature of this framework is its multicast capability, where several authorized subscribers can receive a published message simultaneously. This can significantly improve the system monitoring and control of the protection systems in modern smart grids, where intelligent schemes can be applied. The effectiveness of the proposed platform, in terms of total end-to-end delay between participants, is evaluated through experimental results obtained from the actual hardware-based test setup developed at the Florida International University (FIU) smart grid testbed. The results demonstrate that the latency between sending and receiving a GOOSE message among participants is within its maximum time span defined by the IEC 61850-90-5 working group for communications over the WAN
Evaluating XMPP Communication in IEC 61499-based Distributed Energy Applications
The IEC 61499 reference model provides an international standard developed
specifically for supporting the creation of distributed event-based automation
systems. Functionality is abstracted into function blocks which can be coded
graphically as well as via a text-based method. As one of the design goals was
the ability to support distributed control applications, communication plays a
central role in the IEC 61499 specification. In order to enable the deployment
of functionality to distributed platforms, these platforms need to exchange
data in a variety of protocols. IEC 61499 realizes the support of these
protocols via "Service Interface Function Blocks" (SIFBs). In the context of
smart grids and energy applications, IEC 61499 could play an important role, as
these applications require coordinating several distributed control logics.
Yet, the support of grid-related protocols is a pre-condition for a wide-spread
utilization of IEC 61499. The eXtensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP)
on the other hand is a well-established protocol for messaging, which has
recently been adopted for smart grid communication. Thus, SIFBs for XMPP
facilitate distributed control applications, which use XMPP for exchanging all
control relevant data, being realized with the help of IEC 61499. This paper
introduces the idea of integrating XMPP into SIFBs, demonstrates the
prototypical implementation in an open source IEC 61499 platform and provides
an evaluation of the feasibility of the result.Comment: 2016 IEEE 21st International Conference on Emerging Technologies and
Factory Automation (ETFA
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