8,236 research outputs found
Communicating a Pandemic
This edited volume compares experiences of how the Covid-19 pandemic was communicated in the Nordic countries â Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. The Nordic countries are often discussed in terms of similarities concerning an extensive welfare system, economic policies, media systems, and high levels of trust in societal actors. However, in the wake of a global pandemic, the countriesâ coping strategies varied, creating certain question marks on the existence of a âNordic modelâ.
The chapters give a broad overview of crisis communication in the Nordic countries during the first year of the Covid-19 pandemic by combining organisational and societal theoretical perspectives and encompassing crisis response from governments, public health authorities, lobbyists, corporations, news media, and citizens. The results show several similarities, such as political and governmental responses highlighting solidarity and the need for exceptional measures, as expressed in press conferences, social media posts, information campaigns, and speeches. The media coverage relied on experts and was mainly informative, with few critical investigations during the initial phases. Moreover, surveys and interviews show the importance of news media for citizensâ coping strategies, but also that citizens mostly trusted both politicians and health authorities during the crisis.
This book is of interest to all who are looking to understand societal crisis management on a comprehensive level.âŻThe volume contains chapters from leading experts from all the Nordic countries and is edited by a team with complementary expertise on crisis communication, political communication, and journalism, consisting of Bengt Johansson, Ăyvind Ihlen, Jenny Lindholm, and Mark Blach-Ărsten.âŻPublishe
Conversations on Empathy
In the aftermath of a global pandemic, amidst new and ongoing wars, genocide, inequality, and staggering ecological collapse, some in the public and political arena have argued that we are in desperate need of greater empathy â be this with our neighbours, refugees, war victims, the vulnerable or disappearing animal and plant species. This interdisciplinary volume asks the crucial questions: How does a better understanding of empathy contribute, if at all, to our understanding of others? How is it implicated in the ways we perceive, understand and constitute others as subjects? Conversations on Empathy examines how empathy might be enacted and experienced either as a way to highlight forms of otherness or, instead, to overcome what might otherwise appear to be irreducible differences. It explores the ways in which empathy enables us to understand, imagine and create sameness and otherness in our everyday intersubjective encounters focusing on a varied range of "radical others" â others who are perceived as being dramatically different from oneself. With a focus on the importance of empathy to understand difference, the book contends that the role of empathy is critical, now more than ever, for thinking about local and global challenges of interconnectedness, care and justice
LIPIcs, Volume 251, ITCS 2023, Complete Volume
LIPIcs, Volume 251, ITCS 2023, Complete Volum
The consolidated European synthesis of CHâ and NâO emissions for the European Union and United Kingdom: 1990â2019
Knowledge of the spatial distribution of the fluxes of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and their temporal variability as well as flux attribution to natural and anthropogenic processes is essential to monitoring the progress in mitigating anthropogenic emissions under the Paris Agreement and to inform its global stocktake. This study provides a consolidated synthesis of CHâ and NâO emissions using bottom-up (BU) and top-down (TD) approaches for the European Union and UK (EU27â+âUK) and updates earlier syntheses (Petrescu et al., 2020, 2021). The work integrates updated emission inventory data, process-based model results, data-driven sector model results and inverse modeling estimates, and it extends the previous period of 1990â2017 to 2019. BU and TD products are compared with European national greenhouse gas inventories (NGHGIs) reported by parties under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 2021. Uncertainties in NGHGIs, as reported to the UNFCCC by the EU and its member states, are also included in the synthesis. Variations in estimates produced with other methods, such as atmospheric inversion models (TD) or spatially disaggregated inventory datasets (BU), arise from diverse sources including within-model uncertainty related to parameterization as well as structural differences between models. By comparing NGHGIs with other approaches, the activities included are a key source of bias between estimates, e.g., anthropogenic and natural fluxes, which in atmospheric inversions are sensitive to the prior geospatial distribution of emissions. For CHâ emissions, over the updated 2015â2019 period, which covers a sufficiently robust number of overlapping estimates, and most importantly the NGHGIs, the anthropogenic BU approaches are directly comparable, accounting for mean emissions of 20.5âTgâCHââyrc (EDGARv6.0, last year 2018) and 18.4âTgâCHââyrâ»Âč (GAINS, last year 2015), close to the NGHGI estimates of 17.5±2.1âTgâCHââyrâ»Âč. TD inversion estimates give higher emission estimates, as they also detect natural emissions. Over the same period, high-resolution regional TD inversions report a mean emission of 34âTgâCHââyrâ»Âč. Coarser-resolution global-scale TD inversions result in emission estimates of 23 and 24âTgâCHââyrâ»Âč inferred from GOSAT and surface (SURF) network atmospheric measurements, respectively. The magnitude of natural peatland and mineral soil emissions from the JSBACHâHIMMELI model, natural rivers, lake and reservoir emissions, geological sources, and biomass burning together could account for the gap between NGHGI and inversions and account for 8âTgâCHââyrâ»Âč. For NâO emissions, over the 2015â2019 period, both BU products (EDGARv6.0 and GAINS) report a mean value of anthropogenic emissions of 0.9âTgâNâOâyrâ»Âč, close to the NGHGI data (0.8±55â%âTgâNâOâyrâ»Âč). Over the same period, the mean of TD global and regional inversions was 1.4âTgâNâOâyrâ»Âč (excluding TOMCAT, which reported no data). The TD and BU comparison method defined in this study can be operationalized for future annual updates for the calculation of CHâ and NâO budgets at the national and EU27â+âUK scales. Future comparability will be enhanced with further steps involving analysis at finer temporal resolutions and estimation of emissions over intra-annual timescales, which is of great importance for CHâ and NâO, and may help identify sector contributions to divergence between prior and posterior estimates at the annual and/or inter-annual scale. Even if currently comparison between CHâ and NâO inversion estimates and NGHGIs is highly uncertain because of the large spread in the inversion results, TD inversions inferred from atmospheric observations represent the most independent data against which inventory totals can be compared. With anticipated improvements in atmospheric modeling and observations, as well as modeling of natural fluxes, TD inversions may arguably emerge as the most powerful tool for verifying emission inventories for CHâ, NâO and other GHGs. The referenced datasets related to figures are visualized at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7553800 (Petrescu et al., 2023)
An investigation into mechanisms of regeneration specificity in planarian flatworms.
Many animals have the extraordinary ability to replace lost body parts, even so we humans do not. One critical but poorly understood aspect of this phenomenon is how wounds tailor the regeneration response to the particular target structure that needs to be regrown. In my thesis work I have attempted to address this problem in the champions of regeneration, the planarian flatworms. If one of these animals is cut into tiny pieces, each of the pieces will regenerate a head at the anterior end and tail at the posterior end. For over a century investigators have searched for the intrinsic polarity cue underlying this regeneration polarity, but until now its mechanistic basis is not known. The explicit goal of my thesis work was to identify this cue.
The general approach that I have taken toward identification of the intrinsic polarity is to systematically compare two different planarian species with subtle variations in the establishment of regeneration polarity, Schmidtea mediterranea and Girardia tigrina. First, I demonstrate through systematic comparison of different amputation paradigms that regeneration polarity is dependent not only on species, but also on piece length, body size and anteroposterior axis position. Second, given that these findings are consistent with a gradient- based intrinsic polarity cue as prevalent hypothesis in the field, I tested whether the recently identified tail-to-head gradient of canonical Wnt (cWnt) signalling could be mechanistic basis of regeneration polarity. As precondition for doing so, I developed new approaches to measure and manipulate cWnt signalling in planaria. The data acquired with these tools suggest that the cWnt gradient may contribute to the observed position-dependence of regeneration polarity but is overall not the (only) intrinsic polarity cue. Third, I present my initial efforts to test whether the longitudinal muscle fibres (LMFs) in which notum is exclusively activated are an intrinsic polarity cue. My results suggest that âbundlesâ of short, intrinsically polarised LMFs running along the AP axis may express notum when they are cut anterior to their nucleus and moreover that misregulation of such a mechanism may underlie the species-dependence of regeneration polarity.
Overall, the work presented in this thesis offers new insight into the cellular and conceptual basis of planarian regeneration polarity and, in doing so, the more general question of how regenerative organisms âsenseâ precisely what body part is missing and therefore needs to be regrown. Furthermore, it puts forward new hypotheses that through additional experimentation may explain lead to elucidation of the underlying molecular mechanisms
Non-perturbative topological string theory on compact Calabi-Yau 3-folds
We obtain analytic and numerical results for the non-perturbative amplitudes
of topological string theory on arbitrary, compact Calabi-Yau manifolds. Our
approach is based on the theory of resurgence and extends previous special
results to the more general case. In particular, we obtain explicit
trans-series solutions of the holomorphic anomaly equations. Our results
predict the all orders, large genus asymptotics of the topological string free
energies, which we test in detail against high genus perturbative series
obtained recently in the compact case. We also provide additional evidence that
the Stokes constants appearing in the resurgent structure are closely related
to integer BPS invariants.Comment: 85 pages, 16 figures, 15 table
Search for Eccentric Black Hole Coalescences during the Third Observing Run of LIGO and Virgo
Despite the growing number of confident binary black hole coalescences
observed through gravitational waves so far, the astrophysical origin of these
binaries remains uncertain. Orbital eccentricity is one of the clearest tracers
of binary formation channels. Identifying binary eccentricity, however, remains
challenging due to the limited availability of gravitational waveforms that
include effects of eccentricity. Here, we present observational results for a
waveform-independent search sensitive to eccentric black hole coalescences,
covering the third observing run (O3) of the LIGO and Virgo detectors. We
identified no new high-significance candidates beyond those that were already
identified with searches focusing on quasi-circular binaries. We determine the
sensitivity of our search to high-mass (total mass ) binaries
covering eccentricities up to 0.3 at 15 Hz orbital frequency, and use this to
compare model predictions to search results. Assuming all detections are indeed
quasi-circular, for our fiducial population model, we place an upper limit for
the merger rate density of high-mass binaries with eccentricities at Gpc yr at 90\% confidence level.Comment: 24 pages, 5 figure
Automated identification and behaviour classification for modelling social dynamics in group-housed mice
Mice are often used in biology as exploratory models of human conditions, due to their similar genetics and physiology. Unfortunately, research on behaviour has traditionally been limited to studying individuals in isolated environments and over short periods of time. This can miss critical time-effects, and, since mice are social creatures, bias results.
This work addresses this gap in research by developing tools to analyse the individual behaviour of group-housed mice in the home-cage over several days and with minimal disruption. Using data provided by the Mary Lyon Centre at MRC Harwell we designed an end-to-end system that (a) tracks and identifies mice in a cage, (b) infers their behaviour, and subsequently (c) models the group dynamics as functions of individual activities. In support of the above, we also curated and made available a large dataset of mouse localisation and behaviour classifications (IMADGE), as well as two smaller annotated datasets for training/evaluating the identification (TIDe) and behaviour inference (ABODe) systems. This research constitutes the first of its kind in terms of the scale and challenges addressed. The data source (side-view single-channel video with clutter and no identification markers for mice) presents challenging conditions for analysis, but has the potential to give richer information while using industry standard housing.
A Tracking and Identification module was developed to automatically detect, track and identify the (visually similar) mice in the cluttered home-cage using only single-channel IR video and coarse position from RFID readings. Existing detectors and trackers were combined with a novel Integer Linear Programming formulation to assign anonymous tracks to mouse identities. This utilised a probabilistic weight model of affinity between detections and RFID pickups.
The next task necessitated the implementation of the Activity Labelling module that classifies the behaviour of each mouse, handling occlusion to avoid giving unreliable classifications when the mice cannot be observed. Two key aspects of this were (a) careful feature-selection, and (b) judicious balancing of the errors of the system in line with the repercussions for our setup.
Given these sequences of individual behaviours, we analysed the interaction dynamics between mice in the same cage by collapsing the group behaviour into a sequence of interpretable latent regimes using both static and temporal (Markov) models. Using a permutation matrix, we were able to automatically assign mice to roles in the HMM, fit a global model to a group of cages and analyse abnormalities in data from a different demographic
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