3,010 research outputs found
Analysis domain model for shared virtual environments
The field of shared virtual environments, which also
encompasses online games and social 3D environments, has a
system landscape consisting of multiple solutions that share great functional overlap. However, there is little system interoperability between the different solutions. A shared virtual environment has an associated problem domain that is highly complex raising difficult challenges to the development process, starting with the architectural design of the underlying system. This paper has two main contributions. The first contribution is a broad domain analysis of shared virtual environments, which enables developers to have a better understanding of the whole rather than the part(s). The second contribution is a reference domain model for discussing and describing solutions - the Analysis Domain Model
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Multimedia delivery in the future internet
The term “Networked Media” implies that all kinds of media including text, image, 3D graphics, audio
and video are produced, distributed, shared, managed and consumed on-line through various networks,
like the Internet, Fiber, WiFi, WiMAX, GPRS, 3G and so on, in a convergent manner [1]. This white
paper is the contribution of the Media Delivery Platform (MDP) cluster and aims to cover the Networked
challenges of the Networked Media in the transition to the Future of the Internet.
Internet has evolved and changed the way we work and live. End users of the Internet have been confronted
with a bewildering range of media, services and applications and of technological innovations concerning
media formats, wireless networks, terminal types and capabilities. And there is little evidence that the pace
of this innovation is slowing. Today, over one billion of users access the Internet on regular basis, more
than 100 million users have downloaded at least one (multi)media file and over 47 millions of them do so
regularly, searching in more than 160 Exabytes1 of content. In the near future these numbers are expected
to exponentially rise. It is expected that the Internet content will be increased by at least a factor of 6, rising
to more than 990 Exabytes before 2012, fuelled mainly by the users themselves. Moreover, it is envisaged
that in a near- to mid-term future, the Internet will provide the means to share and distribute (new)
multimedia content and services with superior quality and striking flexibility, in a trusted and personalized
way, improving citizens’ quality of life, working conditions, edutainment and safety.
In this evolving environment, new transport protocols, new multimedia encoding schemes, cross-layer inthe
network adaptation, machine-to-machine communication (including RFIDs), rich 3D content as well as
community networks and the use of peer-to-peer (P2P) overlays are expected to generate new models of
interaction and cooperation, and be able to support enhanced perceived quality-of-experience (PQoE) and
innovative applications “on the move”, like virtual collaboration environments, personalised services/
media, virtual sport groups, on-line gaming, edutainment. In this context, the interaction with content
combined with interactive/multimedia search capabilities across distributed repositories, opportunistic P2P
networks and the dynamic adaptation to the characteristics of diverse mobile terminals are expected to
contribute towards such a vision.
Based on work that has taken place in a number of EC co-funded projects, in Framework Program 6 (FP6)
and Framework Program 7 (FP7), a group of experts and technology visionaries have voluntarily
contributed in this white paper aiming to describe the status, the state-of-the art, the challenges and the way
ahead in the area of Content Aware media delivery platforms
LIRA: A Location Independent Routing Layer based on Source-Provided Ephemeral Names
We identify the obstacles hindering the deployment of Information Centric
Networking (ICN) and the shift from the current IP architecture. In particular,
we argue that scalability of name resolution and the lack of control of content
access from content providers are two important barriers that keep ICN away
from deployment. We design solutions to incentivise ICN deployment and present
a new network architecture that incorporates an extra layer in the protocol
stack (the Location Independent Routing Layer, LIRA) to integrate
location-independent content delivery. According to our design, content names
need not (and should not) be permanent, but rather should be ephemeral.
Resolution of non-permanent names requires the involvement of content
providers, enabling desirable features such as request logging and cache
purging, while avoiding the need for the deployment of a new name resolution
infrastructure. Our results show that with half of the network's nodes
operating under the LIRA framework, we can get the full gain of the ICN mode of
operation
Scalability of broadcast performance in wireless network-on-chip
Networks-on-Chip (NoCs) are currently the paradigm of choice to interconnect the cores of a chip multiprocessor. However, conventional NoCs may not suffice to fulfill the on-chip communication requirements of processors with hundreds or thousands of cores. The main reason is that the performance of such networks drops as the number of cores grows, especially in the presence of multicast and broadcast traffic. This not only limits the scalability of current multiprocessor architectures, but also sets a performance wall that prevents the development of architectures that generate moderate-to-high levels of multicast. In this paper, a Wireless Network-on-Chip (WNoC) where all cores share a single broadband channel is presented. Such design is conceived to provide low latency and ordered delivery for multicast/broadcast traffic, in an attempt to complement a wireline NoC that will transport the rest of communication flows. To assess the feasibility of this approach, the network performance of WNoC is analyzed as a function of the system size and the channel capacity, and then compared to that of wireline NoCs with embedded multicast support. Based on this evaluation, preliminary results on the potential performance of the proposed hybrid scheme are provided, together with guidelines for the design of MAC protocols for WNoC.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version
All-Path Routing Protocols: Analysis of Scalability and Load Balancing Capabilities for Ethernet Networks
This paper presents a scalability and load balancing study of the All-Path
protocols, a family of distributed switching protocols based on path
exploration. ARP-Path is the main protocol and it explores every possible path
reaching from source to destination by using ARP messages, selecting the lowest
latency path. Flow-Path and Bridge-Path are respectively the flow-based and
bridge-based versions, instead of the source address-based approach of
ARP-Path. While preserving the main advantages of ARP-Path, Flow-Path has the
advantages of full independence of flows for path creation, guaranteeing path
symmetry and increased path diversity. While Bridge-Path increases scalability
by reducing forwarding table entries at core bridges. We compare the
characteristics of each protocol and the convenience of using each one
depending on the topology and the type of traffic. Finally, we prove their load
balancing capabilities analytically and via simulation.Comment: 11 pages, 13 figure
SDN Controllers: Benchmarking & Performance Evaluation
Software Defined Networks offer flexible and intelligent network operations
by splitting a traditional network into a centralized control plane and a
programmable data plane. The intelligent control plane is responsible for
providing flow paths to switches and optimizes network performance. The
controller in the control plane is the fundamental element used for all
operations of data plane management. Hence, the performance and capabilities of
the controller itself are extremely important. Furthermore, the tools used to
benchmark their performance must be accurate and effective in measuring
different evaluation parameters. There are dozens of controller proposals
available in existing literature. However, there is no quantitative comparative
analysis for them. In this article, we present a comprehensive qualitative
comparison of different SDN controllers, along with a quantitative analysis of
their performance in different network scenarios. More specifically, we
categorize and classify 34 controllers based on their capabilities, and present
a qualitative comparison of their properties. We also discuss in-depth
capabilities of benchmarking tools used for SDN controllers, along with best
practices for quantitative controller evaluation. This work uses three
benchmarking tools to compare nine controllers against multiple criteria.
Finally, we discuss detailed research findings on the performance, benchmarking
criteria, and evaluation testbeds for SDN controllers
A Taxonomy of Peer-to-Peer Based Complex Queries: a Grid perspective
Grid superscheduling requires support for efficient and scalable discovery of
resources. Resource discovery activities involve searching for the appropriate
resource types that match the user's job requirements. To accomplish this goal,
a resource discovery system that supports the desired look-up operation is
mandatory. Various kinds of solutions to this problem have been suggested,
including the centralised and hierarchical information server approach.
However, both of these approaches have serious limitations in regards to
scalability, fault-tolerance and network congestion. To overcome these
limitations, organising resource information using Peer-to-Peer (P2P) network
model has been proposed. Existing approaches advocate an extension to
structured P2P protocols, to support the Grid resource information system
(GRIS). In this paper, we identify issues related to the design of such an
efficient, scalable, fault-tolerant, consistent and practical GRIS system using
a P2P network model. We compile these issues into various taxonomies in
sections III and IV. Further, we look into existing works that apply P2P based
network protocols to GRIS. We think that this taxonomy and its mapping to
relevant systems would be useful for academic and industry based researchers
who are engaged in the design of scalable Grid systems
Blockchain for Economically Sustainable Wireless Mesh Networks
Decentralization, in the form of mesh networking and blockchain, two
promising technologies, is coming to the telecommunications industry. Mesh
networking allows wider low cost Internet access with infrastructures built
from routers contributed by diverse owners, while blockchain enables
transparency and accountability for investments, revenue or other forms of
economic compensations from sharing of network traffic, content and services.
Crowdsourcing network coverage, combined with crowdfunding costs, can create
economically sustainable yet decentralized Internet access. This means every
participant can invest in resources, and pay or be paid for usage to recover
the costs of network devices and maintenance. While mesh networks and mesh
routing protocols enable self-organized networks that expand organically,
cryptocurrencies and smart contracts enable the economic coordination among
network providers and consumers. We explore and evaluate two existing
blockchain software stacks, Hyperledger Fabric (HLF) and Ethereum geth with
Proof of Authority (PoA) intended as a local lightweight distributed ledger,
deployed in a real city-wide production mesh network and also in laboratory
network. We quantify the performance, bottlenecks and identify the current
limitations and opportunities for improvement to serve locally the needs of
wireless mesh networks, without the privacy and economic cost of relying on
public blockchains.Comment: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1804.0056
PTP: Path-specified Transport Protocol for Concurrent Multipath Transmission in Named Data Networks
Named Data Networking (NDN) is a promising Future Internet architecture to
support content distribution. Its inherent addressless routing paradigm brings
valuable characteristics to improve the transmission robustness and efficiency,
e.g. users are enabled to download content from multiple providers
concurrently. However, multipath transmission NDN is different from that in
Multipath TCP, i.e. the "paths" in NDN are transparent to and uncontrollable by
users. To this end, the user controls the traffic on all transmission paths as
an entirety, which leads to a noticeable problem of low bandwidth utilization.
In particular, the congestion of a certain path will trigger the traffic
reduction on the other transmission paths that are underutilized. Some
solutions have been proposed by letting routers balance the loads of different
paths to avoid congesting a certain path prematurely. However, the complexity
of obtaining an optimal load balancing solution (of solving a Multi-Commodity
Flow problem) becomes higher with the increasing network size, which limits the
universal NDN deployments. This paper introduces a compromising solution -
Path-specified Transport Protocol (PTP). PTP supports both the label switching
and the addressless routing schemes. Specifically, the label switching scheme
facilitates users to precisely control the traffic on each transmission path,
and the addressless routing scheme maintains the valuable feature of retrieving
content from any provider to guarantee robustness. As the traffic on a
transmission path can be explicitly controlled by consumers, load balancing is
no longer needed in routers, which reduce the computational burden of routers
and consequently increase the system scalability. The experimental results show
that PTP significantly increases the users' downloading rates and improved the
network throughput.Comment: journal, 21 page
CYCLOSA: Decentralizing Private Web Search Through SGX-Based Browser Extensions
By regularly querying Web search engines, users (unconsciously) disclose
large amounts of their personal data as part of their search queries, among
which some might reveal sensitive information (e.g. health issues, sexual,
political or religious preferences). Several solutions exist to allow users
querying search engines while improving privacy protection. However, these
solutions suffer from a number of limitations: some are subject to user
re-identification attacks, while others lack scalability or are unable to
provide accurate results. This paper presents CYCLOSA, a secure, scalable and
accurate private Web search solution. CYCLOSA improves security by relying on
trusted execution environments (TEEs) as provided by Intel SGX. Further,
CYCLOSA proposes a novel adaptive privacy protection solution that reduces the
risk of user re- identification. CYCLOSA sends fake queries to the search
engine and dynamically adapts their count according to the sensitivity of the
user query. In addition, CYCLOSA meets scalability as it is fully
decentralized, spreading the load for distributing fake queries among other
nodes. Finally, CYCLOSA achieves accuracy of Web search as it handles the real
query and the fake queries separately, in contrast to other existing solutions
that mix fake and real query results
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