Experimental and Numerical Investigations of Skim Milk Powder Stickiness and Deposition Mechanisms

The particle gun method and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modelling was used to study stickiness and deposition mechanisms of skim milk powder in an impingement jet hitting a stainless steel plate. The particular focus was on the effect of jet velocity and particle size distribution on deposition. Low jet velocities of 10.3, 14.8 and 19.4 m/s were studied at fine particle size levels of 30, 51, and 61 mm, using a jet-plate height to jet diameter ratio of 4. For skim milk powder with a bulk particle size (d(0.5) = 61 μm), lowering the air velocity from 19.4 m/s to 10.3 m/s increased the level of deposition and decreased the point at which deposition first occur as measured by the temperature difference between the glass transition temperature (Tg) of amorphous lactose and the air jet temperature of the particle gun. This point is called (T-Tg)critical. The critical point decreased from 39.0 °C to 18.6 °C as the velocity decreased from 19.4 to 10.3 m/s and the (T-Tg)critical obtained at the lower velocity is in closer agreement with previously reported fluid bed rig results. The (T-Tg)critical point and level of deposition was also found to be highly dependent on particle size. Increasing the average particle size from 30 μm to 61μm increased the (T-Tg)critical from 8.2 °C to 18.6 °C and 14.8 °C to 39.0 °C for jet velocities of 10.3 m/s and 19.4 m/s respectively. Levels of particle deposition also dramatically decreased for both velocity ranges. Ring shaped deposit morphologies were observed with increasing particle stickiness. Beyond (T-Tg)critical powder deposits formed at the periphery of the plate creating a large round clear zone which decreased until a striped deposit ring formed and finally deposits formed only at the centre. Particles were observed to bounce radially from the centre of the plate before sticking. Milk powder deposits are therefore governed by the kinetic energy of the impinging particle in addition to particle surface stickiness. The particle gun method was modelled using Fluent CFD software as an adhesion phenomenon arising from the particle-surface contact dynamics of a particle laden impingement jet contacting a vertical collection plate. The development of a wall boundary condition for specifying the particle-surface interaction has been the focus. A particle is captured by the wall if the impinging kinetic energy is below the prescribed critical normal kinetic energy; otherwise the particle rebounds with reduced kinetic energy. The model was developed through the User Define Function option of Fluent. The CFD model confirmed that particles rebound radially from the collection plate several times before sticking. Circular deposit morphology results from such modelled contact dynamics which are similar to the observed experimental deposits. The level of deposition predicted by CFD increased with increasing levels of critical normal kinetic energy, in the same way experimental deposits increased with increasing particle stickiness. The current model did not considered the contribution from the tangential velocity component to particle stick/rebound behaviour, but it is expected the tangential velocity may also play a significant role and should be included in future CFD models. It is recommended that the particle-surface interaction needs to be studied in more detail, preferably with imaging systems such as Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV), so that individual particle trajectory and deposition behaviour can be followed and analysed

Modelling of submerged membrane bioreactor: Conceptual study about link between activated slugde biokinetics, aeration and fouling process

A mathematical model was developed to simulate filtration process and aeration influence on Submerged Membrane Bioreactor (SMBR) in aerobic conditions. The biological kinetics and the dynamic effect of the sludge attachment and detachment from the membrane, in relation to the filtration and a strong intermittent aeration, were included in the model. The model was established considering soluble microbial products (SMP) formation-degradation. The fouling components responsible of pore clogging, sludge cake growth, and temporal sludge film coverage were considered during calculation of the total membrane fouling resistance. The influence of SMP, trans-membrane pressure, and mixed liquor suspended solids on specific filtration resistance of the sludge cake was also included. With this model, the membrane fouling under different SMBR operational conditions can be simulated. The influence of a larger number of very important process variables on fouling development can be well quantified. The model was developed for evaluating the influence on fouling control of an intermittent aeration of bubbles synchronized or not with the filtration cycles, taking into account the effects of shear intensity on sludge cake removal

프리바이오틱스가 첨가된 감 분말의 물리화학적, 기능적 특성

학위논문(석사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 국제농업기술대학원 국제농업기술학과, 2021.8. 정동화.Persimmons contain health beneficial components such as dietary fibers, vitamins, minerals, and polyphenols, which have antioxidant and antidiabetic effects as well as prevent cardiovascular and other various diseases. However, since most fruits contain 70–80% of moisture content, limitations such as storage, transportation loss could occur. Since most fruits are eaten after peeling, so waste issues, pesticide problems, and seasonality are other limitations. In addition, bioactive compounds such as vitamins and polyphenols could be degraded at high moisture content conditions. Spray drying is widely used for fruit powderization with produced powders having low moisture content and water activity, thus could overcome listed limitations. However, when fruits are powderized, stickiness could occur due to high amount of sugars which lead to low glass transition temperature. Thus, drying aids such as polysaccharides and proteins must be added when spray drying. Resistant maltodextrin (RMD) is a prebiotics dietary fiber that can improve the intestinal environment by becoming a nutrient for probiotics. Meanwhile, RMD is used alone, stickiness could occur, clogged to bag filter, resulting in process stop. Gum arabic, which has film-forming properties, results in stable feed solution, so it is usually used with maltodextrin when fruit powderization. The objective of this research is to examine physicochemical and functional properties of persimmon extract spray-dried powder with using resistant maltodextrin and gum arabic at a ratio of 7:3 (w/w) as drying aids (PE-RMGA). The feed solutions were prepared by adding 30% (w/w) drying aids which were maltodextrin or resistant maltodextrin and gum arabic to 10% (w/w) persimmon extract. The moisture content and water activity were 2.21%, and 0.158, respectively, which means microbiologically safe. Due to small particle size (14.4 μm), flowability and dispersibility might represented poor value. PE-RMGA showed GAB sorption model which is general sight of fruits caused by high sugar contents, and had hygroscopic properties, thereby caution is required when handling, storing of powders. Degree of encapsulation of total phenols and proanthocyanidins were 62% and 49%, respectively, but vitamin C was oxidized, it might be due to extraction process. Like other fruits, sucrose and glucose instead of sucrose made up most sugars, which work in combination with dietary fiber, so using a moderate amount will help control the glycemic index. Comparing sweetness with sucrose using electronic tongue, no significant difference was observed. Based on results, produced PE-RMGA had poor flowability according to HR and CI, and hygroscopic properties, so caution is required in handling and storage area and could be used as a natural sweetener which has antioxidant, antidiabetic, and neuroprotective characteristics if proper amounts are used. In addition, PE-RMGA contains not only components of persimmon but also prebiotics dietary fiber, it will have a more health functional role.감에는 식이섬유, 비타민, 미네랄, 폴리페놀 등 건강에 이로운 성분이 들어 있어 항산화 및 항당뇨 효과는 물론 심혈관계 질환 등 각종 질병을 예방한다. 하지만, 대부분의 과일의 수분 함량은 70~80%에 달하기 때문에 보관, 운송 손실 등에서의 한계점을 가질 수 있고, 대부분의 과일은 껍질을 벗긴 후 먹기 때문에 쓰레기 문제, 농약 문제, 계절성 문제 등도 있다. 또한 비타민과 폴리페놀과 같은 생물 활성 화합물은 높은 수분 함량 조건에서 분해될 수 있기 때문에 수분함량을 조절하는 것은 생물 활성 화합물 파괴 방지를 위해 굉장히 중요하다. 분무 건조는 과일 분말화에 널리 쓰이고 있으며, 생산된 분말은 수분 함량 및 수분활성도가 낮기 때문에 앞서 열거된 한계를 극복할 수 있다. 하지만 과일에는 당분이 많아 유리 전이온도가 낮기 때문에 분말화될 때 고온에 의해 끈적임이 발생할 수 있고, 그렇기 때문에 분무 건조 시 다당류, 단백질 등 건조보조제를 추가해야 한다. 저항성 말토덱스트린은 프로바이오틱스의 영양소가 되어 장내 환경 개선에 도움을 줄 수 있는 프리바이오틱스 식이섬유이다. 한편, 저항성 말토덱스트린이 단독으로 사용될 경우, 끈적임이 발생할 수 있으며, 그로 인해 분무건조기의 필터가 막혀서 공정이 정지될 수 있다. 과일 분말을 만들 때 말토덱스트린과 함께 필름 형성 능력을 가진 구아검을 사용한다. 본 연구에서는 건조 보조제로써 7:3의 비율로 저항성 말토덱스트린과 구아검 (30%, w/w)을 감 추출액(10%, w/w)에 넣은 후 분무건조 시키고 생성된 분말의 물리화학적(Chapter 2) 및 기능적 특성(Chpater 3)을 확인하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 감 추출액(10%, w/w)에 말토덱스트린이나 저항성 말토덱스트린과 구아검 건조보조제(30%, w/w)를 첨가한 후 분무 건조 시킨 결과 수분 함량과 수분활성도는 각각 2.21%, 0.158로 미생물학적으로 안정한 것으로 나타낸고 입자 크기(14.4 μm)가 작기 때문에 유동성과 분산성이 낮은 값을 나타났다. 생성된 분말은 일반적인 과일과 같은 GAB 흡착 모델을 보여주었으며, 흡습성이 강하다는 특성을 가지고 있어 분말 취급, 보관 시 주의가 요구된다. 총 페놀함량과 프로안토시아니딘 함량의 보존 정도는 높았지만 비타민C 함량은 검출되지 않았는데, 이는 추출 과정 중 제거됐을 수 있다. 당 함량은 자당 대신 대부분이 포도당과 과당으로 구성 되었고, 전자혀로 자당과의 단맛을 비교해도 큰 차이는 관찰되지 않았다. 다른 과일과 마찬가지로 설탕 대신 자당과 포도당이 대부분의 당을 구성하고 있었는데 이는 식이섬유와 함께 결합하여 작용되기 때문에 적당량을 이용하면 혈당 지수를 조절하는데 도움이 될 것이다. 결과적으로, 감 추출액에 저항성 말토덱스트린과 구아검을 혼합하여 분무 건조시킨 후 생성된 분말은 유동성과 습도 특성이 좋지 않아 취급 및 보관부위에 주의가 필요하지만 적정량을 사용할 경우 항산화, 항당뇨, 신경보호 특성을 가진 천연 감미료로 사용할 수 있다. 또한, 해당 분말은 감의 건강에 이로운 성분뿐만 아니라 프리바이오틱스 식이섬유를 함유하고 있어 보다 더 건강기능적인 역할을 할 것이다.Chapter 1 Research background 1 1. Fruits 1 1.1. Composition 1 1.2. Health promoting properties 4 2. Persimmon 7 2.1. Composition 9 2.1.1. Proximate composition 9 2.1.2. Vitamins 11 2.1.3. Polyphenols 13 2.2. Health functional properties of persimmon 18 2.3. Cheongdo-bansi (Diospyros kaki Thunb. cv. Cheongdo-bansi) 20 3. Limitations in fruit commercialization 23 3.1. Seasonality 23 3.2. Storage loss 24 3.3. Transportation loss 24 3.4. Waste issues 25 3.5. Pesticide residues 25 4. Fruit powderization 26 4.1. Significances of fruit powderization 26 4.2. Preparation of feed suspension for drying 35 4.3. Main technologies for fruit powderization 36 4.3.1. Spray drying 38 4.3.2. Freeze drying 40 4.3.3. Vaccum drying 40 4.4. Drying aids for fruit powderization by spray drying 41 4.4.1. Polysaccharides 42 4.4.2. Proteins 45 4.5. Powderization of persimmon extract by spray drying 46 4.5.1. Resistant maltodextrin as a drying aid 49 4.4.2. Gum arabic as a drying aid 52 5. Factors influencing the performace of spray drying 53 5.1. Inlet temperature 54 5.2. Feed rate 55 5.3. Air flow rate 56 5.4. Atomizing pressure 57 5.5. Drying aids 57 6. Sweetener 61 6.1. Sugars 61 6.2. Natural sweeteners 63 6.3. Artificial sweeteners 64 6.4. Persimmon powder as a potential sweetener 65 7. Research significance 65 8. Preliminary test 66 9. Research objectives 73 Chapter 2 Physicochemical characteristics of persimmon powder produced by spray drying with a mixture of resistant maltodextrin and gum arabic 75 1. Introduction 75 2. Materials and methods 78 2.1. Materials 78 2.2. Proximate composition analysis of persimmon extract 81 2.3. Preparation of feed suspensions 82 2.4. Spray drying 83 2.5. Determination of drying yield 84 2.6. Determination of water activity and moisture content 85 2.7. Particle size analysis 85 2.8. Particle morphology analysis 86 2.9. Determination of powder density, porosity and flowability 86 2.10. Determination of reconstitution properties 90 2.11. Determination of moisture sorption isotherm 91 2.12. Determination of glass transition temperature 94 2.13. Statistical analysis 95 3. Results and discussion 96 3.1. Proximate composition of persimmon extract 96 3.2. Characteristics of spray-dried persimmon-prebiotics powders 98 4. Conclusions 117 Chapter 3 Antioxidant, antidiabetic, and sweetning activities of persimmon-prebiotics powders 119 1. Introduction 119 2. Materials and methods 122 2.1. Materials 122 2.2. Determination of total phenolic compounds 122 2.3. Determination of proanthocyanidin contents 123 2.4. Determination of vitamin C contents 124 2.5. DPPH/ABTS assay 124 2.6. Determination of sugar contents 126 2.7. Electronic tongue analysis 128 2.8. Statistical analysis 137 3. Results and discussion 138 4. Conclusions 168 References 169 Abstract in Korean 207 Acknowledgement 209석

From textiles to humans: the role of textile moisture transfer properties on human physiological and perceptual responses

Clothing provides the body with a protective barrier from environmental factors, such as rain, snow, wind and solar radiation. Beside this imperative protective function, the interaction between clothing and the human body has implications in terms of temperature regulation and comfort. Specifically, wetness at the skin-clothing interface represents one of the highest sources of discomfort when wearing clothing, which could even contribute to reductions in human performance and, in extreme environments, impact human health. To maximise heat and mass transfer through the clothing barrier, the textile and clothing industry constantly works on apparel innovations. Textile test methods allow assessments of objective improvements in material performance; however it is often unknown whether improvements at material level have an impact on human physiological and/or perceptual responses. Therefore, the aim of this research was to adopt an integrative paradigm in which textile and clothing moisture transfer parameters are instrumentally characterised and, subsequently, assessed in human physiological as well as sensorial experiments. In this thesis, the current literature review focuses on the interactions occurring between the thermal environment, the human body and the clothes worn by the person (Chapter 1). The test methods applied to evaluate textile and clothing parameters are reviewed and discussed (Chapter 1). This is followed by an outlined of the methodological developments adopted in the current research to measure human responses when interacting with textiles and clothing, both during rest and exercise conditions (Chapter 2). In the first laboratory study (Chapter 3), a skin regional experiment (fabrics applied on a restricted body area) was conducted to study the role of fabric thickness and fibre type on human cutaneous wetness perception, in condition of static fabric contact with the skin. In the same study, the approach adopted to characterise fabric moisture content, i.e. absolute (same µL of water per area (cm2)) versus relative (same µL of water per unit of fabric volume (cm3)) was studied and the implications that fabric total saturation has on skin wetness perception were explored. The results showed the role of fabric thickness as major determinant of fabric absorption capacity and also wetness perception. In fabrics presenting same saturation percentage (same water content per volume) a positive relation between fabric thickness and wetness perception was observed and this was independent of fibre type. When applying the same relative to volume water content (same saturation percentage) thicker fabrics were perceived wetter than the thinner ones. Conversely, when applying the same absolute water amount, thicker fabrics were perceived dryer compared to thinner fabrics, given that thinner fabrics were more saturated. These findings indicate that human wetness perception responses between fabrics with different volume/thickness parameters should be interpreted in light of their saturation parameters rather than considering the absolute moisture content. In the same study, it was observed that the weight of the fabric in wet state can also modulate wetness-related perceptual responses. Specifically, heavier fabrics were perceived wetter than lighter ones, despite using the same fabric and applying the same level of physical moisture. This phenomenon was explained in light of the synthetic nature of wetness perception, specifically through the effect of fabric weight on cutaneous perceived pressure which was associated with higher physical wetness in fabrics. In a following skin regional experiment (inner forearm), the individual and combined role of fabric surface texture (contact points with the skin) and fabric thickness on wetness perception as well as stickiness sensation was studied (Chapter 4). In contrast to Study 1, in this experiment, fabrics were examined in dynamic contact conditions with the skin. It was observed that, when pre-wetted (same relative water content, corresponding to 50% of their maximum absorption capacity), fabric materials with a smoother surface (higher contact) resulted in greater skin wetness perception and stickiness sensation compared to the rougher fabric surfaces. Interestingly, the power of wetness perception prediction became stronger when including, together with stickiness, fabric thickness, indicating the important role of these two parameters when developing next to skin clothing. In the same dynamic application, to assess whether texture data can be used as predictors of fabric stickiness sensation, fabric surface texture was quantified using the Kawabata Evaluation System. The results showed that the Kawabata Evaluation System failed to predict stickiness sensation of wet fabrics commonly assumed to be associated with fabric texture, thus a different way to define fabric texture may be needed in order to represent this link (stickiness and texture). Moving from this first research stage, where the impact of textile properties on human perceptual responses was investigated using a mechanistic approach, in the second research phase a more applied approach was adopted. The aim was to study textile parameters and clothing performance in conditions of exercise-induced sweat production as opposed to laboratory-induced wetness conditions. Before investigating human sensorial responses in transient exercise conditions, in Study 3 (Chapter 5) we addressed potential biases which can occur when sensorial scores of temperature, wetness and discomfort are repeatedly reported in transient exercise conditions. We pointed out that, when repeatedly reported, previous sensorial scores can be set by the participants as reference values and the subsequent score may be given based on the previous point of reference, the latter phenomenon leading to a bias which we defined as anchoring bias . Indeed, the findings showed that subsequent sensorial scores are prone to anchoring biases and that the bias consists in a systematically higher magnitude of sensation expressed, as compared to when reported a single time only. As such, the study allowed recognition and mitigation of the identified error, in order to improve the methodological rigour of the following research involving sensorial data in transient exercise conditions. Following from Study 2, where the impact of stickiness sensation on wetness perception was highlighted, in the fourth laboratory study (Chapter 6) we aimed to investigate the combined effect of garment contact area, sweat content and moisture saturation percentage, in conditions of exercise-induced sweat production. Furthermore, the influence that both stickiness sensation and wetness perception have on wear discomfort was studied. The findings showed that fabric saturation percentage mainly affected stickiness sensation of wet fabrics, dominating the impact of fabric contact area and absolute sweat content. On the contrary, wetness perception was not different between garments. This indicated that stickiness sensation and wetness perception are not always strongly related; as such they should both be measured and considered individually. Texture and stickiness sensation presented the best relation with wear discomfort at baseline and during exercise, respectively. Due to the impact of fabric moisture saturation percentage on stickiness sensation and wear discomfort, identified in Study 1 and Study 2, in Study 5 (Chapter 7) we aimed to quantifying temporal and regional sweat absorption in cotton and synthetic upper body garments. Sweat production was induced in male athletes during 50 minutes of running exercise, performed in a warm environment. Considerable variations in sweat absorption were observed over time and between garment regions. Based on these data, we provided temporal and spatial sweat absorption maps which could guide the process of clothing development, using a sweat mapping approach. In Study 5 a destructive gravimetric method was developed to quantify local garment sweat absorption. While this currently is the only methodology that permits direct and analytical measurements of garment regional sweat absorption, the latter approach is time-consuming and expensive, therefore of limited applicability. As such, in study 6 (Chapter 8), it was assessed whether infrared thermography could be used as an indirect method to estimate garment regional sweat absorption, right after exercise, in a non-destructive fashion. Spatial and temporal sweat absorption data, obtained from Study 5, were correlated with spatial and temporal temperature data (also obtained from study 5) measured with an infrared thermal camera. The data suggested that infrared thermography is a good tool to qualitatively predict regional sweat absorption in garments at separate individual time points; however temporal and quantitative changes are not predicted well, due to a moisture threshold causing a temperature limit above which variations in sweat content cannot be discriminated by temperature changes any further. In conclusion, the textile parameters identified in this PhD research as major determinants of fabric absorption capacity and related perceptions are thickness/volume, wet weight, moisture saturation percentage, surface area and surface texture. These textile factors influence wetness-related sensations and perceptions over time, in relation to the over-time changes in human thermophysiological responses (such as metabolic rate and sweating) and to the environmental conditions the person is exposed to. This clearly shows that in a multifactorial system such as the environment-human-clothing one, the strength of different cutaneous moisture-related stimuli, triggered by various textiles parameters, should be considered. Finally, this indicates that, to obtain a better understanding of clothing performance and its impact on human sensation

Gas phase thermometry of hot turbulent jets using laser induced phosphorescence

This article is made available through the Brunel Open Access Publishing Fund. Copyright @ 2013 OSAThe temperature distributions of heated turbulent jets of air were determined using two dimensional (planar) laser induced phosphorescence. The jets were heated to specific temperature increments, ranging from 300 – 850 K and several Reynolds numbers were investigated at each temperature. The spectral ratio technique was used in conjunction with thermographic phosphors BAM and YAG:Dy, individually. Single shot and time averaged results are presented as two dimensional stacked images of turbulent jets. YAG:Dy did not produce a high enough signal for single shot measurements. The results allowed for a direct comparison between BAM and YAG:Dy, revealing that BAM is more suitable for relatively lower temperature, fast and turbulent regimes and that YAG:Dy is more suited to relatively higher temperature, steady flow situations

Instrumentation, Data, And Algorithms For Visually Understanding Haptic Surface Properties

Autonomous robots need to efficiently walk over varied surfaces and grasp diverse objects. We hypothesize that the association between how such surfaces look and how they physically feel during contact can be learned from a database of matched haptic and visual data recorded from various end-effectors\u27 interactions with hundreds of real-world surfaces. Testing this hypothesis required the creation of a new multimodal sensing apparatus, the collection of a large multimodal dataset, and development of a machine-learning pipeline. This thesis begins by describing the design and construction of the Portable Robotic Optical/Tactile ObservatioN PACKage (PROTONPACK, or Proton for short), an untethered handheld sensing device that emulates the capabilities of the human senses of vision and touch. Its sensory modalities include RGBD vision, egomotion, contact force, and contact vibration. Three interchangeable end-effectors (a steel tooling ball, an OptoForce three-axis force sensor, and a SynTouch BioTac artificial fingertip) allow for different material properties at the contact point and provide additional tactile data. We then detail the calibration process for the motion and force sensing systems, as well as several proof-of-concept surface discrimination experiments that demonstrate the reliability of the device and the utility of the data it collects. This thesis then presents a large-scale dataset of multimodal surface interaction recordings, including 357 unique surfaces such as furniture, fabrics, outdoor fixtures, and items from several private and public material sample collections. Each surface was touched with one, two, or three end-effectors, comprising approximately one minute per end-effector of tapping and dragging at various forces and speeds. We hope that the larger community of robotics researchers will find broad applications for the published dataset. Lastly, we demonstrate an algorithm that learns to estimate haptic surface properties given visual input. Surfaces were rated on hardness, roughness, stickiness, and temperature by the human experimenter and by a pool of purely visual observers. Then we trained an algorithm to perform the same task as well as infer quantitative properties calculated from the haptic data. Overall, the task of predicting haptic properties from vision alone proved difficult for both humans and computers, but a hybrid algorithm using a deep neural network and a support vector machine achieved a correlation between expected and actual regression output between approximately ρ = 0.3 and ρ = 0.5 on previously unseen surfaces

Capturing tactile properties of real surfaces for haptic reproduction

Tactile feedback of an object’s surface enables us to discern its material properties and affordances. This understanding is used in digital fabrication processes by creating objects with high-resolution surface variations to influence a user’s tactile perception. As the design of such surface haptics commonly relies on knowledge from real-life experiences, it is unclear how to adapt this information for digital design methods. In this work, we investigate replicating the haptics of real materials. Using an existing process for capturing an object’s microgeometry, we digitize and reproduce the stable surface information of a set of 15 fabric samples. In a psychophysical experiment, we evaluate the tactile qualities of our set of original samples and their replicas. From our results, we see that direct reproduction of surface variations is able to influence different psychophysical dimensions of the tactile perception of surface textures. While the fabrication process did not preserve all properties, our approach underlines that replication of surface microgeometries benefits fabrication methods in terms of haptic perception by covering a large range of tactile variations. Moreover, by changing the surface structure of a single fabricated material, its material perception can be influenced. We conclude by proposing strategies for capturing and reproducing digitized textures to better resemble the perceived haptics of the originals

Development of a Wireless MEMS Multifunction Sensor System and Field Demonstration of Embedded Sensors for Monitoring Concrete Pavements, Volume II

This two-pronged study evaluated the performance of commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) micro-electromechanical sensors and systems (MEMS) embedded in concrete pavement (Final Report Volume I) and developed a wireless MEMS multifunctional sensor system for health monitoring of pavement systems (Final Report Volume II). The Volume I report focused on the evaluation of COTS MEMS sensors embedded in concrete pavement sections. The Volume II report covers the set of MEMS sensors that were developed as single-sensing units for measuring moisture, temperature, strain, and pressure. These included the following sensors: (1) nanofiber-based moisture sensors, (2) graphene oxide (GO)–based moisture sensors, (3) flexible graphene strain sensors with liquid metal, (4) graphene strain and pressure sensors, (5) three-dimensional (3D) planar and helical structured graphene strain sensors, (6) temperature sensors, and (7) water content sensors. In addition, the MEMS temperature sensors and the MEMS water content sensors were integrated into one sensing unit as a multifunctional sensor. A wireless signal transmission system was built for MEMS sensor signal readings. Characterization of the sensors was conducted and sensor responses were analyzed using different applications. The sensors developed were installed and tested inside concrete. The results demonstrated the capability to detect sensor response changes at the installed locations