Oriented Colourings of Graphs with Maximum Degree Three and Four

We show that any orientation of a graph with maximum degree three has an oriented 9-colouring, and that any orientation of a graph with maximum degree four has an oriented 69-colouring. These results improve the best known upper bounds of 11 and 80, respectively

On the oriented chromatic number of dense graphs

Let $G$ be a graph with $n$ vertices, $m$ edges, average degree $\delta$, and maximum degree $\Delta$. The \emph{oriented chromatic number} of $G$ is the maximum, taken over all orientations of $G$, of the minimum number of colours in a proper vertex colouring such that between every pair of colour classes all edges have the same orientation. We investigate the oriented chromatic number of graphs, such as the hypercube, for which $\delta\geq\log n$. We prove that every such graph has oriented chromatic number at least $\Omega(\sqrt{n})$. In the case that $\delta\geq(2+\epsilon)\log n$, this lower bound is improved to $\Omega(\sqrt{m})$. Through a simple connection with harmonious colourings, we prove a general upper bound of \Oh{\Delta\sqrt{n}} on the oriented chromatic number. Moreover this bound is best possible for certain graphs. These lower and upper bounds are particularly close when $G$ is ($c\log n$)-regular for some constant $c>2$, in which case the oriented chromatic number is between $\Omega(\sqrt{n\log n})$ and $\mathcal{O}(\sqrt{n}\log n)$

Homomorphisms of (j,k)-mixed graphs

A mixed graph is a simple graph in which a subset of the edges have been assigned directions to form arcs. For non-negative integers j and k, a (j,k)−mixed graph is a mixed graph with j types of arcs and k types of edges. The collection of (j,k)−mixed graphs contains simple graphs ((0,1)−mixed graphs), oriented graphs ((1,0)−mixed graphs) and k−edge- coloured graphs ((0,k)−mixed graphs).A homomorphism is a vertex mapping from one (j,k)−mixed graph to another in which edge type is preserved, and arc type and direction are preserved. The (j,k)−chromatic number of a (j,k)−mixed graph is the least m such that an m−colouring exists. When (j,k)=(0,1), we see that these definitions are consistent with the usual definitions of graph homomorphism and graph colouring.In this thesis we study the (j,k)−chromatic number and related parameters for different families of graphs, focussing particularly on the (1,0)−chromatic number, more commonly called the oriented chromatic number, and the (0,k)−chromatic number.In addition to considering vertex colourings, we also consider incidence colourings of both graphs and digraphs. Using systems of distinct representatives, we provide a new characterisation of the incidence chromatic number. We define the oriented incidence chromatic number and find, by way of digraph homomorphism, a connection between the oriented incidence chromatic number and the chromatic number of the underlying graph. This connection motivates our study of the oriented incidence chromatic number of symmetric complete digraphs.Un graphe mixte est un graphe simple tel que un sous-ensemble des arêtes a une orientation. Pour entiers non négatifs j et k, un graphe mixte-(j,k) est un graphe mixte avec j types des arcs and k types des arêtes. La famille de graphes mixte-(j,k) contient graphes simple, (graphes mixte−(0,1)), graphes orienté (graphes mixte−(1,0)) and graphe coloré arête −k (graphes mixte−(0,k)).Un homomorphisme est un application sommet entre graphes mixte−(j,k) que tel les types des arêtes sont conservés et les types des arcs et leurs directions sont conservés. Le nombre chromatique−(j,k) d’un graphe mixte−(j,k) est le moins entier m tel qu’il existe un homomorphisme à une cible avec m sommets. Quand on observe le cas de (j,k) = (0,1), on peut déterminer ces définitions correspondent à les définitions usuel pour les graphes.Dans ce mémoire on etude le nombre chromatique−(j,k) et des paramètres similaires pour diverses familles des graphes. Aussi on etude les coloration incidence pour graphes and digraphs. On utilise systèmes de représentants distincts et donne une nouvelle caractérisation du nombre chromatique incidence. On define le nombre chromatique incidence orienté et trouves un connexion entre le nombre chromatique incidence orienté et le nombre chromatic du graphe sous-jacent

On oriented cliques with respect to push operation

International audienceAn oriented graph is a directed graph without any directed cycle of length at most 2. An oriented clique is an oriented graph whose non-adjacent vertices are connected by a directed 2-path. To push a vertex v of a directed graph G is to change the orientations of all the arcs incident to v. A push clique is an oriented clique that remains an oriented clique even if one pushes any set of vertices of it. We show that it is NP-complete to decide if an undirected graph is the underlying graph of a push clique or not. We also prove that a planar push clique can have at most 8 vertices and provide an exhaustive list of planar push cliques

Une contribution à la théorie d' homomorphisme et de coloration des graphes

An oriented graph is a directed graph with no cycle of length at most two. A homomorphism of an oriented graph to another oriented graph is an arc preserving vertex mapping. To push a vertex is to switch the direction of the arcs incident to it. An orientable graph is an equivalence class of oriented graph with respect to the push operation. An orientable graph [−→G] admits a homomorphism to an orientable graph [−→H] if an element of [−→G] admits a homomorphism to an element of [−→H]. A signified graph (G, Σ) is a graph whose edges are assigned either a positive sign or a negative sign, while Σ denotes the set of edges with negative signs assigned to them. A homomorphism of a signified graph to another signified graph is a vertex mapping such that the image of a positive edge is a positive edge and the image of a negative edge is a negative edge. A signed graph [G, Σ] admits a homomorphism to a signed graph [H, Λ] if an element of [G, Σ] admits a homomorphism to an element of [H, Λ]. The oriented chromatic number of an oriented graph −→G is the minimum order of an oriented graph −→H such that −→G admits a homomorphism to −→H. A set R of vertices of an oriented graph −→G is an oriented relative clique if no two vertices of R can have the same image under any homomorphism. The oriented relative clique number of an oriented graph −→G is the maximum order of an oriented relative clique of −→G. An oriented clique or an oclique is an oriented graph whose oriented chromatic number is equal to its order. The oriented absolute clique number of an oriented graph −→G is the maximum order of an oclique contained in −→G as a subgraph. The chromatic number, the relative chromatic number and the absolute chromatic number for orientable graphs, signified graphs and signed graphs are defined similarly. In this thesis we study the chromatic number, the relative clique number and the absolute clique number of the above mentioned four types of graphs. We specifically study these three parameters for the family of outerplanar graphs, of outerplanar graphs with given girth, of planar graphs and of planar graphs with given girth. We also try to investigate the relation between the four types of graphs and prove some results regarding that. In this thesis, we provide tight bounds for the absolute clique number of these families in all these four settings. We provide improved bounds for relative clique numbers for the same. For some of the cases we manage to provide improved bounds for the chromatic number as well. One of the most difficult results that we prove here is that the oriented absolute clique number of the family of planar graphs is at most 15. This result settles a conjecture made by Klostermeyer and MacGillivray in 2003. Using the same technique we manage to prove similar results for orientable planar graphs and signified planar graphs. We also prove that the signed chromatic number of triangle-free planar graphs is at most 25 using the discharging method. This also implies that the signified chromatic number of trianglefree planar graphs is at most 50 improving the previous upper bound. We also study the 2-dipath and oriented L(p, q)-labeling (labeling with a condition for distance one and two) for several families of planar graphs. It was not known if the categorical product of orientable graphs and of signed graphs exists. We prove both the existence and also provide formulas to construct them. Finally, we propose some conjectures and mention some future directions of works to conclude the thesis.Dans cette thèse, nous considérons des questions relatives aux homomorphismes de quatre types distincts de graphes : les graphes orientés, les graphes orientables, les graphes 2-arête colorés et les graphes signés. Pour chacun des ces quatre types, nous cherchons à déterminer le nombre chromatique, le nombre de clique relatif et le nombre de clique absolu pour différentes familles de graphes planaires : les graphes planaires extérieurs, les graphes planaires extérieurs de maille fixée, les graphes planaires et les graphes planaires de maille fixée. Nous étudions également les étiquetages "2-dipath" et "L(p,q)" des graphes orientés et considérons les catégories des graphes orientables et des graphes signés. Nous étudions enfin les différentes relations pouvant exister entre ces quatre types d'homomorphismes de graphes

A contribution to the theory of graph homomorphisms and colorings

Dans cette thèse, nous considérons des questions relatives aux homomorphismes de quatre types distincts de graphes : les graphes orientés, les graphes orientables, les graphes 2-arête colorés et les graphes signés. Pour chacun des ces quatre types, nous cherchons à déterminer le nombre chromatique, le nombre de clique relatif et le nombre de clique absolu pour différentes familles de graphes planaires : les graphes planaires extérieurs, les graphes planaires extérieurs de maille fixée, les graphes planaires et les graphes planaires de maille fixée. Nous étudions également les étiquetages "2-dipath" et "L(p,q)" des graphes orientés et considérons les catégories des graphes orientables et des graphes signés. Nous étudions enfin les différentes relations pouvant exister entre ces quatre types d'homomorphismes de graphes.An oriented graph is a directed graph with no cycle of length at most two. A homomorphism of an oriented graph to another oriented graph is an arc preserving vertex mapping. To push a vertex is to switch the direction of the arcs incident to it. An orientable graph is an equivalence class of oriented graph with respect to the push operation. An orientable graph [−→G] admits a homomorphism to an orientable graph [−→H] if an element of [−→G] admits a homomorphism to an element of [−→H]. A signified graph (G, Σ) is a graph whose edges are assigned either a positive sign or a negative sign, while Σ denotes the set of edges with negative signs assigned to them. A homomorphism of a signified graph to another signified graph is a vertex mapping such that the image of a positive edge is a positive edge and the image of a negative edge is a negative edge. A signed graph [G, Σ] admits a homomorphism to a signed graph [H, Λ] if an element of [G, Σ] admits a homomorphism to an element of [H, Λ]. The oriented chromatic number of an oriented graph −→G is the minimum order of an oriented graph −→H such that −→G admits a homomorphism to −→H. A set R of vertices of an oriented graph −→G is an oriented relative clique if no two vertices of R can have the same image under any homomorphism. The oriented relative clique number of an oriented graph −→G is the maximum order of an oriented relative clique of −→G. An oriented clique or an oclique is an oriented graph whose oriented chromatic number is equal to its order. The oriented absolute clique number of an oriented graph −→G is the maximum order of an oclique contained in −→G as a subgraph. The chromatic number, the relative chromatic number and the absolute chromatic number for orientable graphs, signified graphs and signed graphs are defined similarly. In this thesis we study the chromatic number, the relative clique number and the absolute clique number of the above mentioned four types of graphs. We specifically study these three parameters for the family of outerplanar graphs, of outerplanar graphs with given girth, of planar graphs and of planar graphs with given girth. We also try to investigate the relation between the four types of graphs and prove some results regarding that. In this thesis, we provide tight bounds for the absolute clique number of these families in all these four settings. We provide improved bounds for relative clique numbers for the same. For some of the cases we manage to provide improved bounds for the chromatic number as well. One of the most difficult results that we prove here is that the oriented absolute clique number of the family of planar graphs is at most 15. This result settles a conjecture made by Klostermeyer and MacGillivray in 2003. Using the same technique we manage to prove similar results for orientable planar graphs and signified planar graphs. We also prove that the signed chromatic number of triangle-free planar graphs is at most 25 using the discharging method. This also implies that the signified chromatic number of trianglefree planar graphs is at most 50 improving the previous upper bound. We also study the 2-dipath and oriented L(p, q)-labeling (labeling with a condition for distance one and two) for several families of planar graphs. It was not known if the categorical product of orientable graphs and of signed graphs exists. We prove both the existence and also provide formulas to construct them. Finally, we propose some conjectures and mention some future directions of works to conclude the thesis