Emotions Enforce Fairness Norms (a Simple Model of Strong Reciprocity)

In experimental games, many subjects cooperate contrary to their material interest and they do that in a reciprocal manner. In addition, many subjects punish those others who behave unkindly, and previous history usually influences subjects’ choices. We propose a simple game-theoretical model to account for these and other experimental phenomena, and compare it with other models of social preferences and reciprocity.Emotions; Fairness; Path-Dependency; Strong Reciprocity; Social Norms

The Economics of Fairness, Reciprocity and Altruism – Experimental Evidence and New Theories

This paper surveys recent experimental and field evidence on the impact of concerns for fairness, reciprocity and altruism on economic decision making. It also reviews some new theoretical attempts to model the observed behavior.Behavioural Economics; Other-regarding Preferences; Fairness; Reciprocity; Altruism; Experiments; Incentives; Contracts; Competition

The Economics of Fairness, Reciprocity and Altruism – Experimental Evidence and New Theories

Chapter written for the Handbook of Reciprocity, Gift-Giving and AltruismBehavioural Economics; Other-regarding Preferences; Fairness; Reciprocity; Altruism; Experiments; Incentives; Contracts; Competition

Essays in Organizational Design and Defense Policy

In the first chapter, we use a laboratory experiment to investigate empirically the influence of various organizational designs on producing welfare-enhancing outcomes for a firm. We find organizational design significantly influences group outcomes without changes to incentive structures, which can be explained by a theory that assumes individuals care not only about their own self-interest but receive disutility when the group outcome deviates from a social norm. We hypothesize that organizational design changes affect individuals through a combination of changing the amount of moral wiggle room available and cognitive energy required to self-deceive, and allowing for individuals to update their beliefs about assumed group preferences through communication.In chapter two, we consider recent research utilizing Health and Retirement Survey data, which identifies a growing wealth gap between veterans and non-veterans entering retirement age. We survey the literature by exploring institutional factors such as income challenges associated with military service. We conclude that while servicemembers may earn income near parity with their non-veteran peers, they face significant challenges in maintaining dual income households. Similarly, homeownership is much lower among active duty servicemembers and below the American average. A decline in veteran wealth places strains on intergenerational transfers, which may be especially challenging for legacy servicemembers. The literature suggests servicemembers, like most Americans, struggle with financial literacy but seek professional guidance at higher rates than the national average. Recent retirement changes within the Department of Defense (DOD) present opportunities for behaviorally informed savings programs. Finally, we consider how locus of control influences veteran wealth outcomes.Finally, our third chapter examines the impact of changing DOD presence on median wages by gender and on occupational crowding. We focus on the implementation of the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC). We use the American Communities Survey data linking BRAC actions to county economic outcomes of interest. Our findings indicate heterogeneous impacts on wages by gender resulting from BRAC shocks, primarily associated with military personnel shocks. We find military personnel shocks also significantly affects the wage gap between men and women. However, we find little support for changes in DOD presence materially impacting occupational crowding

Emotions enforce fairness norms (a simple model of strong reciprocity)

In experimental games, many subjects cooperate contrary to their material interest and they do that in a reciprocal manner. In addition, many subjects punish those others who behave unkindly, and previous history usually influences subjects’ choices. We propose a simple game-theoretical model to account for these and other experimental phenomena, and compare it with other models of social preferences and reciprocity

Aversion to norm-breaking: a model

This is the author’s version of a work that was accepted for publication in Games and Economic Behavior . Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in Games and Economic Behavior 64 (2008). DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geb.2007.10.009In experimental games, we observe the following phenomena: (1) many subjects cooperate contrary to their material interest, (2) they cooperate in a reciprocal manner, (3) subjects often punish those others who behave unkindly, and (4) previous history usually influences subjects’ choices. We propose a simple game-theoretical model to account for these and other experimental phenomena, and compare it with other models of social preferences and reciprocity.Ffinancial support from the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science

A Game-Theoreteic Analysis of Minority Language Use in Multilingual Societies

This chapter studies multilingual democratic societies with highly developed economies. These societies are assumed to have two languages with official status: language A, spoken by every individual, and language B, spoken by the bilingual minority. We emphasize that language rights are important, but the survival of the minority language B depends mainly on the actual use bilinguals make of B. The purpose of the present chapter is to study some of the factors affecting the bilingual speakers language choice behaviour. Our view is that languages with their speech communities compete for speakers just as fi rms compete for market share. Thus, the con ict among the minority languages in these societies does not take the rough expressions such as those studied in Desmet et al. (2012). Here the con flict is more subtle. We model highly plausible language choice situations by means of choice procedures and non-cooperative games, each with different types of information. We then study the determinants of the bilinguals ' strategic behaviour with regard to language. We observe that the bilinguals' use of B is shaped, essentially, by linguistic conventions and social norms that are developed in situations of language contact.Financial support provided by the Basque Government and the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (ECO2012-31626) are gratefully acknowledged

An Exploratory Study of Patient Falls

Debate continues between the contribution of education level and clinical expertise in the nursing practice environment. Research suggests a link between Baccalaureate of Science in Nursing (BSN) nurses and positive patient outcomes such as lower mortality, decreased falls, and fewer medication errors. Purpose: To examine if there a negative correlation between patient falls and the level of nurse education at an urban hospital located in Midwest Illinois during the years 2010-2014? Methods: A retrospective crosssectional cohort analysis was conducted using data from the National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators (NDNQI) from the years 2010-2014. Sample: Inpatients aged ≥ 18 years who experienced a unintentional sudden descent, with or without injury that resulted in the patient striking the floor or object and occurred on inpatient nursing units. Results: The regression model was constructed with annual patient falls as the dependent variable and formal education and a log transformed variable for percentage of certified nurses as the independent variables. The model overall is a good fit, F (2,22) = 9.014, p = .001, adj. R2 = .40. Conclusion: Annual patient falls will decrease by increasing the number of nurses with baccalaureate degrees and/or certifications from a professional nursing board-governing body

Reasons and Means to Model Preferences as Incomplete

Literature involving preferences of artificial agents or human beings often assume their preferences can be represented using a complete transitive binary relation. Much has been written however on different models of preferences. We review some of the reasons that have been put forward to justify more complex modeling, and review some of the techniques that have been proposed to obtain models of such preferences