How Much of Chinese Exports is Really Made In China? Assessing Domestic Value-Added When Processing Trade is Pervasive

The rise of China in world trade has brought both benefits and anxiety to other economies. For many policy questions, it is crucial to know the extent of domestic value added (DVA) in exports, but the computation is more complicated when processing trade is pervasive. We propose a method for computing domestic and foreign contents that allows for processing trade. By our estimation, the share of domestic content in exports by the PRC was about 50% before China’s WTO membership, and has risen to over 60% since then. There are also interesting variations across sectors. Those sectors that are likely labeled as relatively sophisticated such as electronic devices have particularly low domestic content (about 30% or less).

Interactive Energy Demand Analysis: The MAED-BI Model Application in the Shanxi Province, PRC

The decision support system described in this report combines several data bases, simulation and optimization models, and AI components, in an easy-to-use Expert System framework. A graphical and largely symbolic user interface, relying exclusively on menu techniques and providing help and explain functions, makes access to the system's functions easy for the planner and decision maker, who might have little or no computer experience. The system is designed to assist the five-year planning process in Shanxi Province, which in the Chinese philosophy of integrated development, includes investment distribution, i.e., primarily economic, but also technological, resource, environmental and socio-political considerations. The scope of the system ranges from the macroeconomic level down to sectoral and engineering-oriented models. Modeling in in the Shanxi software system is done with the help of the MAED-BI (Model for Analysis of Energy Demand in Basic Industries). This model, which centers on heavy industry, has been extended to cover the full range of economic sectors for compatibility with the overall system. Connection to a relational data base management system for the definition of input scenarios, and an interactive, graphical user interface for the selective display are important features of this model

Understanding the Roles of Different Transport Modes in Logistics Market: Content Analysis for an Online Logistics Forum

For the purpose of meeting customer requirements at minimum cost, different transport modes need to be coordinated to make full use of their respective advantages in logistics market. A critical challenge lies in the lack of understanding for the roles of different transport modes in the dynamic logistics market with uncertainties. Online logistics forums provide user-generated content representing real-time market information. In this paper, a content analysis based method is presented to explore the logistics market. Text content in logistics forums is processed by word segmentation and stop word filtering. Then the LDA topic model is derived representing the most probable words for each transport mode. On this basis, the market areas and the cargo types can be investigated for the different modes of transportation. The method is demonstrated using a case study

Interactive Energy Demand Analysis: A Case Study of Shanxi Province, PRC

Within the framework of collaboration between IIASA's Advanced Computer Applications project (ACA) and the State Science and Technology Commission of the People's Republic of China (SSTCC), ACA has developed an integrated set of information and decision support system for development planning in China. The system is implemented for a case study of Shanxi, a province in north central China, which is very rich in coal and several mineral resources, but is still at an early stage of development, lacking, for example, a well developed infrastructure, or sufficient water. The decision support system combines several data bases, simulation and optimization models, and AI components, in an easy-to-use Expert System framework. A graphical and largely symbolic user interface, relying exclusively on menu techniques and providing extensive help and explain functions, makes access to the system's functions easy for the planner and decision maker, who might have little or no computer experience. The system is designed to assist the five-year planning process in Shanxi Province, which, in the Chinese philosophy of integrated development, includes investment distribution, i.e. primarily economic, but also technological, resource, environmental, and socio-political considerations. The scope of the system, consequently, ranges from the macroeconomic level down to sectoral and more engineering-oriented models. The energy sector certainly plays one of the most important roles in Shanxi's economic development. Shanxi is China's power house: with annual coal production approaching 250 Mt, economic and industrial development is centered around the production and use of coal. In the Shanxi software system, modeling the energy demand (and also related investment, labor, and water requirements) of planned production schemes, or more generally, the economic and social development, is done with the help of the MAED-BI (Model for Analysis of Energy Demand in Basic Industries). While centered on heavy industry, the model has been extended to cover the full range of economic sectors for compatibility with the overall system. Connection to a relational data base management system for the definition of input scenaria, and an interactive, graphical user interface for the selective display of model results, are important features. The model was developed in collaboration with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), and is based on previous work done at IIASA's Energy Program. It is not only a valuable component in the overall software system, but also provides an example of the model-based decision support philosophy that is at the core of the overall project

Expert Systems for Integrated Development: A Case Study of Shanxi Province, The People's Republic of China

The research and development project described in this status report is a collaborative project between IIASA and the Tate Science and Technology Commission of the People's Republic of China (SSTCC). The project objective is to build a computer-based information and decision support system, using expert systems technology, for regional development planning in Shanxi, a coal-rich province in northwestern China. Building on IIASA's experience in applied systems analysis, the project develops and implements a new generation of computer-based tools, integrating classical approaches of operations research and applied systems analysis with new developments in computer technology and artificial intelligence (AI) into an integrated hybrid system, designed for direct practical application. To provide the required information, several databases, simulation and optimization models, and decision support tools have been integrated. This information is presented in a form directly useful to planners and decision makers. The system is therefore structured along concepts of expert systems technology, includes several AI components, and features an easy-to-use color graphics user interface. The study is being carried out with intensive collaboration between IIASA, and Chinese academic, industrial, and governmental institutions, especially the regional government of Shanxi Province. The report describes the status of the project after one year of research, summarizing the problem area, the design principles of the software and the current status of prototype implementations

Coal mining areas: environmental issues and solutions (on the example of Kuzbass)

Rozdział z: Functioning of the Local Production Systems in Central and Eastern European Countries and Siberia. Case Studies and Comparative Studies, ed. Mariusz E. Sokołowicz.Having survived restructuring period during which the volume of production halved, since 1999 the coal industry has seen a significant growth of its production. However, the positive trends are accompanied by negative impacts for the environment. Further growth of coal has its limits both from economic and ecological points of view. This paper focuses on the environmental side of the issue, particularly on problems of emissions and wastes producing by coal mining and withdrawal of lands from land use. For Kuzbass as the first in Russia coal mining area, the impact of the coal industry on the environment is excessive, and consequently those problems are particularly acute. To solve the complex of environmental issues, it is necessary to raise environmental performance to a new qualitative level. That will require more financial, technological legislative and managerial decisions.Monograph financed under a contract of execution of the international scientific project within 7th Framework Programme of the European Union, co-financed by Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education (title: “Functioning of the Local Production Systems in the Conditions of Economic Crisis (Comparative Analysis and Benchmarking for the EU and Beyond”)). Monografia sfinansowana w oparciu o umowę o wykonanie projektu między narodowego w ramach 7. Programu Ramowego UE, współfinansowanego ze środków Ministerstwa Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego (tytuł projektu: „Funkcjonowanie lokalnych systemów produkcyjnych w warunkach kryzysu gospodarczego (analiza porównawcza i benchmarking w wybranych krajach UE oraz krajach trzecich”))

Optimization of reverse logistics network of End of Life Vehicles under fuzzy supply: A case study for Istanbul Metropolitan Area

Recycling aims at preventing rapid depletion of natural resources while transforming produced waste into value for economy. However, this process becomes a major challenge in automotive industry, which requires cooperative engagement of multiple players within a complex supply chain. In line with the essence of the topic, government agencies around the world issue directives drawing regulatory frameworks for designing recycling operations comprising various activities such as collection of end-of-life vehicles (ELVs), recovery of reusable components, shredding ELV's body, recycling valuable materials and disposal of the hazardous waste. In general, the amount of returned product in a reverse logistics network is highly uncertain, and the ELV market in Turkey is no exception to this. For that purpose, this study aims developing a fuzzy mixed integer location-allocation model for reverse logistic network of ELVs conforming to the existing directives in Turkey. Accordingly, this study uses a novel approach and assumes that ELV supply in the network is uncertain. The merit of the proposed mathematical model is proved on a real world scenario addressing the reverse logistics design problem for ELVs generated in metropolitan area of Istanbul. The network generated specifies that recycling process is not profitable under the existing circumstances with the given level of supplied ELV and the returned product records per capita in Istanbul are far beyond the EU averages. Consequently, sensitivity analyses question the reliability of the obtained results.WOS:0004593583000882-s2.0-8506018772

Modeling water-energy-food nexus for planning energy and agriculture developments: case study of coal mining industry in Shanxi province, China

As the main energy in China, coal has been the guarantee for the sustainable and rapid development of the economy. It will remain to be the guarantee for energy security in China for a very long time. However China's reliance on coal has raised a number of urgent environmental, economic, and social issues. Despite the fact that CO2 emissions and air polluton are well known, land deterioration and high water consumption are less evident, but not any less severe. And those issues are a threat to energy, water, and food security in China. The Chinese government has actively started addressing the problems related to the coal mining industy. Due to the isolation of the administrations and interdependencies among the problems, the issues are not being dealt with in a cordinated way. It is imperative to find a systemic way to analyze and deal with the development of the coal industry under the energy, water, and food security interdependencies. Herein, a model which is spatially detailed and could support the coal and agriculure production strategy under several resource and security constraints, has been developed. Through scenarios analyis, numerical experiments are carried out to illustrate the coal and agriculture productions under varying availability of water resources. In a visible way, we select some of the result to prove that the model can help select the optimal location and technologies sets of coal and agriculture production accounting for energy-food-water-environmental security constraints

Green Low-Carbon Technology for Metalliferous Minerals

Metalliferous minerals play a central role in the global economy. They will continue to provide the raw materials we need for industrial processes. Significant challenges will likely emerge if the climate-driven green and low-carbon development transition of metalliferous mineral exploitation is not managed responsibly and sustainably. Green low-carbon technology is vital to promote the development of metalliferous mineral resources shifting from extensive and destructive mining to clean and energy-saving mining in future decades. Global mining scientists and engineers have conducted a lot of research in related fields, such as green mining, ecological mining, energy-saving mining, and mining solid waste recycling, and have achieved a great deal of innovative progress and achievements. This Special Issue intends to collect the latest developments in the green low-carbon mining field, written by well-known researchers who have contributed to the innovation of new technologies, process optimization methods, or energy-saving techniques in metalliferous minerals development

A Spatial Economic Model of Maine\u27s Forest Product Industry: Interactions Between Markets, Policy, and Space

Recognizing the extensive historical and modern role of forests in Maine, this dissertation proposes a new dynamic-recursive, spatial allocation (DR.SAGE) model for examining Maine’s forest economy to understand its continuing importance to the state. This model attempts to incorporate spatial elements into a general equilibrium framework to evaluate how shocks to the forest products markets, such as a large increase in exports each year, would ripple through Maine, where forest related goods are the primary export. By adjusting previous estimates, contribution analyses for 2016 estimate that the forest products industry supports a $8.5B contribution to Maine. From here, it is projected that Maine’s economy will grow just under 5% by 2025 with business as usual: a 5.3% increase in GDP and a 4.7% increase in annual harvests. Driven by inflation, prices will increase an average of 22.1% by 2025. During this time, some production moves into the central counties of York, Cumberland, Androscoggin, Kennebec, and Penobscot from the others. Using the DR.SAGE model to analyze a spruce budworm infestation, I estimate that medium- and high intensity outbreaks will have long term consequences on the stock of softwood saw logs. I also estimate that an external increase in the demands for forest products of 15.6% over nine years would increase most forest product sectors’ outputs and prices by an additional 4%-10%; forest product sectors with proportionally large wood requirements and large export shares expanded the most. Despite this, Maine’s GDP is estimated to grow only by an additional 0.1%-0.2%. Sectors which are not related to Maine’s forest economy saw minimal decreases in price and output, while sectors competitive with forest sectors saw declines of 0.3%-0.6%. Overall, the DR.SAGE model framework meets the project objectives: it provides details about harvest levels and locations for a variety of wood types; the stock of each wood types is grown endogenously in the model; it provides information about each broad sector’s production in each county; and, it provides aggregate information about prices and county-level output for the forest product sectors