Report from the 1st MYCOKEY international conference Global Mycotoxin Reduction in the Food and Feed Chain held in Ghent, Belgium, 11-14 September 2017

Aflatoxins are cancer-promoting natural toxins that are produced by the fungus Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Aflatoxins have been regarded as one of the most fatal threat in food safety, due to their strong hepatotoxic, carcinogenic and teratogenic effects on human beings and animals. Among them, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is one of the common types which have received considerable attention. Thus, developing a rapid, simple and reliable method for determination of AFB1 in foods is very important. Herein, a preliminary study of Frster resonance energy transfer (FRET) immunoassay based on the cadmium-free quantum dots for determination of AFB1 was described. To avoid the use of hazardous heavy metals, core/shell InP/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) as an alternative for Cd-based QDs were synthesized. A silica shell with epoxy groups was used for water solubilization of the obtained nanoparticles. Then a specific anti-AFB1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) was labelled with the hydrophilic QDs via these highly reactive epoxy groups. Gel electrophoresis was used to control the binding. After that, the FRET system was developed using the Cd-free QDs conjugate as donor. Graphene oxide was selected as acceptor. In order to keep the distance between donor and acceptor close enough, the size of silica coated QDs should be controlled strictly. We found that 1-dodecantiol which was used for ligands change on the surface of InP/ZnS QDs was better than oleylamine and the optimum amount of tetraoxysilane was 5 mu L in the silylanization. Besides, only ethanol and hexane were used to wash silica coated QDs which could ensure good dispersion of QDs in water. The cut-off value for the determination of AFB1 in tube was 10 ng/mL with a preliminary study. Compared to reported FRET assays with Cd-based QDs, the developed FRET was easy-to-operate, visual and safe

Development of cosmeceutical formulations based on mushroom extracts and their individual compounds

[ES]La industria cosmética está constantemente en busca de ingredientes de origen natural debido a sus propiedades multifuncionales, su eficacia competitiva, y su menor toxicidad. Por otra parte, los hongos han sido una parte importante de nuestra dieta durante años debido a su riqueza nutricional y su abundante contenido en biomoléculas; sin embargo, su potencial cosmecéutico y nutricosmético no ha sido plenamente explotado. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo la optimización, utilizando la metodología de superficie de respuesta (RSM), de la extracción de compuestos bioactivos a partir de Ganoderma lucidum y Agaricus blazei y la comparación de técnicas de extracción convencionales con métodos más sostenibles. Se llevaron a cabo estudios adicionales relacionados con su composición química y valor nutricional (por ejemplo, azúcares, ácidos orgánicos, tocoferoles, y ácidos grasos). Además, extractos obtenidos, utilizando el sistema de extracción de Soxhlet, a partir de esos hongos junto con otros procedentes de Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus ostreatus y extractos de Lentinula edodes, se analizaron en términos de actividad anti-inflamatoria, anti-tirosinasa, antioxidante, y antimicrobiana seguido de su caracterización en términos de ácidos fenólicos y compuestos relacionados, ergosterol, y triterpenoides. Además, los extractos obtenidos fueron incorporados en una crema cosmética base para evaluar propiedades bioactivas de soporte. Además, para evaluar la contribución individual como cosmecéuticos del ácido p-hidroxibenzoico, ácido pcumárico, ácido protocatéquico, ácido cinámico y ergosterol, fueron estudiadas sus propiedades anti-inflamatorias, anti-tirosinasa, y actividades antimicrobianas, seguido de la incorporación de estos compuestos en una crema cosmética base. Debido a la posibilidad de que los extractos y los compuestos individuales puedan perder su potencia con el tiempo, ya sea debido a la oxidación o la degradación, se prepararon en forma de micropartículas usando la técnica de atomización/coagulación. Las micropartículas se caracterizaron en términos de morfología, distribución de tamaño de partícula, y la eficiencia de encapsulación. A continuación, dichas micropartículas se incorporaron en una crema cosmético de base y se comparó su comportamiento frente a las formas libres (formulaciones que contienen extractos libres/compuestos individuales). Los extractos más prometedores y sus correspondientes formulaciones fueron sometidos a test de evaluación in vitro de su seguridad utilizando los ensayos de MTT y LDH en líneas celulares de queratinocitos humanos (HaCaT) y fibroblastos (HFF-1). Además, los extractos fueron sometidos a estudios ex vivo de permeabilidad de la piel utilizando una celda de Franz provista con una membrana natural obtenida a partir de la piel de oreja de cerdo para determinar la biodisponibilidad tópica de los compuestos bioactivos presentes en los extractos. El estudio de optimización en la recuperación de compuestos bioactivos de Ganoderma lucidum y A. blazei mediante RSM mostró que los valores predichos por los modelos estaban muy de acuerdo con las observaciones experimentales. Además, se concluyó que el rendimiento de extracción de compuestos bioactivos a partir de los hongos estudiados era altamente dependiente de las variables de extracción (tiempo, temperatura, proporción de disolvente, la relación sólido-líquido, y potencia). A. blazei y G. ludidum también mostraron un elevado valor nutricional. Se cuantificaron a-tocoferol, ácido oxálico y veintiún ácidos grasos (principalmente PUFA) en A. blazei. G. lucidum, por su parte, mostró un perfil de ácidos grasos similares (PUFA˃SFA˃MUFA) y con la presencia de α-tocoferol y δ tocoferol. Comparativamente, A. blazei reveló un menor contenido de grasa, pero mayor aporte de energía. Se observó que el efecto sobre la viabilidad celular del extracto preparado a partir de A. blazei en líneas celulares Caco-2 y HT29-MTX se mantenía de una manera concentracióndependiente. Los extractos etanólicos obtenidos a partir de los hongos estudiados mostraron actividad antioxidante, anti-inflamatoria, anti-tirosinasa y antimicrobiana, y después de la incorporación en la crema cosmético base, las formulaciones cosmecéuticas finales conservaron algunas de estas bioactividades. El extracto de G. lucidum se encontró que era una fuente rica de triterpenoides debido principalmente a la alta contribución de ácidos ganodéricos A, C2, y H, mientras que los ácidos fenólicos (ácido p-hidroxibenzoico, p-cumárico, ácido protocatéquico y ácido cinámico) y ergosterol se identificaron en A. bisporus, P. ostreatus, L. edodes y extractos de A. blazei. Cada uno de estos compuestos también mostraron efectos antiinflamatorios, anti-tirosinasa y actividades antimicrobianas. Además, se utilizaron con éxito micropartículas para encapsular los extractos/compuestos individuales con alta eficiencia de encapsulación y rendimiento. Después de la incorporación en la crema cosmética base de los extractos/compuestos individuales libres y las micropartículas producidas a partir de ellos, las formas encapsuladas permitieron una liberación controlada que conduce a una mayor preservación de la bioactividad cuando se compara con las formas libres. Debido a que presentaban el potencial cosmecéutico más interesante, los extractos de P. ostreatus y G. lucidum fueron sometidos a estudios toxicológicos, que revelaron ausencia de toxicidad en líneas celulares de queratinocitos y fibroblastos, lo cual es indicativo de su potencial seguridad para ser utilizados como ingredientes cosmecéuticos. Los ácidos protocatequico y siríngico fueron los únicos compuestos que permeaban a partir del extracto de G. lucidum, mientras que se observó una muy baja permeación para los compuestos presentes en el extracto de P. ostreatus. También se obtuvieron resultados similares para la formulación preparada usando ambos extractos. Los resultados mostraron que los triterpenoides presentes en G. lucidum podrían ser potenciadores de la permeabilidad natural, lo que corrobora la idoneidad del uso de estos extractos de hongos como ingredientes para el cuidado de la piel. En general, los resultados mostraron que los productos para el cuidado de la piel se pueden formular usando extractos de hongos y que estos extractos tienen el potencial de ser utilizados a gran escala. Por lo tanto, la integración de los residuos generados por la industria de transformación de hongos, que pueden servir como materia prima para la obtención de extractos bioactivos, puede intensificarse.[EN]The cosmetic industry is constantly in search of ingredients from natural sources because of their multifunctional properties, competitive effectiveness, and lower toxicity effects. Otherwise, mushrooms have been an important part of our diet for years due to their rich nutritional and abundant content in biomolecules; however, their cosmeceutical and nutricosmetic potential have not been fully exploited. This study aimed at optimizing the extraction of bioactive compounds from Ganoderma lucidum and Agaricus blazei by Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and comparing conventional extraction techniques with more sustainable methods. Further studies regarding their nutritional and chemical composition (e.g., sugars, organic acids, tocopherols, and fatty acids), were conducted. Also, extracts obtained from those mushrooms, but also from Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinula edodes extracts, using the Soxhlet extraction system, were analysed in terms of antiinflammatory, anti-tyrosinase, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities followed by their characterization in terms of phenolic acids and related compounds, ergosterol, and triterpenoids. Furthermore, the obtained extracts were incorporated in a base cosmetic cream to ascertain bioactive properties sustainment. Moreover, to evaluate the individual cosmeceutical contribution of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-coumaric acid, protocatechuic acid, cinnamic acid and ergosterol, their anti-inflammatory, anti-tyrosinase, and antimicrobial activities were studied, followed by incorporation of these compounds in a base cosmetic cream. Because of the possibility of the extracts and the individual compounds to lose their potency over time either due to oxidation or degradation, microparticles were prepared using the atomization/coagulation technique. The microparticles were characterized in terms of morphology, particle size distribution, and encapsulation efficiency. This is followed by incorporation of the produced microparticles into a base cosmetic cream and comparison of their performance with the free forms (formulations containing free extracts/individual compounds). The most promising extracts and their corresponding formulations were submitted to in vitro safety evaluation using the MTT and LDH assays in keratinocyte (HaCaT) and fibroblast (HFF-1) cell lines. Moreover, they were submitted to ex vivo skin permeation studies using a Franz diffusion apparatus with pig ear skin as permeation membrane to determine topical bioavailability of the bioactive compounds present in the extracts. The optimization study on bioactive compounds recovery from G. lucidum and A. blazei using RSM showed that the values predicted by the models were in close agreement with experimental observations. Furthermore, it was concluded that the extraction yield of bioactive compounds from the studied mushrooms was highly dependent on the extraction variables (time, temperature, solvent proportion, solid-liquid ratio, and power). A. blazei and G. ludidum also showed high nutritional contribution. α-Tocopherol, oxalic acid and twenty-one fatty acids (mainly PUFA) were quantified in A. blazei. G. lucidum showed a similar fatty acids’ profile (PUFA˃SFA˃MUFA) and with the presence of α-tocopherol and δ-tocopherol. Comparatively, A. blazei revealed lower fat content, but higher energy contribution. The cell viability effect of the extract prepared from A. blazei on Caco-2 and HT29 MTX cells was found to be maintained in a concentration-dependent manner. The ethanolic extracts obtained from the studied mushrooms showed antioxidant, antiinflammatory, anti-tyrosinase and antimicrobial activities, and after incorporation into the base cosmetic cream, the final cosmeceutical formulations preserved some of these bioactivities. G. lucidum extract was found to be a rich source of triterpenoids mainly due to the high contribution of ganoderic acid A, C2, and H, while phenolic acids (phydroxybenzoic acid, pcoumaric acid and protocatechuic acid), the related compound cinnamic acid, and ergosterol were identified in A. bisporus, P. ostreatus, L. edodes and A. blazei extracts. Each one of these compounds also showed anti-inflammatory, anti-tyrosinase and antimicrobial activities. Furthermore, microparticles were successfully used to encapsulate extract/individual compounds with high encapsulation efficiency and yield. After incorporation of the free extracts/individual compounds and the produced microparticles into the base cosmetic cream, the encapsulated forms allowed for a controlled release leading to bioactivity preservation when compared with the free forms. Because they presented the most interesting cosmeceutical potential, P. ostreatus and G. lucidum extracts were submitted to toxicological studies, revealing no toxicity in keratinocytes and fibroblast cell lines, which is indicative of their potential safety to be used as cosmeceutical ingredients. Protocatechuic acid and syringic acid were the only compounds permeating from the G. lucidum extract, while very low detection was observed for compounds present in the P. ostreatus extract. Similar results were also obtained for the formulation prepared using both extracts. The results showed that tritepenoids in G. lucidum might be natural permeation enhancers and these results pointed out for the suitability of using these mushroom extracts as skin care ingredients. Overall, the results showed that skin care products can be formulated using mushroom extracts and that these extracts have the potential to be utilised at large scale use. Hence, integration of wastes generated by the mushroom processing industry, which can serve as raw materials for the obtainment of bioactive extracts, can be intensified

Soybean and Nutrition

Worldwide, soybean seed proteins represent a major source of amino acids for human and animal nutrition. Soybean seeds are an important and economical source of protein in the diet of many developed and developing countries. Soy is a complete protein and soy-foods are rich in vitamins and minerals. Soybean protein provides all the essential amino acids in the amounts needed for human health. Recent research suggests that soy may also lower risk of prostate, colon and breast cancers as well as osteoporosis and other bone health problems and alleviate hot flashes associated with menopause. This volume is expected to be useful for student, researchers and public who are interested in soybean

Abstracts of invited talks, oral and poster presentations given at the 15th Congress of the Mediterranean Phytopathological Union, June 20–23, 2017, in Córdoba, Spain

All abstracts from oral and poster presentation