Electrochemical processes and systems: application for tutors

The features of redox reactions and the principles of their balancing according to the medium composition are considered. The basic representations about electrochemical processes and systems are outlined. The reactions and principles of chemical sources of electric energy and electrolysis systems functioning are analyzed. A general idea is given about the chemical properties of metals, corrosion resistance in environments of various aggressiveness, and the protection principles are given. Multivariate tasks and exercises for students, and PhD student’s classroom and independent work are offered. For teachers, PhD students and students of universities of specialties "Chemical technologies and engineering", "Biotechnologies and bioengineering", "Oil and gas engineering and technologies".Розглянуто особливості окисно-відновних реакцій і принципи їх балансування залежно від складу середовища. Викладено фундаментальні уявлення про електрохімічні процеси і системи. Проаналізовано перебіг реакцій і принципи функціонування хімічних джерел електричної енергії та систем електролізу. Узагальнено уявлення щодо хімічних властивостей металів, корозійної стійкості у середовищах різної агресивності та наведено принципи організації захисту від руйнування. Запропоновано багатоваріантні завдання та вправи для аудиторної та самостійної роботи студентів і аспірантів. Розраховано на викладачів, аспірантів і студентів вищих навчальних закладів спеціальностей "Хімічні технології та інженерія”, "Біотехнології та біоінженерія", "Нафтогазова інженерія та технології"

Electrochemical processes and systems: application for tutors

The features of redox reactions and the principles of their balancing according to the medium composition are considered. The basic representations about electrochemical processes and systems are outlined. The reactions and principles of chemical sources of electric energy and electrolysis systems functioning are analyzed. A general idea is given about the chemical properties of metals, corrosion resistance in environments of various aggressiveness, and the protection principles are given. Multivariate tasks and exercises for students, and PhD student’s classroom and independent work are offered. For teachers, PhD students and students of universities of specialties "Chemical technologies and engineering", "Biotechnologies and bioengineering", "Oil and gas engineering and technologies".Розглянуто особливості окисно-відновних реакцій і принципи їх балансування залежно від складу середовища. Викладено фундаментальні уявлення про електрохімічні процеси і системи. Проаналізовано перебіг реакцій і принципи функціонування хімічних джерел електричної енергії та систем електролізу. Узагальнено уявлення щодо хімічних властивостей металів, корозійної стійкості у середовищах різної агресивності та наведено принципи організації захисту від руйнування. Запропоновано багатоваріантні завдання та вправи для аудиторної та самостійної роботи студентів і аспірантів. Розраховано на викладачів, аспірантів і студентів вищих навчальних закладів спеціальностей "Хімічні технології та інженерія”, "Біотехнології та біоінженерія", "Нафтогазова інженерія та технології"

HISTOLOGICAL STUDIES OF BREWERY SPENT GRAINS IN DIETARY PROTEIN FORMULATION IN DONRYU RATS

The increasing production of large tonnage of products in brewing industries continually generates lots of solid waste which includes spent grains, surplus yeast, malt sprout and cullet. The disposal of spent grains is often a problem and poses major health and environmental challenges, thereby making it imminently necessary to explore alternatives for its management. This paper focuses on investigating the effects of Brewery Spent Grain formulated diet on haematological, biochemical, histological and growth performance of Donryu rats. The rats were allocated into six dietary treatment groups and fed on a short-term study with diet containing graded levels of spent grains from 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 100% weight/weight. The outcome demonstrated that formulated diet had a positive effect on the growth performance of the rats up to levels of 6% inclusions, while the haematological and biochemical evaluation revealed that threshold limit should not exceed 9% of the grain. However, the histological study on the liver indicated a limit of 3% inclusion in feed without serious adverse effect. Thus invariably showing that blend between ranges 1-3% is appropriate for the utilization of the waste in human food without adverse effect on the liver organ. The economic advantage accruing from this waste conversion process not only solves problem of waste disposal but also handle issues of malnutrition in feeding ration

Coal fuel gas cleaning by non-thermal pulsed corona discharge plasma and “reach” regulation compatibility assessemnt for trace elements extraction from gasification ash

Dissertação de mestrado, Inovação Quimica e Regulamentação, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2016Atmospheric small-scaled fixed-bed gasifiers fed with cheap low rank sub-bituminous coal produces syngas (CO and H2) with high tar content, which is one of the impurities produced along the main syngas from coal gasifications. This organic impurity with high molecular weight hydrocarbons is of interest as they polymerize or condense to more complex structucres throughout the involved process pipers or heat exchangers, leading to fouling and attrition problems, which eventually leads to lose of overall plant efficiency and increased operation costs. To avoid such event, either expensive non-tar forming coal (semi-Anthracite or Anthracite) must be used or an effective tar removal unit integration in the overall process should be made. Plasma is the fourth state of matter and it contains free radical, ions and excited molecules and they create a highly reactive atmosphere as these reactive species carry enough energy to initiate tar decomposition reactions. Non-thermal plasmas are already successfully utilized in air pollution control for the VOC removal. Within the non-thermal pulsed corona discharge plasma scope, Technical university of Eindhoven (TU/e) studied biomass tar reforming (naphthalene as the tar model) and various syngas compositions were tested to study their impact on tar removal process. Furthermore, non-thermal pulsed corona discharge plasma is found to be effective in tar reforming and is created by supplying electricity and nitrogen gas to the plasma reactor. Created plasma dissociates the CO2 components in the syngas into CO and O radicals, which the unstable reactive O radicals oxidize tars into light hydrocarbons (CH4). 50% nitrogen content in the syngas due to plasma requirement limits its usage only as fuel gas for heating or electricity generation. After determining utilizing of plasma together with atmospheric fixed-bed gasifier is technologically possible, the demand for it in fuel gas application to generate heat is researched. The research involved carefully looking at energy policy of that chosen particular country and their main source of energies. According to the International Energy Agency’s 2015 statistics, China and India are placed largest coal consumers in the non-OECD countries ranking. It was estimated that China currently needs over 8000 fixed-bed gasifier (8000 plasmas) to meet the industrial heat demand. Assuming a similar development in India, in total 2000 fixed-bed-gasifiers will be needed in the next years. In the researched countries, current alternative method to generate heat instead of Natural gas or LPG is fuel gas via coal gasification. Non-tar forming quality coal are gasified, but they are either expensive due to the high demand and are not widely available. Syngas from this case is cleaned through electrostatic precipitator light tar collectors (if present) before utilizing it. These fuel gas-cleaning methods are to remove very small amount of light tars (if present) and dusts. It is a common practice in developing countries to produce fuel gas via coal gasification for the puspose of heat and electricity generation. It was found that this method is cost effective than using natural gas or LPG. Furthermore, it was found that fuel gas generation via plasma-involved case were even more cost effective than the current state of art case by at least 10%. The fuel gas production cost via plasma involved proposing configuration is competitive over the fuel gas production cost from the current state of art. In addition to cost benefits, plasma cleaned fuel gas production approach allows utilizing of low rank coal and does not utilize water, hence fresh water consumption and pollution is prevented. Abundantly available coal ashes are potential untapped resource for trace elements (TE). In 2014, the European union member states (EU-28) had consumed 285 million tones of hard coal and based on the world trace elements average in world coal, the available TE for extraction exceeds 1 tonne per year. Therefore, TE extraction from available coal ashes in EU-28 is subject to REACH regulation. However, there is no entry on ECHA database for such process. The entries at ECHA database regarding coal ash are only for the utilization for construction materials purpose. Lack of commercially available extraction technology optimized for coal ash, limited understanding of trace elements modes of occurrence, origin, and toxicological data relating to all possible chemical contaminants rising from extraction process are not well understood and are not presently available. More research and development effort must be done in order to obtain these missing information and to perform full chemical characterization of the coal ash to optimize trace elements extraction process for that particular coal and to identify all possible waste streams. Such that, needed toxicological data according to REACH regulation is obtained

First International Conference on Laboratory Research for Planetary Atmospheres

Proceedings of the First International Conference on Laboratory Research for Planetary Atmospheres are presented. The covered areas of research include: photon spectroscopy, chemical kinetics, thermodynamics, and charged particle interactions. This report contains the 12 invited papers, 27 contributed poster papers, and 5 plenary review papers presented at the conference. A list of attendees and a reprint of the Report of the Subgroup on Strategies for Planetary Atmospheres Exploration (SPASE) are provided in two appendices

Revolutionising how we think about infrastructure

We need broad-scale revolutionary, rather than evolutionary, change if all seven billionpeople on the planet now, and those who follow us, are to have the opportunity to live well

Socio-economic Impacts—Fisheries

Fishers and scientists have known for over 100 years that the status of fish stocks can be greatly influenced by prevailing climatic conditions. Based on historical sea surface temperature data, the North Sea has been identified as one of 20 ‘hot spots’ of climate change globally and projections for the next 100 years suggest that the region will continue to warm. The consequences of this rapid temperature rise are already being seen in shifts in species distribution and variability in stock recruitment. This chapter reviews current evidence for climate change effects on fisheries in the North Sea—one of the most important fishing grounds in the world—as well as available projections for North Sea fisheries in the future. Discussion focuses on biological, operational and wider market concerns, as well as on possible economic consequences. It is clear that fish communities and the fisheries that target them will be very different in 50 or 100 years’ time and that management and governance will need to adapt accordingly