Mapping the Spatial-Temporal Dynamics of Vegetation Response Lag to Drought in a Semi-Arid Region

Drought, as an extreme climate event, affects the ecological environment for vegetation and agricultural production. Studies of the vegetative response to drought are paramount to providing scientific information for drought risk mitigation. In this paper, the spatial-temporal pattern of drought and the response lag of vegetation in Nebraska were analyzed from 2000 to 2015. Based on the long-term Daymet data set, the standard precipitation index (SPI) was computed to identify precipitation anomalies, and the Gaussian function was applied to obtain temperature anomalies. Vegetation anomaly was identified by dynamic time warping technique using a remote sensing Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) time series. Finally, multilayer correlation analysis was applied to obtain the response lag of different vegetation types. The results show that Nebraska suffered severe drought events in 2002 and 2012. The response lag of vegetation to drought typically ranged from 30 to 45 days varying for different vegetation types and human activities (water use and management). Grasslands had the shortest response lag (~35 days), while forests had the longest lag period (~48 days). For specific crop types, the response lag of winter wheat varied among different regions of Nebraska (35–45 days), while soybeans, corn and alfalfa had similar response lag times of approximately 40 days

Long-Term Satellite Image Time-Series for Land Use/Land Cover Change Detection Using Refined Open Source Data in a Rural Region

The increasing availability and volume of remote sensing data, such as Landsat satellite images, have allowed the multidimensional analysis of land use/land cover (LULC) changes. However, the performance of image classification is highly dependent on the quality and quantity of the training set and its temporal continuity, which may a ect the accuracy of the classification and bias the analysis of the LULC changes. In this study, we intended to apply a long-term LULC analysis in a rural region based on a Landsat time series of 21 years (1995 to 2015). Here, we investigated the use of open LULC source data to provide training samples and the application of the K-means clustering technique to refine the broad range of spectral signatures for each LULC class. Experiments were conducted on a predominantly rural region characterized by a mixed agro-silvo-pastoral environment. The open source data of the o cial Portuguese LULC map (Carta de Uso e Ocupação do Solo, COS) from 1995, 2007, 2010, and 2015 were integrated to generate the training samples for the entire period of analysis. The time series was computed from Landsat data based on the normalized di erence vegetation index and normalized di erence water index, using 221 Landsat images. The Time-Weighted Dynamic Time Warping (TWDTW) classifier was used, since it accounts for LULC-type seasonality and has already achieved promising overall accuracy values for classifications based on time series. The results revealed that the proposed method was e cient in classifying a long-term satellite time-series with an overall accuracy of 76%, providing insights into the main LULC changes that occurred over 21 years.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Artificial Neural Networks in Agriculture

Modern agriculture needs to have high production efficiency combined with a high quality of obtained products. This applies to both crop and livestock production. To meet these requirements, advanced methods of data analysis are more and more frequently used, including those derived from artificial intelligence methods. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are one of the most popular tools of this kind. They are widely used in solving various classification and prediction tasks, for some time also in the broadly defined field of agriculture. They can form part of precision farming and decision support systems. Artificial neural networks can replace the classical methods of modelling many issues, and are one of the main alternatives to classical mathematical models. The spectrum of applications of artificial neural networks is very wide. For a long time now, researchers from all over the world have been using these tools to support agricultural production, making it more efficient and providing the highest-quality products possible

CLASSIFICATION OF RICE-PLANT GROWTH PHASE USING SUPERVISED RANDOM FOREST METHOD BASED ON LANDSAT-8 MULTITEMPORAL DATA

Data on rice production is crucial for planning and monitoring national food security in a developing country such as Indonesia, and the classification of the growth phases of rice plants is important for supporting this data. In contrast to conventional field surveys, remote sensing technology such as Landsat-8 satellite imagery offers more scalable, inexpensive and real-time solutions. However, utilising Landsat-8 for classification of rice-plant phase required spectral pattern information from one season, because these spectral patterns show the existence of temporal autocorrelation among features. The aim of this study is to propose a supervised random forest method for developing a classification model of rice-plant phase which can handle the temporal autocorrelation existing among features. A random forest is a machine learning method that is insensitive to multicollinearity, and so by using a random forest we can make features engineering to select the best multitemporal features for the classification model. The experimental results deliver accuracy of 0.236 if we use one temporal feature of vegetation index; if we use more temporal features, the accuracy increases to 0.7091. In this study, we show that the existence of temporal autocorrelation must be captured in the model to improve classification accuracy

Classificação do Uso e Ocupação do Solo com Recurso ao Método Time-Warped Dynamic Time Warping

O aumento da disponibilidade e do volume de dados provenientes de deteção remota permitem monitorizar e mapear as alterações do uso e ocupação do solo que ocorreram durante as últimas décadas. O principal objetivo deste estudo é classificar o uso e ocupação do solo, e analisar as mudanças espácio-temporais entre 2000 e 2017, com foco nos solos agrícolas, numa área localizada no distrito de Beja, Alentejo, Portugal. Para classificar e monitorizar a dinâmica do uso e ocupação do solo, utilizou-se o algoritmo de classificação Time-Warped Dynamic Time Warping (TWDTW) por forma a analisar as variações sazonais dos tipos de vegetação natural e cultivada. Através dos dados de imagens de deteção remota, foram identificadas cinco classes de uso e ocupação do solo: Terras Agrícolas Heterogéneas, Olival, Pastagens permanentes, Floresta e Água. A análise de desempenho e sensibilidade do método para cada classe apresentou um elevado intervalo de confiança já que, ao selecionarmos aleatoriamente 10% dos nossos pontos de amostra para criar padrões temporais, obteve-se uma exatidão global de pelo menos 71,5% na classificação do uso e ocupação do solo, com um nível de confiança de 95%. Os resultados da classificação revelam que em 18 anos houve consideráveis alterações no uso e ocupação do solo, destacando-se as alterações nos padrões temporais do Olival. Com este estudo concluiu-se que o algoritmo TWDTW é capaz de classificar convenientemente o uso e ocupação do solo, permitindo obter um quadro geral das principais transformações espácio-temporais ocorridas numa área caracterizada por distintas práticas agrícolas.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Mapping of multitemporal rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth stages using remote sensing with multi-sensor and machine learning : a thesis dissertation presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Earth Science at Massey University, Manawatū, New Zealand

Figure 2.1 is adapted and re-used under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license.Rice (Oryza Sativa) plays a pivotal role in food security for Asian countries, especially in Indonesia. Due to the increasing pressure of environmental changes, such as land use and climate, rice cultivation areas need to be monitored regularly and spatially to ensure sustainable rice production. Moreover, timely information of rice growth stages (RGS) can lead to more efficient of inputs distribution from water, seed, fertilizer, and pesticide. One of the efficient solutions for regularly mapping the rice crop is using Earth observation satellites. Moreover, the increasing availability of open access satellite images such as Landsat-8, Sentinel-1, and Sentinel-2 provides ample opportunities to map continuous and high-resolution rice growth stages with greater accuracy. The majority of the literature has focused on mapping rice area, cropping patterns and relied mainly on the phenology of vegetation. However, the mapping process of RGS was difficult to assess the accuracy, time-consuming, and depended on only one sensor. In this work, we discuss the use of machine learning algorithms (MLA) for mapping paddy RGS with multiple remote sensing data in near-real-time. The study area was Java Island, which is the primary rice producer in Indonesia. This study has investigated: (1) the mapping of RGS using Landsat-8 imagery and different MLAs, and their rigorous performance was evaluated by conducting a multitemporal analysis; (2) the temporal consistency of predicting RGS using Sentinel-2, MOD13Q1, and Sentinel-1 data; (3) evaluating the correlation of local statistics data and paddy RGS using Sentinel-2, PROBA-V, and Sentinel-1 with MLAs. The ground truth datasets were collected from multi-year web camera data (2014-2016) and three months of the field campaign in different regions of Java (2018). The study considered the RGS in the analysis to be vegetative, reproductive, ripening, bare land, and flooding, and MLAs such as support vector machines (SVMs), random forest (RF), and artificial neural network (ANN) were used. The temporal consistency matrix was used to compare the classification maps within three sensor datasets (Landsat-8 OLI, Sentinel-2, and Sentinel-2, MOD13Q1, Sentinel-1) and in four periods (5, 10, 15, 16 days). Moreover, the result of the RGS map was also compared with monthly data from local statistics within each sub-district using cross-correlation analysis. The result from the analysis shows that SVM with a radial base function outperformed the RF and ANN and proved to be a robust method for small-size datasets (< 1,000 points). Compared to Sentinel-2, Landsat-8 OLI gives less accuracy due to the lack of a red-edge band and larger pixel size (30 x 30 m). Integration of Sentinel-2, MOD13Q1, and Sentinel-1 improved the classification performance and increased the temporal availability of cloud-free maps. The integration of PROBA-V and Sentinel-1 improved the classification accuracy from the Landsat-8 result, consistent with the monthly rice planting area statistics at the sub-district level. The western area of Java has the highest accuracy and consistency since the cropping pattern only relied on rice cultivation. In contrast, less accuracy was noticed in the eastern area because of upland rice cultivation due to limited irrigation facilities and mixed cropping. In addition, the cultivation of shallots to the north of Nganjuk Regency interferes with the model predictions because the cultivation of shallots resembles the vegetative phase due to the water banks. One future research idea is the auto-detection of the cropping index in the complex landscape to be able to use it for mapping RGS on a global scale. Detection of the rice area and RGS using Google Earth Engine (GEE) can be an action plan to disseminate the information quickly on a planetary scale. Our results show that the multitemporal Sentinel-1 combined with RF can detect rice areas with high accuracy (>91%). Similarly, accurate RGS maps can be detected by integrating multiple remote sensing (Sentinel-2, Landsat-8 OLI, and MOD13Q1) data with acceptable accuracy (76.4%), with high temporal frequency and lower cloud interference (every 16 days). Overall, this study shows that remote sensing combined with the machine learning methodology can deliver information on RGS in a timely fashion, which is easy to scale up and consistent both in time and space and matches the local statistics. This thesis is also in line with the existing rice monitoring projects such as Crop Monitor, Crop Watch, AMIS, and Sen4Agri to support disseminating information over a large area. To sum up, the proposed workflow and detailed map provide a more accurate method and information in near real-time for stakeholders, such as governmental agencies against the existing mapping method. This method can be introduced to provide accurate information to rice farmers promptly with sufficient inputs such as irrigation, seeds, and fertilisers for ensuring national food security from the shifting planting time due to climate change

Uso de séries temporais do sensor MODIS para identificar diferentes culturas agrícolas

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Humanas, Departamento de Geografia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geografia, 2018.A presente pesquisa objetiva identificar culturas de grãos a partir de séries temporais NDVI MODIS. As culturas agrícolas e regiões analisadas foram: (a) soja, milho e algodão no Estado do Mato Grosso na safra de 2013/2014; (b) trigo no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul; (c) e cultura do arroz no Estado de Santa Catarina. A tese está estruturada em 5 (cinco) capítulos, onde os capítulos de desenvolvimento (2, 3 e 4) foram escritos no formato de artigos científicos. No processamento digital de imagem todas as análises consideraram as seguintes etapas: (a) aquisição das imagens MODIS; (b) tratamento dos ruídos usando o filtro Savitzky- Golay; (c) classificação; e (d) análise de acurácia. A principal diferença metodológica foi a etapa de classificação que utilizou duas abordagens: (a) classificação contínua do terreno considerando as diferentes produções agrícolas (soja, milho e algodão) e os tipos de vegetação a partir de dois métodos de aprendizagem de máquina (Support Vector Machines e Redes Neurais de retro-propagação); e (b) detecção de uma única cultura de pequenos agricultores (arroz em Santa Catarina e trigo no Rio Grande do Sul) usando o método do vizinho mais próximo (caso específico do método K-NN). A primeira abordagem usando classificação contínua do terreno considerou as seguintes assinaturas temporais NDVI: formação florestal, cerrado, pastagem, sistema único de cultivo anual (soja, milho e algodão), sistema duplo de cultivo (soja/milho e soja/algodão) e pivô central (sistema triplo de cultivo). Na classificação foram testados 378 modelos de redes neurais com variações dos parâmetros de entrada e 8 modelos SVM usando diferentes funções Kernel. O índice Kappa mostrou que os melhores modelos da Rede Neural (0,77) e SVM (0,75) foram estatisticamente equivalentes pelo teste McNemar. A classificação baseada no vizinho mais próximo foi constituida de duas fases: (a) geração de imagens métricas (distância Euclidiana e similaridade do cosseno); e (b) definição do melhor valor de corte para caracterizar a máscara da cultura agrícola. Os resultados mostraram diferentes perfis temporais tanto no trigo como no arroz devido às variações do calendário agrícola da região. Nas duas classificações (trigo e arroz), os resultados usando as duas métricas foram estatisticamente equivalentes pelo teste McNemar. Na análise do trigo, a distância Euclidiana obteve um índice Kappa de 0,75 e a semelhança do cosseno um índice Kappa de 0,74. Na análise do arroz a distância Euclidiana obteve um índice Kappa de 0,73 e a semelhança do cosseno um índice Kappa de 0,72. As metodologias descritas demonstram uma grande potencial para o cálculo das áreas de produção agrícola, podendo auxiliar os órgãos federais para o planejamento regional e segurança alimentar.The present research aims to identify grain crops from NDVI MODIS time series. The agricultural crops and the analyzed regions were: (a) soybean, corn and cotton in Mato Grosso State at 2013/14 growing season; (b) wheat in the State of Rio Grande do Sul; (c) and rice in the State of Santa Catarina. The thesis is structured in 5 (five) chapters, where the development chapters (2, 3 and 4) were written in the format of scientific articles. In digital image processing, all analyzes considered the following steps: (a) acquisition of MODIS images; (b) noise treatment using the Savitzky-Golay filter; (c) classification; and (d) accuracy analysis. The main methodological difference was the classification stage that used two approaches: (a) continuous land classification considering the different agricultural production (soybean, corn and cotton) and vegetation types from two methods of machine learning ( Support Vector Machines and Retro-propagation Neural Networks); and (b) detection of a single crop of small farmers (rice in the Santa Catarina and wheat in the Rio Grande do Sul) using the nearest neighbor method (specific case of the K-NN method). The first approach using continuous land classification considered the following NDVI temporal signatures: forest formation, cerrado, pasture, single annual cropping system (soybean, corn and cotton), double cropping system (soybean / corn and soybean / cotton) and pivot (triple cropping system). In the classification were tested 378 models of neural networks with different variations in input parameters and 8 SVM models using different Kernel functions. The Kappa index showed that the best models of the Neural Network (0.77) and SVM (0.75) were statistically equivalent by the McNemar test. The classification based on the nearest neighbor was constituted of two phases: (a) elaboration of metric images (Euclidean distance and similarity of the cosine); and (b) definition of the best threshold value to characterize the agricultural crop mask. The results showed different temporal profiles in both wheat and rice due to variations in the region's agricultural calendar. In both classifications (wheat and rice), the results using the two metrics were statistically equivalent by the McNemar test. In wheat analysis, the Euclidean distance obtained a Kappa index of 0.75 and the cosine similarity a Kappa index of 0.74. In rice analysis, the Euclidian distance obtained a Kappa index of 0.73 and the cosine similarity a Kappa index of 0.72. The methodologies showed a promising potential to determine the areas of crop production and could be very useful for federal agencies for regional planning and food security programs

Flood Resilience Assessment of New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina based on Thermal and Vegetation Index Image Time Series

Resilience is a concept with increasing importance in modern risk management because of its role in reducing risks of unpreventable disasters. Previous resilience assessment studies often require extensive surveys of various social, economic, and psychological data or incorporate remote sensing data as one of the complicated physical and social parameters for assessment models. Limited data accessibility to such data due to funding, time, and labor intensity is a major challenge for their wider applications. Therefore, this study proposes the hypothesis that the overall resilience of an urban area to disturbances of natural disasters can be reflected through the time series change sequences of thermal and vegetation index from satellite images. This is because the vegetation index reflects the recoverability of vegetated areas, and thermal change pattern is a reflection of land-cover and land-use changes and energy consumption, which is the end result of various impacts such as social, economic, and physical factors. Specifically, this study introduced a rapid and objective flood resilience assessment method through time series classification based on thermal feature and vegetation index. The method first used unsupervised classification methods to identify potential flood impact levels and conducted supervised classification to obtain a more accurate classification result. Finally, the derived impact levels were classified as flood resilience levels, which are beneficiary for flood preparation and resource allocation for the local and federal government

TFAD: A Decomposition Time Series Anomaly Detection Architecture with Time-Frequency Analysis

Time series anomaly detection is a challenging problem due to the complex temporal dependencies and the limited label data. Although some algorithms including both traditional and deep models have been proposed, most of them mainly focus on time-domain modeling, and do not fully utilize the information in the frequency domain of the time series data. In this paper, we propose a Time-Frequency analysis based time series Anomaly Detection model, or TFAD for short, to exploit both time and frequency domains for performance improvement. Besides, we incorporate time series decomposition and data augmentation mechanisms in the designed time-frequency architecture to further boost the abilities of performance and interpretability. Empirical studies on widely used benchmark datasets show that our approach obtains state-of-the-art performance in univariate and multivariate time series anomaly detection tasks. Code is provided at https://github.com/DAMO-DI-ML/CIKM22-TFAD.Comment: Accepted by the ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM 2022