468 research outputs found

    Homer and the Poetics of Hades

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    In this thesis I examine Homer’s use of Hades as a poetic resource that allows a different approach to the epic past than the one provided through Muse-inspired narrative. By portraying Hades as a realm where vision is not possible (A - ides), I argue, Homer creates a unique poetic environment in which social constraints and divine prohibitions are not applicable. The result is a narrative that emulates that of the Muses but at the same time is markedly distinct from it, as in Hades experimentation with, and alteration of, important epic forms and values can be pursued, giving rise to a different kind of poetics. I have called this the ‘Poetics of Hades.’ In the Iliad, Homer offers us a glimpse of how this alternative poetics works through the visit of Patroclus’ shade in Achilles’ dream. The recollection offered by the shade reveals an approach to its past in which regret, self-pity and a lingering memory of intimate and emotional moments displace an objective tone, and a traditional exposition of heroic values such as kleos and timē. I argue that the potential of Hades for providing alternative means of commemorating the past is more fully explored in the ‘Nekyia’ of Odyssey 11; there, Odysseus’ extraordinary ability to see (idein) the dead in Hades allows him to meet and interview the shades of heroines and heroes of the epic past. The absolute confinement of Hades allows the shades to recount their stories from their own personal point of view. The poetic implications of this, I argue, are important since by visiting Hades and listening to the stories of the shades Odysseus, and Homer with him, gain access to a tradition in which epic values associated with gender roles and even divine law are suspended, in favour of a more immediate and personally inflected approach to the epic past

    Bridgewater College Catalogue, Session 1908-09

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    https://digitalcommons.bridgewater.edu/college_catalogs/1020/thumbnail.jp

    Electroencephalographic activities during reading tasks in young adults : separate measures for localized and widespread brain functions

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    Based on these reports, we expected to find: 1) a frontal increase in 4-8 Hz amplitude during reading tasks as compared with a resting baseline, as affected by working memory mechanisms; 2) a bilateral decrease of 8-10 Hz (as compared with baseline) as affected by arousal and attentional processes; 3) a unilateral decrease of 8-12 Hz in the left hemisphere due to cognitive effort, as affected by the symbolic and analytic decoding nature of reading to which this latter band would selectively react; and 4)an increase of the 38-42 Hz activity, as affected by scanning and problem solving functions of reading. No prediction was made for the 0.5-4 Hz,12-21 Hz, and 21-32 Hz bands

    Historiography of Space in Homer and Herodotos

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    The Homeric poems and the Histories of Herodotos are crucial to our understanding of the intellectual life of the ancient Greeks. They are the earliest extant poetry and the earliest extant prose; they have never been lost and have always been read. Knowledge of the external world and of other peoples, though far from formalised as the study of ‘geography’ in this period, is prominent throughout the poems and the Histories: most readers of the Iliad get a very strong impression of place from their interaction with the text: the plain before the great citadel of Troy where the battle is fought, and the homes of the Trojan allies. Similarly, the Odyssey persuades many that they know and can recognise Ithake and surrounding islands. The Histories are an encyclopaedia of geographical knowledge of fifth-century Greeks which, conspicuously, includes knowledge of Skythia, Egypt and Persia as ‘other’ lands. In spite of this strong impression of place enduring even into the modern world it is not easy to know exactly why and how it arises and what narrative structures and strategies create it. The Homeric poems and the Histories are fundamentally about people and places (not cosmologies, or plants, or machines). Their completeness and length make it possible to study the spatial concepts held by their creators in detail. The thesis offered is that there have been three largely independent approaches to understanding the thinking about space in these texts and that by studying these approaches we can learn more about what categories of space are presented, thus avoiding a petitio elenchi. The three approaches discussed with this purpose in mind are autopsy, or retracing of steps, graphic demonstrations, and linguistic analyses (for which I present a number of case studies)

    Entre corpos e o anonimato : uma análise da relação entre a morte heroica iliádica e o catálogo troiano

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    A morte heroica ocupa uma posição central nos versos iliádicos. O herói homérico luta e perece em campo de batalha visando romper com sua condição específica de existência, na qual a mestiçagem de sua ascendência lhe fornece a excelência, pelo lado divino, enquanto sua porção humana o prende aos grilhões da mortalidade e envelhecimento. Morrer em combate, jovem e gloriosamente, é a solução encontrada para a obtenção da juventude imorredoura, uma vez que os poetas perpetuariam a glória heroica por meio de seus cantos que perpassam as gerações vindouras. No presente trabalho foi produzida uma análise quantitativa e qualitativa das mortes heroicas descritas na Ilíada. Desta forma, foram realizadas tabulação das mortes iliádicas, tanto no nível geral, com a especificação dos agentes envolvidos nas fatalidades encontradas ao longo dos cantos; quanto com as especificidades de cada contingente e das posições hierárquicas ocupadas pelos heróis. Para tal, foi adotado como critério o estudo da relação entre a morte e os heróis descritos no Catálogo Troiano, presente no canto II da obra homérica. Assim, são abordadas as particularidades da belicosidade dos heróis descritos como líderes dos contingentes da aliança troiana, comparando-os com os heróis não-líderes de contingente que atuavam em defesa de Ílion, e também com os líderes do contingente aqueu apresentados no Catálogo das Naus. Verifica-se uma situação na qual a relevância bélica, principalmente sobre a capacidade de pôr fim a vida de aqueus, é uma característica que não está ligada diretamente com a posição de destaque dos heróis que lideram os contingentes, mas sim com a origem dos personagens, uma vez que a Trôade, mais especificamente Ílion, é responsável por grande parte embates troianos bem sucedidos, relegando ao restante da aliança uma posição secundária ou de irrelevância. Ainda assim, o que constata-se é que Homero utiliza a presença e a glória fornecida aos personagens pertencentes a aliança troiana como um todo para que as suas mortes culminem em uma potencialização da excelência aqueia.The heroic death occupies a central position in the Iliadic verses. The homeric hero fights and perishes on the battlefield in order to break with his specific condition of existence, in which the miscegenation of his provenance provides him with excellence, on the divine side, while his human portion binds him to the shackles of mortality and aging. To die in combat, young and glorious, is the solution found to obtain undying youth, since poets would perpetuate heroic glory through their books that permeate future generations. In the present work, a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the heroic deaths described in the Iliad was carried out. Thus, the iliadic deaths were tabulated, both at the general level, with the specification of the agents involved in the fatalities found along the books; as well as with the specificities of each contingent and the hierarchical positions occupied by the heroes. To this end, it was adopted as a criterion the study of the relationship between death and the heroes described in the Trojan Catalogue, present in book II of the homeric production. Thus, the particularities of the bellicosity of the heroes described as leaders of the contingents of the trojan alliance are addressed comparing them with the non-leader heroes of the contingent who acted in defense of Ilium, and also with the leaders of the achaean contingent, presented in the Catalogue of the Ships. There is a situation in which the military relevance, mainly regarding the ability to put an end to the lives of achaeans, is a characteristic that is not directly linked to the prominent position of the heroes who lead the contingents, but rather to the origin of the characters, since the Troad, more specifically Ilium, is responsible for most successful Trojan battles, relegating the rest of the alliance to a secondary or irrelevant position. Still, what is found is that Homer uses the presence and glory provided to the characters belonging to the Trojan alliance in order that their deaths culminate in a potentiation of achaean excellence

    A Cartographic Cavalcade

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    Author Institution: Department of Geography, The Ohio State University, Columbus 1

    Packaging The Great Plains The Role Of The Visual Arts

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    To consider the influence of Europe upon the visual arts of the Great Plains is to engender not only a new body of information but also some complex methodological questions of concern not only to the specialist but to the student of the region more generally. How does a regional perspective focus one\u27s investigation? How does influence work within a culture and how, specifically, that of Europe upon American and western culture? Finally, how do the visual arts function to shed light on these broader questions? It is the last of these questions that I will address here, not as an expert on the Great Plains, for my experience as a student of regionalism as a phenomenon, of European influence· on American culture, and of art history as a disciplinary approach, has lain elsewhere.1 I am convinced, however, that the problems of method and approach that the historian of the art of the Great Plains faces are part of a larger picture, and thus· we will move from questions of method toward their application to the Great Plains in particular. THE REGIONAL PERSPECTIVE Our premises need to be clear at the outset. The visual art of the Great Plains should not be considered as an inert body of disconnected pieces of information about the region, nor are pictures a series of windows, passive illustrations, or reflections of the reality of the region. Works of art-indeed, all facts and artifacts- come to us already packaged by our questions and framed by our perspectives. Charts of rainfall in the Great Plains presume that there is a question about the influence of precipitation upon vegetation and through that upon the life of the region. A computergenerated map of Democratic and Republican voting in the state of North Dakota presumes that such a spatial understanding of political choices tells us something significant about the relationship between location and political behavior. To look at a Willa Cather novel from the perspective of Red Cloud presumes that in some ways Cather carried her Nebraska childhood and youth with her during her adult years as a creator of fiction in New York and the East. Furthermore, the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle of the physicist applies as well to the art historian: the observer\u27s questions necessarily color the results of our data-gathering. The inductive process is shaped by our hypotheses, the questions that seem presently meaningful to us. These elementary but often overlooked principles are essential to an appreciation of the role of the visual arts in the understanding of a regional culture. Simply put, a regional art is an attempt to be space- and perhaps time-specific about a particular area, to report to the world the contours and character of a limited geographical district. Both the artists who create these images and the critic-historians of this process posit the value of the local above or at least on a par with the national or the universal. The seeming obviousness of this formulation masks the fact that it is a relatively new one. As a mode of social interpretation, regionalism is a late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century phenomenon. The presumption that the Great Plains and other sections haye influenced our national development as distinctive geographical and cultural spaces, the fractionalization of a monolithic American experience into regional components, and a concomitant redefinition of our relation to a parent Europe by relocating American qualities in terms of western or midwestern experience-these are processes that we associate especially with the writings of Frederick Jackson Turner and his intellectual followers from the 1890s on.

    Wofford College Catalogue, 1929-1930

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    WOFFORD COLLEGE Seventy- Sixth Year Catalogue 1929-1930 Announcements 1930-193
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