Options for solid waste management for Metro Manila, Philippines : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Resource and Environmental Planning at Massey University

The Government of the Philippines has considered the solid waste crisis as an urgent national concern. Since devolution Local Government Units, especially in Metro Manila, have had difficulties in coping with the collection of large volume of solid waste generated in the metropolis. The existing landfills and dumpsites are also rapidly reaching their maximum capacities. This study examines and evaluates the existing institutional arrangements in Metro Manila and other countries in the ASEAN for the purpose of generating recommendations for the improvement of solid waste management service delivery in Metro Manila. A framework for evaluation of the institutional arrangements was developed which addresses the following questions: How is solid waste management service treated: is it public or private good/service? What are the roles of the different participants in the solid waste management service delivery chain? What are the operating arrangements in the delivery of solid waste management services? How do the institutional arrangements measure up to the criteria of efficiency, effectiveness, and equity? This framework was used to assess, by survey, arrangements in case studies in the major metropolitan areas of five ASEAN countries (Singapore, Bangkok, Jakarta, Kuala Lumpur and Metro Manila). The results of these case studies were used to generate the institutional options for solid waste management for Metro Manila. The research concluded that the appropriate arrangement for Metro Manila is the joint public-private provision of solid waste management services using contracting, franchising, licensing and community arrangements. Contracting and community arrangements have the most advantages in terms of attaining the objectives of efficiency, effectiveness and equity. Franchising and licensing have limited applications because ot equity considerations. This study also generated suggestions for institutional reform for effective solid waste management in Metro Manila: the "do-nothing" or status quo option; individual LGUs to be given collection, recycling, transfer and disposal responsibilities and fiscal autonomy in revenue generation; creation of commissions among LGUs and; creation of a single-purpose Metro Solid Waste Authority. Among the options, the creation of one or more commissions among LGUs appears to be the most feasible option at this point in time as it achieves economies of scale and allows possibilities for building managerial and operational competence among LGUs without loss of local autonomy. In all arrangements, the role of the public sector is critical in the development, negotiation, management, monitoring and enforcement of public-private agreements, and for equity purposes. Whatever arrangement eventuates, government agencies need to implement training and capacity building in SWM

Four Flats Memorabilia

Member card for Manila Executives Athletic Club Inc issued to Ron Crecelius.https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/fourflats_papers/1060/thumbnail.jp

Manipulating cues in involuntary autobiographical memory: verbal cues are more effective than pictorial cues

In two experiments, pictorial cues were compared with their verbal labels to assess their effectiveness in eliciting involuntary autobiographical memories. Cues were relatively complex in Experiment 1 (e.g., relaxing on a beach) and simple objects in Experiment 2 (e.g., a ball). In both experiments, participants went through a vigilance task in which they were presented with frequent nontarget and rare target visual stimuli. Pictures or their corresponding verbal labels were also displayed on both target and nontarget stimuli, but participants were told that these were irrelevant to the task. They were asked to interrupt the vigilance task whenever they became aware of task-unrelated mental contents and to report them. In both experiments, more involuntary memories were elicited in the verbal cue condition, rather than in the pictorial cue condition. This result is discussed in relation to previous work that highlighted the greater effectiveness of verbal cues in memory tasks

Semidefinite programming, harmonic analysis and coding theory

These lecture notes where presented as a course of the CIMPA summer school in Manila, July 20-30, 2009, Semidefinite programming in algebraic combinatorics. This version is an update June 2010

Visual object imagery and autobiographical memory: object imagers are better at remembering their personal past

In the present study we examined whether higher levels of object imagery, a stable characteristic that reflects the ability and preference in generating pictorial mental images of objects, facilitate involuntary and voluntary retrieval of autobiographical memories (ABMs). Individuals with high (High-OI) and low (Low-OI) levels of object imagery were asked to perform an involuntary and a voluntary ABM task in the laboratory. Results showed that High-OI participants generated more involuntary and voluntary ABMs than Low-OI, with faster retrieval times. High-OI also reported more detailed memories compared to Low-OI and retrieved memories as visual images. Theoretical implications of these findings for research on voluntary and involuntary ABMs are discussed

Modifying the frequency and characteristics of involuntary autobiographical memories

Recent studies have shown that involuntary autobiographical memories (IAMs) can be elicited in the laboratory. Here we assessed whether the specific instructions given to participants can change the nature of the IAMs reported, in terms of both their frequency and their characteristics. People were either made or not made aware that the aim of the study was to examine IAMs. They reported mental contents either whenever they became aware of them or following a predetermined schedule. Both making people aware of the aim of the study and following a fixed schedule of interruptions increased significantly the number of IAMs reported. When aware of the aim of the study, participants reported more specific memories that had been retrieved and rehearsed more often in the past. These findings demonstrate that the number and characteristics of memories depend on the procedure used. Explanations of these effects and their implications for research on IAMs are discussed

Limbah Kulit Buah Sawo Manila (Manilkara zapota) Sebagai Anti Kandidiasis

Diabetes mellitus dapat memicu infeksi, salah satunya kandidiasis yang disebabkan Candida albicans. Pengobatan kandidiasis dengan antibiotik dapat menyebabkan resistensi, sehingga perlu alternatif bahan alam yang berfungsi sebagai antifungi, salah satunya sawo manila (Manilkara zapota). Kulit buah sawo manila belum banyak dimanfaatkan, sehingga perlu dilakukan pemanfaatan limbah kulit buah sawo manila. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui aktivitas antifungi ekstrak kulit buah sawo manila terhadap Candida albicans. Pembuatan ekstrak menggunakan metode maserasi dengan pelarut etanol 70%. Ekstrak kulit buah sawo manila dilakukan skrining fitokimia senyawa metabolit sekunder, dan uji aktivitas antifungi dengan metode difusi sumuran. Ekstrak kulit buah sawo manila mengandung flavonoid, alkaloid, dan tanin. Pengujian antifungi kulit buah sawo manila pada konsentrasi ekstrak 30%, 40%, 50% dan 60% berturut-turut menghasilkan rata-rata diameter zona hambat sebesar 3,827 ± 0,947 mm; 5,460 ± 0,337 mm; 6,673 ± 0,351 mm; 8,053 ± 0,720 mm. Ekstrak kulit buah sawo manila memiliki aktivitas antifungi terhadap Candida albicans

Income effects of alternative trade policy adjustments on Philippine rural households: a general equilibrium analysis

Three types of trade policy adjustments to deal with an unsustainable current account deficit are examined in this paper for their economywide income and equity effects, based on the results of simulation experiments using a CGE model of the Philippine economy. Gross domestic product (GDP) expectably decreases with import rationing and less markedly, with the imposition of a general import surtax; by contrast, adjustment through the reduction of tariffs leads to a larger GDP. The latter result, however, is counterbalanced by a substantial loss in government income. With respect to the distribution of income gains (and losses), the additional market distortions and rent-seeking that accompany the implementation of import rationing heavily discriminate in favor of Metro Manila households, whose average income is the highest among the five household groups distinguished in the model. Moving to a general import surtax represents an improvement in that non-Metro Manila households are penalized less. However, these first two policy options are deemed inferior to tariff liberalization which yields larger income benefits to small-farm and "other rural" households relative to the more affluent Metro Manila, other urban, and large-farm households.Import quotas., Income distribution, Tariff., Trade liberalization., Philippines.,

UJI ZONA HAMBAT EKSTRAK ETANOL BUAH SAWO MANILA (MANILKARA ZAPOTA L) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN BAKTERI ESCHERICHIA COLI DAN STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

Uji zona hambat ekstrak etanol buah sawo manila (Manilkara zapota L.) terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus telah dilakukan. Hasil karakterisasi simplisia buah sawo manila diperoleh kadar air sebesar 4,11%, kadar abu total 1,74%, kadar sari larut air 35,8% dan kadar sari larut etanol 31,26%. Hasil karakterisasi ekstrak etanol buah sawo manila diperoleh kadar air sebesar 21,31%, kadar abu total 1,96%, kadar sari larut air 56,4% dan kadar sari larut etanol 50,76%. Uji fitokimia menunjukkan ekstrak etanol buah sawo manila mengandung senyawa alkaloid, flavonoid, tanin, triterpenoid dan saponin. Hasil uji aktivitas antibakteri menunjukkan ekstrak etanol buah sawo manila memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap bakteri E. coli dan S. aureus. Zona hambat terbesar terhadap bakteri E. coli pada konsentrasi 5% yaitu 8,68 mm dan zona hambat terbesar terhadap bakteri S. aureus pada konsentrasi 20% yaitu 14,13 mm. Kata kunci: Ekstrak etanol buah sawo manila, Manilkara zapota L., Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus

Regulation of the Ku70-Bax complex in Cells.

Using a neuronal cell type (N-type) of neuroblastoma (NB) cells, we have proposed a model in which Ku70, a nuclear DNA repair factor, also regulates a pro-apoptotic protein, Bax, by binding to and blocking Bax-dependent cell death activity in the cytosol. Ku70-Bax binding is regulated by Ku70 acetylation such that when Ku70 is acetylated, Bax dissociates from Ku70, triggering cell death. Some studies have suggested that stoichiometry binding of Bax to Ku70 is critical for this regulation. However, this is not consistent with current literature in which Bax is found to be inactive and monomeric in the cytosol. In this project, I have addressed this issue by determining whether all Bax binds to Ku70 in the NB N-type cells. Furthermore, we have also demonstrated that in NB N-type cells, Ku70 depletion triggers Bax-dependent cell death, suggesting that Ku70 may act as a survival factor. I have also addressed the question whether Ku70 acts as a survival factor in other cell types. Our results showed that in the N-type NB cells only a small fraction of Ku70 binds to a small fraction of Bax; the majority of Bax is monomeric. Interestingly, the majority of Ku70 is in several high molecular weight complexes, and there is no free Ku70 in the cytosol in these cells suggesting that the availability of Ku70 may be another factor that regulates Bax activity. Also, my results show that Ku70 may not be required for survival in some cell types because Ku70 depletion does not affect survival. Furthermore, Ku70 acetylation does not dissociate or activate Bax in these Ku70-depletion insensitive cellsPhDBiological ChemistryUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/116737/1/manila_1.pd