Active thermography for the investigation of corrosion in steel surfaces

The present work aims at developing an experimental methodology for the analysis of corrosion phenomena of steel surfaces by means of Active Thermography (AT), in reflexion configuration (RC). The peculiarity of this AT approach consists in exciting by means of a laser source the sound surface of the specimens and acquiring the thermal signal on the same surface, instead of the corroded one: the thermal signal is then composed by the reflection of the thermal wave reflected by the corroded surface. This procedure aims at investigating internal corroded surfaces like in vessels, piping, carters etc. Thermal tests were performed in Step Heating and Lock-In conditions, by varying excitation parameters (power, time, number of pulse, ….) to improve the experimental set up. Surface thermal profiles were acquired by an IR thermocamera and means of salt spray testing; at set time intervals the specimens were investigated by means of AT. Each duration corresponded to a surface damage entity and to a variation in the thermal response. Thermal responses of corroded specimens were related to the corresponding corrosion level, referring to a reference specimen without corrosion. The entity of corrosion was also verified by a metallographic optical microscope to measure the thickness variation of the specimens

Manufacturing of coir fibre-reinforced polymer composites by hot compression technique

This present chapter describes the manufacturing technique and properties of coir fibre-reinforced polypropylene composites manufactured using a hot press machine. The effects of basic chromium sulphate and sodium bicarbonate treatment on the physical and mechanical properties were also evaluated. Chemical treatment and fibre loading generally improved the mechanical properties. Five-hour basic chromium sulphate and sodium bicarbonate-treated coir-polypropylene had the best set of properties among all manufactured composites. Chemical treatment also improved water absorption characteristics. This proves that chemical treatment reduced the hydrophilicity of the coir fibre. Overall the hot compression technique was proved to be successful in manufacturing good quality coir reinforced polypropylene composites

Titanium Dioxide

This book presents a comprehensive overview of titanium dioxide, including recent advances and applications. It focuses on the compound’s uses in environmental remediation, photocatalytic materials, rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, thin films, energy storage, semiconductors, and much more. This volume is a useful resource for researchers, scientists, engineers, and students

Factories of the Future

Engineering; Industrial engineering; Production engineerin

Desenvolvimento de potenciais fertilizantes sustentáveis de liberação lenta a partir da ativação mecanoquímica de matrizes lamelares naturais ou sintéticas e mono-hidrogeno fosfato de potássio

Orientadores: Prof. Dr. Fernando Wypych (Brasil), Dr.ª Vanessa Prévot (França)Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Exatas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química e l'Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne. Defesa : Curitiba, 16/02/2018Inclui referênciasResumo: O presente trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento de fertilizantes de liberação lenta a partir de ativação mecanoquímica de misturas de matrizes lamelares naturais (montmorilonita, talco, crisotila) ou sintéticas (Hidróxidos Duplos Lamelares (HDL) MgAl e MgFe) com mono-hidrogeno fosfato de potássio. Este sal é utilizado na agricultura como fertilizante convencional e é altamente solúvel em água, o que implica em grandes perdas devido a processos de lixiviação ou até mesmo fixação no solo, impossibilitando em todos os casos a utilização dos nutrientes para as plantas. Devido a estas características, existe a necessidade da aplicação de grandes quantidades destes produtos na agricultura. Portanto a ideia principal do projeto é obter o controle do fornecimento tanto dos elementos que compõem o sal quanto dos elementos constituintes das matrizes lamelares, e com isso, diminuir custos com adubação exacerbada potencializando a utilização dos produtos alterando a solubilidade dos íons envolvidos. A metodologia adotada consiste basicamente na moagem dos reagentes variando as condições de processamento, este processo é descrito como ativação mecanoquímica, e na presente tese utilizou-se de forças de atrito e fricção como fonte de energia mecânica. Como reatores para ativação mecanoquímica utilizam-se moinhos, que de acordo com as características de cada moinho é possível realizar estudo sistemático da moagem em diversas situações. No presente estudo foram utilizados três diferentes moinhos: Moinho de zircônia, moinho de bolas de alta energia, e moinho Herzog. Para todos os três moinhos há uma forte influência do tempo de moagem e razão molar dos reagentes submetidos à moagem, além disso, para o moinho de bolas de alta energia observa-se também que a rotação pode influenciar muito no produto formado. Na caracterização das amostras, foram utilizadas diversas técnicas de acordo com a necessidade de cada uma das partes desta tese. No entanto, as técnicas de DRXP, MEV/EDS e RMN MAS mostraram-se altamente importantes para acompanhamento e verificação da efetiva ativação mecanoquímica. A DRXP permitiu observar a manutenção da estrutura ou a amorfização dos precursores ou ainda formação de fase cristalina distintas. A MEV/EDS permitiu investigar mudanças no tamanho das partículas e no desaparecimento de morfologia ordenada, após a ativação mecanoquímica ou ainda a formação de partículas com morfologias distintas e de composição química distinta. As medidas de RMN permitiram observar mudanças nos ambientes químicos envolvidos, sugerindo a formação de compostos metaestáveis entre metais provenientes das matrizes lamelares potássio, fósforo e oxigênio, além de outros possíveis compostos como produtos. Após comprovada a ativação mecanoquímica, nos ensaios de liberação dos nutrientes observou-se para todas as matrizes analisadas comportamento lento de liberação, o percentual de liberação pode ser influenciado pela composição química das matrizes de partida, uma vez que cada uma pode produzir produtos semelhantes e distintos, por exemplo, SiO2 a partir dos argilominerais, sendo o silício ausente nos hidróxidos duplos lamelares. Além disso, as condições de moagem influenciam fortemente não só a formação de produtos diferenciados como também o percentual de liberação. Por fim, há potencial para produção industrial de todos os materiais estudados, pois a metodologia pode ser adaptada para moinhos maiores, tais como o moinho Herzog que inclusive demanda tempos de moagem reduzidos, e ainda os precursores utilizados são de modo geral de baixo custo. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Fertilizantes de liberação lenta, macronutrientes primários, montmorilonita, talco, crisotila, hidróxidos duplos lamelares, fosfatos solúveis, ativação mecanoquímica.Abstract: The present work describes the development of slow release fertilizers from the mechanochemical activation of mixtures of natural (montmorillonite, talc, chrysotile) or synthetic (Lamellar Double Hydroxides (HDL) MgAl and MgFe) lamellar matrix mixtures with potassium monohydrogen phosphate. This salt is used in agriculture as a conventional fertilizer and is highly soluble in aqueous solution, which implies in large losses due to leaching processes, or even fixation in the soil, making it impossible in all cases to use the nutrients for the plants. Due to these characteristics, there is a need to apply large quantities of these products in agriculture. Therefore, the main idea is to control the supply of both the elements that make up the salt and the constituent elements of the lamellar matrices, and with this, reduce costs with exacerbated fertilization, potentiating the use of the products, altering the solubility of the ions involved. The methodology used basically consists of the milling of the reagents varying the processing conditions, this process is described as a mechanochemical activation, and in the present thesis was used friction and friction forces as a source of mechanical energy. As reactors the mills, according to their intrinsic characteristics it is possible the systematic study of grinding in various situations. In the present study three different mills were used: zirconia mill, high energy ball mill, and Herzog mill. For all three mills there is a strong influence of the grinding time and molar ratio of the reactants submitted to milling; in addition, for the high energy ball mill it is also seen that the rotation can greatly influence the formed product. In the characterization of the samples, several techniques were used according to the need of each part of this thesis. However, the techniques of XRD, SEM / EDX and MAS NMR proved to be highly important for the monitoring and verification of the effective mechano-chemical activation. The DRXP allowed to observe the maintenance of the structure or amorphization of the precursors or even formation of different crystalline phase, SEM/EDX allowed to investigate changes in particle size and in the disappearance of orderly morphology, after the mechanochemical activation or the formation of particles with distinct morphologies and different chemical composition. And, the NMR measurements allowed to observe changes in the chemical environments involved, suggesting the formation of metastable compounds between metals from the lamellar matrices potassium, phosphorus and oxygen, as well as other possible compounds as products. After the mechanochemical activation, in the nutrient release assays, the slow release behavior was observed for all the matrices analyzed. The release rate can be influenced by the chemical composition of the starting matrices, since each matrix can produce similar and distinct products, for example, SiO2 from the clay minerals, the silicon being absent in the lamellar double hydroxides. In addition, the grinding conditions strongly influence not only the formation of differentiated products but also the percentage of release. Finally, the industrial potential of all the materials produced is highlighted, since the methodology can be adapted to larger mills, such as the Herzog mill, which also requires reduced milling times, and the precursors used are generally low cost. KEYWORDS: Slow release fertilizers, primary macronutrients, montmorillonite, talc, chrysotile, HDL, soluble phosphates, mechanochemical activation

European Union Timber Regulation Impact on International Timber Markets

The trade of illegal timber, often from illegal logging, has severe environmental, social and economic consequences. The EU’s response to this problem came with the Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT) Action Plan, with its specific goal to end illegal logging, thereby improving sustainability of forest resources. In March 2013, an additional step was taken by implementing the EU Timber Regulation (EUTR). The EUTR requires proof of timber’s origin and legality to ensure that no illegal timber is imported into the EU. To this end the EU intends to block imports of any wood or wood product which comes from unknown sources. Certification of sustainable forest management will help EU importers minimize risk, which is an essential part of their required due diligence system. Monitoring organizations are established to assist trade associations and businesses to construct comprehensive due diligence systems. National competent authorities are designated to follow the trade of the new FLEGT-licensed timber and timber products. In the first year of the EUTR there are positive impacts, of which the most important is awareness of the disastrous situation with illegal logging, driven by exports of illegal timber. Another positive development is tropical timber exporters documenting the legality of their wood exports. Yet another positive feature is establishment of due diligence systems by EU importers. However, there are considerable problems for ensuring legal trade; for example the lack of comprehensive documentation of origin and legality. Analysis of recent trends establishes changes in the European timber trade in terms of sourcing, substitution, diversion to less-demanding countries. Short-term forecasts of market trends and changes will enable further policy assessment to achieve the objectives of improved legality in international timber markets.JRC.H.3-Forest Resources and Climat

Topical scientific researches into resource-saving technologies of mineral mining and processing

Table of contents Preface . 5 Malanchuk Z.R., Soroka V.S., Lahodniuk O.A., Marchuk M.M. Physical-mechanical and technological features of amber extraction in the Rivne-Volyn region of Ukraine . 6 Moshynskyi, V.S., Korniyenko V.Ya., Khrystyuk A.O., Solvar L.M. Research of energy effective parameters of the process of hydro mechanical extraction of amber from sandy deposits . 24 Mohamed Tafsir Diallo, Mamadou Oury Fatoumata Diallo Tidal Park – Modeling and Control Strategy . 38 Savina N.B., Malanchuk L.O., Ignatiuk I.Z., Moshchych S.Z. Institutional basis and trends of management of the use of the subsoil in Ukraine . 51 Dedelyanova Kr.Y. Column flotation machine – innovative aeration, vibra-tory – acoustic and technological researches . 60 Makarenko V.D., Manhura A.M., Lartseva I.I., Manhura S.I. Magnetic field on asphalt, resin, paraffin and salt deposits 79 Krzysztof Tomiczek The problem of beds stability in the conditions of undermining higher deposited beds in the context of selected analytical solutions . 95 Safonyk A.P., Koziar M.M., Martyniuk P.M., Fylypchuk V.L. Management of pollution - purification system for mining plants . 117 Marinela Panayotova, Vladko Panayotov Recent developments in the flotation of sulfide ores of base metals - bioflotation . 130 Remez N., Dychko A., Bronytskyi V., Kraychuk S. Simulation of shock waves from explosion of mixture explosive charges . 149 Melodi M.M. Akande V.O. Analysis of productivity and technical efficiency in granite aggregate production in selected quarries in south-western, Nigeria . 166 Doroshenko Ya.V., Karpash O.M., Rybitskyi I.V. Investigation of dispersed contaminates influence on the hydraulic energy consumption of elements of gas pipeline systems with complex geometry . 182 Skipochka S.I., Krukovskyi O.P., Krukovska V.V., Palamarchuk T.A. Features of methane emission in coal mines at high speed longwall face advance 208 Daouda Keita, Valery Pozdnyakov Statistical analysis of experimental data on the indices of operation of the loading units of the bauxite compa-ny of Guinea (CBG) . 226 Yevhenii Malanchuk, Sergiy Stets, Ruslan Zhomyruk, Andriy Stets Modeling of the process of mining of zeolite-smectite tuffs by hydro-well method . 244 Samusia V. I., Kyrychenko Y. О., Cheberiachko I. M., Trofymova, O. P. Development of experimental methods to study heterogenic flows in the context of hydraulic hoisting design . 260 Makarenko V.D., Kharchenko M.O., Manhura A.M., Petrash O.V. Magnetic treatment of production fluid with high content of asphalt-resin-paraffin deposits . 268 Kovshun N.E., Ignatiuk I.Z., Moshchych S.Z. Malanchuk L.O. Innovative model of development of fuel and energy complex of Ukraine 279 Bondarenko А.O., Ostapchuk O.V. Design and implementation of a jet pump dredge . 296 Sotskov V.O., Dereviahina N.I. Research of dependencies of stope stress-strain state change under various conditions of partial stowing of developed space . 305 Sakhno S., Liulchenko Y., Chyrva T., Pischikova O. Determination of bear-ing capacity and calculation of the gain of the damaged span of a railway overpass by the finite element method . 326 Melodi М.М., Ojulari M.K. Oluwafemi V.I. Economic and environmental impacts of artisanal gold mining on near-by community of Sauka-Kahuta, Nigeria . 340 Kruchkov A.I., Besarabets Y.J., Yevtieieva L.I. Energy saving modes of excavators type power shovel . 353 Hryhorash M.V., Kuzminskyi V.P., Ovchinnikova O.V., Kukhar V.Yu. Energy saving through quality of technical water: new types of mechanical screen filters for various links of water treatment . 369 Didenko M. The modeling of the interaction of rock mass and compliant lining while it is expanded . 394 Makarenko V.D., Liashenko A.V. Complex approach to research and selection of hydrocarbon solvents for asphaltene-resin-paraffin-hydrate deposits control . 408 Mykhailovska O.V., Zotsenko M.L. Investigation of the oscillations amplitudes bases and foundations of the forming machine . 417 Inkin O.V., Puhach A.M., Dereviahina N.I. Physical-chemical and technological parameters of improving profitability of underground coal burning . 42

Corrosion and Degradation of Materials

Studies on the corrosion and degradation of materials play a decisive role in the novel design and development of corrosion-resistant materials, the selection of materials used in harsh environments in designed lifespans, the invention of corrosion control methods and procedures (e.g., coatings, inhibitors), and the safety assessment and prediction of materials (i.e., modelling). These studies cover a wide range of research fields, including the calculation of thermodynamics, the characterization of microstructures, the investigation of mechanical and corrosion properties, the creation of corrosion coatings or inhibitors, and the establishment of corrosion modelling. This Special Issue is devoted to these types of studies, which facilitate the understanding of the corrosion fundamentals of materials in service, the development of corrosion coatings or methods, improving their durability, and eventually decreasing corrosion loss