Efficient delta-sigma ADC for mobile audio applications based on a LabVIEW assisted architectural design flow

Questo lavoro di tesi è il risultato della fruttuosa collaborazione tra l’azienda multinazionale ST-Ericsson e il Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Informazione dell’Università di Pisa. ST-Ericsson è una delle aziende ”leader” nei mercati dei “modem“ e dei processori in banda base. Il gruppo di “mixed signal design“ nell’area di Zurigo (Svizzera) unitamente al gruppo basato a Bangalore (India) hanno, tra gli altri obbiettivi, la continua ricerca di soluzioni per migliorare l’efficienza ed il costo dei sotto-sistemi audio. Questa è stata quindi la base di lavoro per l’inizio di una collaborazione con l’accademia su tali temi. Lo studio è iniziato con una valutazione dello stato dell’arte dei “computer aided design tool” (CAD tool) per gli studi architetturali e per la validazione dei progetti dei convertitori delta-sigma sia in banda audio sia per applicazioni a larga ampiezza di banda, riscontrando una mancanza di flessibilità nell’area dei flussi per la scelta di architetture orientate al progetto. Sulla base di tali evidenze è stato sviluppato un nuovo “software” implementato in LabVIEW e finalizzato a guidare la scelta dei parametri di progetto di un convertitore analogico-digitale (ADC) delta-sigma. Tale “CAD tool” considera la minimizzazione dell’area di silicio già nella scelta dell’architettura lasciando al progettista la possibilità di implementare dei requisiti addizionali per la minimizzazione dell’area piuttosto che scegliere i parametri di progetto (coefficienti della risposta in frequenza) con il solo fine di ottenere le prestazioni desiderate. L’architettura della catena di “uplink” del processore in banda base è stata inoltre riprogettata e la funzionalità di alcuni blocchi è stata implementata nel ADC. Il controllo del guadagno, tradizionalmente effettuato da un amplificatore a guadagno variabile o “programmable gain amplifier” (PGA) attivato in corrispondenza degli attraversamenti dello zero rilevati da un “zero crossing detector” (ZCD), è stato inserito nell’anello di reazione del ADC attraverso un banco di condensatori selezionabili tramite controllo digitale. Gli effetti della commutazione del guadagno sul “dithering” e sulla traslazione del “idle-tone” sono state esaminati e sono state proposte delle soluzioni. Questo ha aperto alla possibilità di migliorare la qualità delle transizioni di guadagno attraverso un controllo a modulazione di larghezza dell’impulso o “Pulse Width Modulation” (PWM) che consente una variazione del guadagno e di conseguenza del segnale audio, molto più graduale rispetto a quanto avviene nelle soluzioni attualmente disponibili sul mercato. Infine un ADC in banda audio con area pari a 0.073 mm2 e consumo di corrente pari a 950 A da una tensione di alimentazione di 2.3 V, è stato realizzato in tecnologia CMOS 40nm. Il progetto è stato validato tramite la caratterizzazione sperimentale sia su un microchip di silicio a se’ stante contenente il solo ADC, sia sulla catena audio del processore in banda base G4860 che sta per essere adottato da Samsung per una prossima generazione di telefoni cellulari. Tra i principali obiettivi innovativi raggiunti si hanno: (i) Riduzione del 15% dell’area occupata dai condensatori commutati rispetto alle soluzioni di ADC riportati in letteratura con simili prestazioni, (ii) riduzione del 25% in area e del 30% in corrente nella catena di “uplink” audio sviluppata per un progetto GSM commerciale per mezzo dell’eliminazione sia del PGA che dello ZCD nel “front-end” audio, (iii) maggiore gradualità nel cambiamento del guadagno rispetto i dispositivi esistenti grazie ad una tecnica di controllo originale che è stata proposta per l’ottenimento di un brevetto da parte di ST-Ericsson

Improved design techniques for low-voltage low-power switched-capacitor delta-sigma modulators

This dissertation investigates the constraints which arise when switched-capacitor (SC) delta-sigma modulators are designed for low-voltage operation, targeting also low power dissipation, and proposes methods of improving the performance and optimizing for low power dissipation. This is accomplished by identifying critical elements whose performance can lead to increased power dissipation, as well as the fundamental limitations of available analog circuit techniques. A prototype was designed and fabricated, which reflected these findings, and therefore exhibited good performance and nearly optimum power dissipation. One of the key performance parameters is the dc gain of the amplifier in the first stage; it should be high. This is necessary for high linearity and low quantization noise leakage. In low-voltage operation, it may become impractical to use conventional topologies employing cascoding techniques (e.g., folded-cascode) which provide high gain in one single stage. Rather, cascaded structures have to be used. The disadvantage of the latter is the necessity for frequency compensation which results in increased power dissipation. Hence, another objective of this work is to exploit techniques which compensate for the open-loop gain characteristic of the amplifier (dc gain and nonlinearity), thus permitting the utilization of single-stage low-gain topologies. Predictive correlated double sampling is one of such techniques and is analyzed in detail

Proceedings of the Second International Mobile Satellite Conference (IMSC 1990)

Presented here are the proceedings of the Second International Mobile Satellite Conference (IMSC), held June 17-20, 1990 in Ottawa, Canada. Topics covered include future mobile satellite communications concepts, aeronautical applications, modulation and coding, propagation and experimental systems, mobile terminal equipment, network architecture and control, regulatory and policy considerations, vehicle antennas, and speech compression

Primitives and design of the intelligent pixel multimedia communicator

Communication systems arc an ever more essential component of our modern global society. Mobile communications systems are still in a state of rapid advancement and growth. Technology is constantly evolving at a rapid pace in ever more diverse areas and the emerging mobile multimedia based communication systems offer new challenges for both current and future technologies. To realise the full potential of mobile multimedia communication systems there is a need to explore new options to solve some of the fundamental problems facing the technology. In particular, the complexity of such a system within an infrastructure framework that is inherently limited by its power sources and has very restricted transmission bandwidth demands new methodologies and approaches

Radio Communications

In the last decades the restless evolution of information and communication technologies (ICT) brought to a deep transformation of our habits. The growth of the Internet and the advances in hardware and software implementations modified our way to communicate and to share information. In this book, an overview of the major issues faced today by researchers in the field of radio communications is given through 35 high quality chapters written by specialists working in universities and research centers all over the world. Various aspects will be deeply discussed: channel modeling, beamforming, multiple antennas, cooperative networks, opportunistic scheduling, advanced admission control, handover management, systems performance assessment, routing issues in mobility conditions, localization, web security. Advanced techniques for the radio resource management will be discussed both in single and multiple radio technologies; either in infrastructure, mesh or ad hoc networks

Proceedings of the Third International Mobile Satellite Conference (IMSC 1993)

Satellite-based mobile communications systems provide voice and data communications to users over a vast geographic area. The users may communicate via mobile or hand-held terminals, which may also provide access to terrestrial cellular communications services. While the first and second International Mobile Satellite Conferences (IMSC) mostly concentrated on technical advances, this Third IMSC also focuses on the increasing worldwide commercial activities in Mobile Satellite Services. Because of the large service areas provided by such systems, it is important to consider political and regulatory issues in addition to technical and user requirements issues. Topics covered include: the direct broadcast of audio programming from satellites; spacecraft technology; regulatory and policy considerations; advanced system concepts and analysis; propagation; and user requirements and applications

The Fifth NASA Symposium on VLSI Design

The fifth annual NASA Symposium on VLSI Design had 13 sessions including Radiation Effects, Architectures, Mixed Signal, Design Techniques, Fault Testing, Synthesis, Signal Processing, and other Featured Presentations. The symposium provides insights into developments in VLSI and digital systems which can be used to increase data systems performance. The presentations share insights into next generation advances that will serve as a basis for future VLSI design

Dependable Embedded Systems

This Open Access book introduces readers to many new techniques for enhancing and optimizing reliability in embedded systems, which have emerged particularly within the last five years. This book introduces the most prominent reliability concerns from today’s points of view and roughly recapitulates the progress in the community so far. Unlike other books that focus on a single abstraction level such circuit level or system level alone, the focus of this book is to deal with the different reliability challenges across different levels starting from the physical level all the way to the system level (cross-layer approaches). The book aims at demonstrating how new hardware/software co-design solution can be proposed to ef-fectively mitigate reliability degradation such as transistor aging, processor variation, temperature effects, soft errors, etc. Provides readers with latest insights into novel, cross-layer methods and models with respect to dependability of embedded systems; Describes cross-layer approaches that can leverage reliability through techniques that are pro-actively designed with respect to techniques at other layers; Explains run-time adaptation and concepts/means of self-organization, in order to achieve error resiliency in complex, future many core systems