Power-Aware Design Methodologies for FPGA-Based Implementation of Video Processing Systems

The increasing capacity and capabilities of FPGA devices in recent years provide an attractive option for performance-hungry applications in the image and video processing domain. FPGA devices are often used as implementation platforms for image and video processing algorithms for real-time applications due to their programmable structure that can exploit inherent spatial and temporal parallelism. While performance and area remain as two main design criteria, power consumption has become an important design goal especially for mobile devices. Reduction in power consumption can be achieved by reducing the supply voltage, capacitances, clock frequency and switching activities in a circuit. Switching activities can be reduced by architectural optimization of the processing cores such as adders, multipliers, multiply and accumulators (MACS), etc. This dissertation research focuses on reducing the switching activities in digital circuits by considering data dependencies in bit level, word level and block level neighborhoods in a video frame. The bit level data neighborhood dependency consideration for power reduction is illustrated in the design of pipelined array, Booth and log-based multipliers. For an array multiplier, operands of the multipliers are partitioned into higher and lower parts so that the probability of the higher order parts being zero or one increases. The gating technique for the pipelined approach deactivates part(s) of the multiplier when the above special values are detected. For the Booth multiplier, the partitioning and gating technique is integrated into the Booth recoding scheme. In addition, a delay correction strategy is developed for the Booth multiplier to reduce the switching activities of the sign extension part in the partial products. A novel architecture design for the computation of log and inverse-log functions for the reduction of power consumption in arithmetic circuits is also presented. This also utilizes the proposed partitioning and gating technique for further dynamic power reduction by reducing the switching activities. The word level and block level data dependencies for reducing the dynamic power consumption are illustrated by presenting the design of a 2-D convolution architecture. Here the similarities of the neighboring pixels in window-based operations of image and video processing algorithms are considered for reduced switching activities. A partitioning and detection mechanism is developed to deactivate the parallel architecture for window-based operations if higher order parts of the pixel values are the same. A neighborhood dependent approach (NDA) is incorporated with different window buffering schemes. Consideration of the symmetry property in filter kernels is also applied with the NDA method for further reduction of switching activities. The proposed design methodologies are implemented and evaluated in a FPGA environment. It is observed that the dynamic power consumption in FPGA-based circuit implementations is significantly reduced in bit level, data level and block level architectures when compared to state-of-the-art design techniques. A specific application for the design of a real-time video processing system incorporating the proposed design methodologies for low power consumption is also presented. An image enhancement application is considered and the proposed partitioning and gating, and NDA methods are utilized in the design of the enhancement system. Experimental results show that the proposed multi-level power aware methodology achieves considerable power reduction. Research work is progressing In utilizing the data dependencies in subsequent frames in a video stream for the reduction of circuit switching activities and thereby the dynamic power consumption

A Reconfigurable Digital Multiplier and 4:2 Compressor Cells Design

With the continually growing use of portable computing devices and increasingly complex software applications, there is a constant push for low power high speed circuitry to support this technology. Because of the high usage and large complex circuitry required to carry out arithmetic operations used in applications such as digital signal processing, there has been a great focus on increasing the efficiency of computer arithmetic circuitry. A key player in the realm of computer arithmetic is the digital multiplier and because of its size and power consumption, it has moved to the forefront of today\u27s research. A digital reconfigurable multiplier architecture will be introduced. Regulated by a 2-bit control signal, the multiplier is capable of double and single precision multiplication, as well as fault tolerant and dual throughput single precision execution. The architecture proposed in this thesis is centered on a recursive multiplication algorithm, where a large multiplication is carried out using recursions of simpler submultiplier modules. Within each sub-multiplier module, instead of carry save adder arrays, 4:2 compressor rows are utilized for partial product reduction, which present greater efficiency, thus result in lower delay and power consumption of the whole multiplier. In addition, a study of various digital logic circuit styles are initially presented, and then three different designs of 4:2 compressor in Domino Logic are presented and simulation results confirm the property of proposed design in terms of delay, power consumption and operation frequenc

Options for Denormal Representation in Logarithmic Arithmetic

International audienceEconomical hardware often uses a FiXed-point Number System (FXNS), whose constant absolute precision is acceptable for many signal-processing algorithms. The almost-constant relative precision of the more expensive Floating-Point (FP) number system simplifies design, for example, by eliminating worries about FXNS overflow because the range of FP is much larger than FXNS for the same wordsize; however, primitive FP introduces another problem: underflow. The conventional Signed Logarithmic Number System (SLNS) offers similar range and precision as FP with much better performance (in terms of power, speed and area) for multiplication, division, powers and roots. Moderate-precision addition in SLNS uses table lookup with properties similar to FP (including underflow). This paper proposes a new number system, called the Denormal LNS (DLNS), which is a hybrid of the properties of FXNS and SLNS. The inspiration for DLNS comes from the denormal (aka subnormal) numbers found in IEEE-754 (that provide better, gradual underflow) and the μ-law often used for speech encoding; the novel DLNS circuit here allows arithmetic to be performed directly on such encoded data. The proposed approach allows customizing the range in which gradual underflow occurs. A wide gradual underflow range acts like FXNS; a narrow one acts like SLNS. The DLNS approach is most affordable for applications involving addition, subtraction and multiplication by constants, such as the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). Simulation of an FFT application illustrates a moderate gradual underflow decreasing bit-switching activity 15% compared to underflow-free SLNS, at the cost of increasing application error by 30%. DLNS reduces switching activity 5% to 20% more than an abruptly-underflowing SLNS with one-half the error. Synthesis shows the novel circuit primarily consists of traditional SLNS addition and subtraction tables, with additional datapaths that allow the novel ALU to act on conventional SLNS as well as DLNS and mixed data, for a worst-case area overhead of 26%. For similar range and precision, simulation of Taylor-series computations suggest subnormal values in DLNS behave similarly to those in the IEEE-754 FP standard. Unlike SLNS, DLNS approach is quite costly for general (non-constant) multiplication, division and roots. To overcome this difficulty, this paper proposes two variation called Denormal Mitchell LNS (DMLNS) and Denormal Offset Mitchell LNS (DOMLNS), in which the well-known Mitchell's method makes the cost of general multiplication, division and roots closer to that of SLNS. Taylor-series computations suggest subnormal values in DMLNS and DOMLNS also behave similarly to those in the IEEE-754 FP standard. Synthesis shows that DMLNS and DOMLNS respectively have average area overheads of 25% and 17% compared to an equivalent SLNS 5-operation unit.Les circuits intégrés économiques utilisent souvent des systèmes de numération en virgule fixe, dont la précision absolue constante est acceptable pour de nombreux algorithmes de traitement du signal. La précision relative quasi-constante du système virgule flottante, plus coûteux, simplifie la conception, en éliminant notamment le risque de débordement par le haut, la dynamique du flottant étant bien plus grande qu'en virgule fixe. Cependant, le flottant primitif induit un autre problème : le débordement par le bas (underflow). Le système logarithmique conventionnel (SLNS) offre une dynamique et une précision similaire au flottant, pour des performances bien meilleures (en termes de consommation, vitesse et surface) pour la multiplication, la division, les puissances et les racines. L'addition en précision moyenne en SLNS est basées sur des accès à des tables, avec des propriétés similaires au flottant (incluant le débordement par le bas). Cet article propose trois variations autour d'un nouveau système de représentation des nombres, respectivement appelées Denormal LNS (DLNS), Denormal Mitchell LNS (DMLNS) et Denormal Offset Mitchell LNS (DOMLNS), qui sont toutes des hybrides des propriétés de la virgule fixe et du SLNS. L'inspiration de D(OM)LNS vient des nombre dénormaux (ou sous-normaux) de la norme IEEE-754, qui fournissent un débordement par le bas graduel, et le codage µ-law utilisé dans la transmission de la voix. Le nouveau circuit DLNS proposé permet de calculer directement sur les données codées. L'approche proposée permet d'ajuster l'intervalle dans lequel le débordement progressif intervient. Une plage large se comporte comme la virgule fixe, une étroite comme le SLNS. L'approche DLNS est la plus économique pour les applications impliquant des additions, soustractions et multiplications par des constantes, telles que les transformées de Fourier rapides (FFT). Notre première mise en {\oe}uvre s'appuie sur les blocs de base existant d SLNS. Des synthèses montrent que le nouveau circuit est constitué principalement des tables d'additions SLNS traditionnelles, avec des chemins de données supplémentaires qui permettent à la nouvelle unité d'opérer sur des données SLNS, DLNS ou mixtes, pour un surcoût en surface de 26% dans le pire cas. Contrairement au SLNS, cette réalisation de DLNS reste coûteuse pour la multiplication générique, la division et les racines. Pour surmonter cette difficulté, cet article propose les variations DMLNS et DOMLNS, pour lesquelles la méthode de Mitchell rapproche le coût des multiplications génériques, divisions et racines de leurs équivalents en SLNS. Des calculs sur des séries de Taylor suggèrent que les valeurs sous-normales en DMLNS et DOMLNS se comportent également de manière similaires à celles de la norme IEEE-754. Des synthèses montrent que DMLNS et DOMLNS offrent des surcoûts respectifs de 25% et 17% par rapport à une unité SLNS à 5 opérations équivalente

Low Power Synchronous Design of Hardware Architecture for Ieee 754 Single Precision Floating Point Fast Fourier Transform

Signal Processing, communication systems, Digital information systems and many other fields of DSP have the wide need for Fast Fourier Transformation computations. Hardware architecture for computing IEEE 754 single precision floating point FFT is proposed here and the work is focused on power optimization of the design. Cooley-Tukey�s (DIF) Decimation in Frequency domain butterfly algorithm is used for the design implementation. Proposed design is a synchronous architecture and proved to be an efficient compared to the earlier parallel architectures. The clock latency and hardware over head of the design is productive and cost effective compared to the designs known earlier. The design is implemented in RTL Verilog and logically verified using Altera-Model Sim. Synthesis of the design is carried out in gscl-45 nm library, 1.1 v process using Synopsys design vision and prime time tools. The power reports showed that the proposed design consumes 90% less power with 50% reduced clock latency compared to earlier designs. Frequency of the design is compromised to an extent but can be improved using the suggested novel sub-designs of floating point add/sub and multiply blocks. Techniques for further power optimization are also given for future implementations.Electrical Engineerin

Energy efficient hardware acceleration of multimedia processing tools

The world of mobile devices is experiencing an ongoing trend of feature enhancement and generalpurpose multimedia platform convergence. This trend poses many grand challenges, the most pressing being their limited battery life as a consequence of delivering computationally demanding features. The envisaged mobile application features can be considered to be accelerated by a set of underpinning hardware blocks Based on the survey that this thesis presents on modem video compression standards and their associated enabling technologies, it is concluded that tight energy and throughput constraints can still be effectively tackled at algorithmic level in order to design re-usable optimised hardware acceleration cores. To prove these conclusions, the work m this thesis is focused on two of the basic enabling technologies that support mobile video applications, namely the Shape Adaptive Discrete Cosine Transform (SA-DCT) and its inverse, the SA-IDCT. The hardware architectures presented in this work have been designed with energy efficiency in mind. This goal is achieved by employing high level techniques such as redundant computation elimination, parallelism and low switching computation structures. Both architectures compare favourably against the relevant pnor art in the literature. The SA-DCT/IDCT technologies are instances of a more general computation - namely, both are Constant Matrix Multiplication (CMM) operations. Thus, this thesis also proposes an algorithm for the efficient hardware design of any general CMM-based enabling technology. The proposed algorithm leverages the effective solution search capability of genetic programming. A bonus feature of the proposed modelling approach is that it is further amenable to hardware acceleration. Another bonus feature is an early exit mechanism that achieves large search space reductions .Results show an improvement on state of the art algorithms with future potential for even greater savings

Input-Conscious Approximate Multiply-Accumulate (MAC) Unit for Energy-Efficiency

The Multiply-Accumulate Unit (MAC) is an integral computational component of all digital signal processing (DSP) architectures and thus has a significant impact on their speed and power dissipation. Due to an extraordinary explosion in the number of battery-powered “Internet of Things” (IoT) devices, the need for reducing the power consumption of DSP architectures has tremendously increased. Approximate computing (AxC) has been proposed as a potential solution for this problem targeting error-resilient applications. In this paper, we present a novel FPGA implementation for input-aware energy-efficient 8-bit approximate MAC (AxMAC) unit that reduces its power consumption by: performing multiplication operation approximately, or approximating the input operands then replacing multiplication by a simple shift operation. We propose an input-aware conditional block to bypass operands multiplication by (1) zero forwarding for zero-value operands, (2) judiciously approximating 43.8% of inputs into power-of-2 values, and (3) replacing the multiplication of power-of-2 operands by a simple shift operation. Experimental results show that these simplification techniques reduce delay, power and energy consumption with an acceptable quality degradation. We evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed AxMAC units on two image processing applications, i.e., image blending and filtering, and a logistic regression classification application. These applications demonstrate a negligible quality loss, with 66.6% energy reduction and 5% area overhead