A Review Paper on PAPR Reduction in OFDM using SLM and Adaptive Clipping

Orthogonal Frequency division Multiplexing (OFDM) is an effectual technique of data transmission for high speed communication schemes. However, the main drawback of OFDM system is the high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) of the communicated signals. OFDM contain of large number of independent subcarriers, as a result of which the amplitude of such a signal can have high peak values. Coding, phase rotation and clipping are between many PAPR reduction schemes that have been proposed to overcome this problem. Here in this paper we survey on two different PAPR reduction methods adaptive clipping and selective mapping (SLM) are used to reduce PAPR. Important reduction in PAPR has been achieved using these techniques

Digital signal processing techniques for peak-to-average power ratio mitigation in MIMO–OFDM systems

The focus of this thesis is to mitigate the very large peak-to-average transmit power ratios (PAPRs) inherent to conventional orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems, particularly in the context of transmission over multi-input multi-output (MIMO) wireless broadband channels. This problem is important as a large PAPR generally needs an expensive radio frequency (RF) power amplifier at the transmitter due to the requirement for linear operation over a wide amplitude range and such a cost would be compounded when multiple transmit antennas are used. Advanced signal processing techniques which can reduce PAPR whilst retain the integrity of digital transmission therefore have considerable potential for application in emergent MIMO–OFDM wireless systems and form the technical contributions of this study. [Continues.

Predistortion performance considering Peak to Average Power ratio reduction in OFDM context

International audienceSome recent communication systems like DVB-T2 standard set up a PAPR reduction technique followed by a linearization's one. So in such a scenario, the performance of the linearization is influenced undoubtedly by the PAPR reduction method. In this paper, we revisit the EVM metric and evaluate a closed form regarding the performance of both the PAPR reduction technique and the linearization's one. We choose the predistortion as a linearization technique and define a predistortion error. Assuming that the baseband OFDM signal is characterized as a complex Gaussian process, we consider the three top categories of PAPR reduction methods presented in [2] and we first study the distribution of the resulted signal. Then, we derive some theoretical expressions of the first and second order moments of the predistortion error and show that the error depends mainly on the PAPR of the signal after PAPR reduction method and on the predistortion quality. Some simulations compared to our proposed model confirm our results

A Review on PAPR Reduction in Perspective of BER Performance in MIMO-OFDM Based Next Generation Wireless Systems.

Today, high speed and trustworthy wireless communication over mobile is the requirement of society. As the mobile applications and the users are rapidly increasing, it is obligatory to have more reliable, high speed wireless network with high throughput, which will combat the disadvantages in existing system in this multiuser environment. In wireless system the received signal may be corrupted due to noise and interferences such as ‘inter symbol interference’ and ‘inter carrier interference’ when subjected to multi-path fading. Also the performance the system may be affected due to poor ‘bit error rate’ and high ‘peak to average power ratio’ value, which further affect the signal power and spectral efficiency of transmitted signal. The blend of ‘orthogonal frequency division multiplexing’ and ‘multi input multi output’ antenna system referred as MIMO-OFDM system, which offers the improvement in quality of service and higher throughput to satisfy the tomorrow’s need. This review article mainly focuses on various technologies adopted by different researchers for enhancing the ‘bit error rates’, ‘peak to average power ratio’, ‘signal to noise ratio’ and ‘spectral efficiency’ performances in wireless systems. We continue by highlighting the limitations and comparing results of conventional methods, schemes and algorithms proposed by different researchers.  We also focus on the multiple antenna system (MIMO), which is designed for future multiuser environment to enhance the capacity or to have high throughput along with good quality services

Boosted PTS Method with Mu-Law Companding Techniques for PAPR Reduction in OFDM Systems

This paper proposes an enhanced PAPR reduction technique which combines an enhanced PTS method with Mu-Law companding. The enhanced PTS method improves performances in both the partitioning and phase rotation steps. Enhancement in partitioning is achieved through a judicious incorporation of AP-PTS scheme into the IP-PTS. As for phase rotation, an optimal set of rotation vectors is derived based on the correlation properties of candidate signals. The PAPR reduction of this enhanced PTS method is further improved by annexing Mu-Law companding at the end of the enhanced PTS. This application of Mu-Law characteristic in the time domain of OFDM signal significantly improves the PAPR reduction capability of the approach. Simulation results show that the PAPR performance of the enhanced PTS method with Mu-Law companding technique on various scenarios with different modulation schemes is better than that of the PRP-PTS. This approach can be considered as a very attractive candidate for achieving a significant reduction of PAPR, while maintaining a low computational complexity

Modulation options for OFDM-based waveforms: classification, comparison, and future directions

This paper provides a comparative study on the performance of different modulation options for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) in terms of their spectral efficiency, reliability, peak-to-average power ratio, power efficiency, out-of-band emission, and computational complexity. The modulation candidates are classified into two main categories based on the signal plane dimension they exploit. These categories are: 1) 2-D signal plane category including conventional OFDM with classical fixed or adaptive QAM modulation and OFDM with differential modulation, where information is conveyed in changes between two successive symbols in the same subcarrier or between two consecutive subcarriers in the same OFDM symbol and 2) 3-D signal plane category encompassing: a) index-based OFDM modulation schemes which include: i) spatial modulation OFDM, where information is sent by the indices of antennas along with conventional modulated symbols and ii) OFDM with index modulation, where the subcarriers’ indices are used to send additional information; b) number-based OFDM modulation schemes which include OFDM with subcarrier number modulation, in which number of subcarriers is exploited to convey additional information; and c) shape-based OFDM modulation schemes which include OFDM with pulse superposition modulation, where the shape of pulses is introduced as a third new dimension to convey additional information. Based on the provided comparative study, the relationship and interaction between these different modulation options and the requirements of future 5G networks are discussed and explained. This paper is then concluded with some recommendations and future research directions.This work was supported in part by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK), under Grant 215E316

Design and implementation of low complexity adaptive optical OFDM systems for software-defined transmission in elastic optical networks

Due to the increasing global IP traffic and the exponential growing demand for broadband services, optical networks are experimenting significant changes. Advanced modulation formats are being implemented at the Digital Signal Processing (DSP) level as key enablers for high data rate transmission. Whereas in the network layer, flexi Dense Wavelength-Division Multiplexing (DWDM) grids are being investigated in order to efficiently use the optical spectrum according to the traffic demand. Enabling these capabilities makes high data rate transmission more feasible. Hence, introducing flexibility in the system is one of the main goals of this thesis. Furthermore, minimizing the cost and enhancing the Spectral Efficiency (SE) of the system are two crucial issues to consider in the transceiver design. This dissertation investigates the use of Optical Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (O-OFDM) based either on the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) or the Fast Hartley Transform (FHT) and flexi-grid technology to allow high data rate transmission over the fiber. Different cost-effective solutions for Elastic Optical Networks (EON) are provided. On the one hand, Direct Detection (DD) systems are investigated and proposed to cope with present and future traffic demand. After an introduction to the principles of OFDM and its application in optical systems, the main problems of such modulation is introduced. In particular, Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) is presented as a limitation in OFDM systems, as well as clipping and quantization noise. Hence, PAPR reduction techniques are proposed to mitigate these impairments. Additionally, Low Complexity (LC) PAPR reduction techniques based on the FHT have also been presented with a simplified DSP. On the other hand, loading schemes have also been introduced in the analyzed system to combat Chromatic Dispersion (CD) when transmitting over the optical link. Moreover, thanks to Bit Loading (BL) and Power Loading (PL), flexible and software-defined transceivers can be implemented maximizing the spectral efficiency by adapting the data rate to the current demand and the actual network conditions. Specifically, OFDM symbols are created by mapping the different subcarriers with different modulation formats according to the channel profile. Experimental validation of the proposed flexible transceivers is also provided in this dissertation. The benefits of including loading capabilities in the design, such as enabling high data rate and software-defined transmission, are highlighted.Degut al creixement del tràfic IP i de la demanda de serveis de banda ampla, les xarxes òptiques estan experimentant canvis significatius. Els formats avançats de modulació, implementats a nivell de processat del senyal digital, habiliten la transmissió a alta velocitat. Mentre que a la capa de xarxa, l'espectre òptic es dividit en ranures flexibles ocupant l'ample de banda necessari segons la demanda de tràfic. La transmissió a alta velocitat és fa més tangible un cop habilitades totes aquestes funcionalitats. D'aquesta manera un dels principals objectius d'aquesta tesis es introduir flexibilitat al sistema. A demés, minimitzar el cost i maximitzar l'eficiència espectral del sistema són també dos aspectes crucials a considerar en el disseny del transmissor i receptor. Aquesta tesis investiga l'ús de la tecnologia Optical Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) basada en la transformada de Fourier (FFT) i la de Hartley (FHT) per tal de dissenyar un sistema flexible i capaç de transmetre a alta velocitat a través de la fibra òptica. Per tant, es proposen diferent solucions de baix cost vàlides per a utilitzar en xarxes òptiques elàstiques. En primer lloc, s'investiguen i es proposen sistemes basats en detecció directa per tal de suportar la present i futura demanda. Després d'una introducció dels principis d' OFDM i la seva aplicació als sistemes òptics, s'introdueixen alguns dels problemes d'aquesta modulació. En particular, es presenten el Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) i els sorolls de clipping i de quantizació com a limitació dels sistemes OFDM. S'analitzen tècniques de reducció de PAPR per tal de reduir l'impacte d'aquests impediments. També es proposen tècniques de baixa complexitat per a reduir el PAPR basades en la FHT. Finalment, s'utilitzen algoritmes d'assignació de bits i de potència, Bit Loading (BL) i Power Loading (PL), per tal de combatre la dispersió cromàtica quan es transmet pel canal òptic. Amb la implementació dels algoritmes de BL i PL, es poden dissenyar transmissors i receptors flexibles adaptant la velocitat a la demanda del moment i a les actuals condicions de la xarxa. En particular, els símbols OFDM es creen mapejant cada portadora amb un format de modulació diferent segons el perfil del canal. El sistema és validat experimentalment mostrant les prestacions i els beneficis d'incloure flexibilitat per tal de facilitar la transmissió a alta velocitat i cobrir les necessitats de l'Internet del futurDebido al crecimiento del tráfico IP y de la demanda de servicios de banda ancha, las redes ópticas están experimentando cambios significativos. Los formatos avanzados de modulación, implementados a nivel de procesado de la señal digital, habilitan la transmisión a alta velocidad. Mientras que en la capa de red, el espectro óptico se divide en ranuras flexibles ocupando el ancho de banda necesario según la demanda de tráfico. La transmisión a alta velocidad es más tangible una vez habilitadas todas estas funcionalidades. De este modo uno de los principales objetivos de esta tesis es introducir flexibilidad en el sistema. Además, minimizar el coste y maximizar la eficiencia espectral del sistema son también dos aspectos cruciales a considerar en el diseño del transmisor y receptor. Esta tesis investiga el uso de la tecnologia Optical Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) basada en la transformada de Fourier (FFT) y en la de Hartley (FHT) con tal de diseñar un sistema flexible y capaz de transmitir a alta velocidad a través de la fibra óptica. Por lo tanto, se proponen distintas soluciones de bajo coste válidas para utilizar en redes ópticas elásticas. En primer lugar, se investigan y se proponen sistemas basados en detección directa con tal de soportar la presente y futura demanda. Después de una introducción de los principios de OFDM y su aplicación en los sistemas ópticos, se introduce el principal problema de esta modulación. En particular se presentan el Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) y los ruidos de clipping y cuantización como limitaciones de los sistemas OFDM. Se analizan técnicas de reducción de PAPR con tal de reducir el impacto de estos impedimentos. También se proponen técnicas de baja complejidad para reducir el PAPR basadas en la FHT. Finalmente, se utilizan algoritmos de asignación de bits y potencia, Bit Loading (BL) y Power Loading (PL), con tal de combatir la dispersión cromática cuando se transmite por el canal óptico. Con la implementación de los algoritmos de BL y PL, se pueden diseñar transmisores y receptores flexibles adaptando la velocidad a la demanda del momento y a las actuales condiciones de la red. En particular, los símbolos OFDM se crean mapeando cada portadora con un formato de modulaci_on distinto según el perfil del canal. El sistema se valida experimentalmente mostrando las prestaciones y los beneficios de incluir flexibilidad con tal de facilitar la transmisión a alta velocidad y cubrir las necesidades de Internet del futuro