Migratory Movement: The Politics of Ethnic Community (Re) Construction Among Creoles of Color, 1920-1940

This article considers the social and economic conditions under which Creoles of Color left the state of Louisiana from 1920-1940.1 Because Creoles in the years following 1920 were legally reclassified as black, many lost their land, social and legal rights, and access to education as well as the possibility of upward mobility to which they had previously had access when they were accorded the status of a distinct/legal ethnic group. Creole families had to make decisions about the economic, social, religious, and cultural futures of their children and the community as a whole. As a form of resistance to colonial and neocolonial rule, thousands of Creoles left Louisiana, following the pattern established by members of the previous generation who had anticipated the advent and implications of the new legal racial system as far back as the mid to late 1800s and had engaged in the first wave of migration from 1840-1890, moving primarily from rural ethnic enclaves to larger urban cities within the US and to international sites such as Mexico, Cuba, Haiti, Brazil, and other parts of the Caribbean and Latin America where racial lines were more fluid (Gehman, 1994)

Oceanus.

v. 17, summer (1973

Financing Marine Conservation: A Menu of Options

This guide describes over 30 mechanisms for financing the conservation of marine biodiversity, both within and outside of MPAs. Its main purpose is to familiarize conservation professionals i.e., the managers and staff of government conservation agencies, international donors, and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) with a menu of options for financing the conservation of marine and coastal biodiversity. A number of economic incentive mechanisms for marine conservation (as contrasted with revenue-raising mechanisms) are also presented in section 5 (on Real Estate and Development Rights) and section 6 (on Fishing Industry Revenues). Each section provides a description of the financing mechanism and examples showing how the mechanism has been used to finance marine conservation. In some cases, even though a mechanism may have only been used to finance terrestrial conservation, it has been included in this guide because of its potential to also serve as a new source of funding for marine conservation. This guide is not intended to provide detailed instructions on how to establish and implement each of the different conservation financing mechanisms. Instead references are provided at the end of each section for sources of additional information about each of the mechanisms described. Citations to specific references are also included in the text in parentheses

Hope for the Dammed: The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Greening of the Mississippi

Always, like the Great Mississippi, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has been a conduit of hope and fear and scientific conjecture, of faith in American progress and terror of what progress has wrought. Always the Engineers have shouldered much of the credit and blame for massively spectacular projects. Always, since the 1820s, when the agency emerged as a builder and broker on the Mississippi, the Corps has enlisted science in the service of waterway engineering that defenders call monumental and detractors call grandiose. My involvement began in the aftermath of Earth Day when the Corps, said a famous critic, was the environment’s “public enemy number one.” The critic, quoted in the magazine Playboy in 1969, was Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas. Ten years later and eight blocks from Douglas’s courthouse, on Massachusetts Avenue in Washington, D.C., I labored on a dissertation about engineering traditions in the Corps office of history in Washington, D.C. The dissertation led to a book that Corps insiders applauded and elsewhere denounced. One intelligent reader was General Robert Flowers of the Corps’ Lower Mississippi Valley Division (since expanded northward to include the upper valley). Flowers admired the book but claimed I had understated the depths of the Corps’s commitment to environmental protection. Would I visit the Corps in Vicksburg and tour the river up close? Corps historian Michael Robinson, who worked closely with Flowers, arranged for a sabbatical grant. Tragically, in 1998, Robinson died of heart failure. Two years into the project, with four of five chapters complete, the research was suspended. Chapters and excepts were published in a dozen places—in online exhibits on the Vicksburg division’s web page, in Technology and Culture, Illinois Heritage, The Military Engineer, and Craig Colten’s edited volume of New Orleans essays published in 2001. Hope for the Dammed retrieves three regional parts of the 1990s research. Moving north against the current, and metaphorically against the flow of my own assumptions about the Corps on the Mississippi, the study extends from the Head of Passes to the locks of St. Louis. It sojourns in places besieged and bitterly contested—in St. Bernard Parish below New Orleans where swampers blame the rising ocean on shipping; in Louisiana’s Atchafalaya and Yazoo’s cotton plantations; in the dredged aquatic freightway of the Corps’ slackwater dams.https://scholarworks.boisestate.edu/fac_books/1390/thumbnail.jp