254 research outputs found
U.S. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVS) and Network Centric Warfare (NCW) impacts on combat aviation tactics from Gulf War I through 2007 Iraq
Unmanned, aerial vehicles (UAVs) are an increasingly important element of many modern militaries. Their success on battlefields in Afghanistan, Iraq, and around the globe has driven demand for a variety of types of unmanned vehicles. Their proven value consists in low risk and low cost, and their capabilities include persistent surveillance, tactical and combat reconnaissance, resilience, and dynamic re-tasking. This research evaluates past, current, and possible future operating environments for several UAV platforms to survey the changing dynamics of combat-aviation tactics and make recommendations regarding UAV employment scenarios to the Turkish military. While UAVs have already established their importance in military operations, ongoing evaluations of UAV operating environments, capabilities, technologies, concepts, and organizational issues inform the development of future systems. To what extent will UAV capabilities increasingly define tomorrow's missions, requirements, and results in surveillance and combat tactics? Integrating UAVs and concepts of operations (CONOPS) on future battlefields is an emergent science. Managing a transition from manned- to unmanned and remotely piloted aviation platforms involves new technological complexity and new aviation personnel roles, especially for combat pilots. Managing a UAV military transformation involves cultural change, which can be measured in decades.http://archive.org/details/usunmannedaerial109454211Turkish Air Force authors.Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited
Study and comparison of different types of powered aircrafts for the future commercial aviation
These days commercial aviation is very important, it has a great influence on economy and social aspects. In 2019, IATA calculated that 65.5 million jobs in the world were created thanks to aviation and the total effect on the economy was about 2.7 billion euros. During 2020 and 2021, commercial aviation suffered due to the restrictions of the COVID-19 pandemic, even reaching extremes where some airlines had to fly without passengers in order to avoid losing their slots. Since the end of the year 2021 and the beginning of 2022, the commercial aircraft has recovered considerably and is now on the same figures as in 2019. Thanks to low-cost airlines, Europe and the United States are the regions with the highest volume of flights, but in countries like China and India, commercial aviation is expected to increase exponentially, especially due to the number of inhabitants in Asian countries. A short and medium haul commercial aircraft like the A320 usually burns an average of 2,500 kilos of fuel every hour. Around the world there are near 200,000 flights every day, therefore the amount of burnt fuel is exorbitant. Also, knowing that 3.16 kilograms of CO2 are generated for 1 kilogram of fuel, we can conclude that we have a major sustainability problem because of the tons of emissions that are emitted daily. The main objective of this project is the study of new technologies that are capable of propelling aircrafts for commercial aviation while emitting fewer or zero emissions. More specifically, possible aircrafts powered by sustainable fuel, solar energy, electric energy, nuclear energy,hydrogen and electric plasma have been studied and evaluated. In addition, a comparison has been made of the characteristicsof each technology and the forecast on which technology is the most suitable to replace fossil fuels and in what year it may appear.Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::7 - Energia Assequible i No Contaminan
Novel fault tolerant Multi-Bit Upset (MBU) Error-Detection and Correction (EDAC) architecture
Desde el punto de vista de seguridad, la certificación aeronáutica de
aplicaciones críticas de vuelo requiere diferentes técnicas que son usadas
para prevenir fallos en los equipos electrónicos. Los fallos de tipo hardware
debido a la radiación solar que existe a las alturas standard de vuelo, como
SEU (Single Event Upset) y MCU (Multiple Bit Upset), provocan un cambio
de estado de los bits que soportan la información almacenada en memoria.
Estos fallos se producen, por ejemplo, en la memoria de configuración de
una FPGA, que es donde se definen todas las funcionalidades. Las técnicas
de protección requieren normalmente de redundancias que incrementan el
coste, número de componentes, tamaño de la memoria y peso.
En la fase de desarrollo de aplicaciones críticas de vuelo, generalmente
se utilizan una serie de estándares o recomendaciones de diseño como
ABD100, RTCA DO-160, IEC62395, etc, y diferentes técnicas de protección
para evitar fallos del tipo SEU o MCU. Estas técnicas están basadas en
procesos tecnológicos específicos como memorias robustas, codificaciones
para detección y corrección de errores (EDAC), redundancias software,
redundancia modular triple (TMR) o soluciones a nivel sistema.
Esta tesis está enfocada a minimizar e incluso suprimir los efectos de los
SEUs y MCUs que particularmente ocurren en la electrónica de avión como
consecuencia de la exposición a radiación de partículas no cargadas (como
son los neutrones) que se encuentra potenciada a las típicas alturas de
vuelo. La criticidad en vuelo que tienen determinados sistemas obligan a que
dichos sistemas sean tolerantes a fallos, es decir, que garanticen un
correcto funcionamiento aún cuando se produzca un fallo en ellos. Es por
ello que soluciones como las presentadas en esta tesis tienen interés en el
sector industrial.
La Tesis incluye una descripción inicial de la física de la radiación
incidente sobre aeronaves, y el análisis de sus efectos en los componentes
electrónicos aeronaúticos basados en semiconductor, que desembocan en
la generación de SEUs y MCUs. Este análisis permite dimensionar
adecuadamente y optimizar los procedimientos de corrección que se
propongan posteriormente.
La Tesis propone un sistema de corrección de fallos SEUs y MCUs que
permita cumplir la condición de Sistema Tolerante a Fallos, a la vez que
minimiza los niveles de redundancia y de complejidad de los códigos de
corrección. El nivel de redundancia es minimizado con la introducción del
concepto propuesto HSB (Hardwired Seed Bits), en la que se reduce la
información esencial a unos pocos bits semilla, neutros frente a radiación.
Los códigos de corrección requeridos se reducen a la corrección de un único
error, gracias al uso del concepto de Distancia Virtual entre Bits, a partir del
cual será posible corregir múltiples errores simultáneos (MCUs) a partir de
códigos simples de corrección.
Un ejemplo de aplicación de la Tesis es la implementación de una
Protección Tolerante a Fallos sobre la memoria SRAM de una FPGA. Esto
significa que queda protegida no sólo la información contenida en la
memoria sino que también queda auto-protegida la función de protección
misma almacenada en la propia SRAM. De esta forma, el sistema es capaz
de auto-regenerarse ante un SEU o incluso un MCU, independientemente
de la zona de la SRAM sobre la que impacte la radiación. Adicionalmente,
esto se consigue con códigos simples tales como corrección por bit de
paridad y Hamming, minimizando la dedicación de recursos de computación
hacia tareas de supervisión del sistema.For airborne safety critical applications certification, different techniques
are implemented to prevent failures in electronic equipments. The HW
failures at flying heights of aircrafts related to solar radiation such as SEU
(Single-Event-Upset) and MCU (Multiple Bit Upset), causes bits alterations
that corrupt the information at memories. These HW failures cause errors, for
example, in the Configuration-Code of an FPGA that defines the
functionalities. The protection techniques require classically redundant
functionalities that increases the cost, components, memory space and
weight.
During the development phase for airborne safety critical applications,
different aerospace standards are generally recommended as ABD100,
RTCA-DO160, IEC62395, etc, and different techniques are classically used
to avoid failures such as SEU or MCU. These techniques are based on
specific technology processes, Hardened memories, error detection and
correction codes (EDAC), SW redundancy, Triple Modular Redundancy
(TMR) or System level solutions.
This Thesis is focussed to minimize, and even to remove, the effects of
SEUs and MCUs, that particularly occurs in the airborne electronics as a
consequence of its exposition to solar radiation of non-charged particles (for
example the neutrons). These non-charged particles are even powered at
flying altitudes due to aircraft volume. The safety categorization of different
equipments/functionalities requires a design based on fault-tolerant approach
that means, the system will continue its normal operation even if a failure
occurs. The solution proposed in this Thesis is relevant for the industrial
sector because of its Fault-tolerant capability.
Thesis includes an initial description for the physics of the solar radiation
that affects into aircrafts, and also the analyses of their effects into the
airborne electronics based on semiconductor components that create the
SEUs and MCUs. This detailed analysis allows the correct sizing and also
the optimization of the procedures used to correct the errors.
This Thesis proposes a system that corrects the SEUs and MCUs
allowing the fulfilment of the Fault-Tolerant requirement, reducing the
redundancy resources and also the complexity of the correction codes. The
redundancy resources are minimized thanks to the introduction of the
concept of HSB (Hardwired Seed Bits), in which the essential information is
reduced to a few seed bits, neutral to radiation. The correction codes
required are reduced to the correction of one error thanks to the use of the
concept of interleaving distance between adjacent bits, this allows the
simultaneous multiple error correction with simple single error correcting
codes.
An example of the application of this Thesis is the implementation of the
Fault-tolerant architecture of an SRAM-based FPGA. That means that the
information saved in the memory is protected but also the correction
functionality is auto protected as well, also saved into SRAM memory. In this
way, the system is able to self-regenerate the information lost in case of
SEUs or MCUs. This is independent of the SRAM area affected by the
radiation. Furthermore, this performance is achieved by means simple error
correcting codes, as parity bits or Hamming, that minimize the use of
computational resources to this supervision tasks for system.Programa Oficial de Doctorado en Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y AutomáticaPresidente: Luis Alfonso Entrena Arrontes.- Secretario: Pedro Reviriego Vasallo.- Vocal: Mª Luisa López Vallej
The State of the Art of Information Integration in Space Applications
This paper aims to present a comprehensive survey on information integration (II) in space informatics. With an ever-increasing scale and dynamics of complex space systems, II has become essential in dealing with the complexity, changes, dynamics, and uncertainties of space systems. The applications of space II (SII) require addressing some distinctive functional requirements (FRs) of heterogeneity, networking, communication, security, latency, and resilience; while limited works are available to examine recent advances of SII thoroughly. This survey helps to gain the understanding of the state of the art of SII in sense that (1) technical drivers for SII are discussed and classified; (2) existing works in space system development are analyzed in terms of their contributions to space economy, divisions, activities, and missions; (3) enabling space information technologies are explored at aspects of sensing, communication, networking, data analysis, and system integration; (4) the importance of first-time right (FTR) for implementation of a space system is emphasized, the limitations of digital twin (DT-I) as technological enablers are discussed, and a concept digital-triad (DT-II) is introduced as an information platform to overcome these limitations with a list of fundamental design principles; (5) the research challenges and opportunities are discussed to promote SII and advance space informatics in future
Approaches for Autonomous Vehicles in Civil Airspace: Giving Sight to the Blind
The growing prevalence of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) brings great potential for public benefit, but in order to fly in civil airspace UAVs must avoid traffic without the benefit of an onboard human. Developing this capability presents many system integration challenges.
This report examines the integration of automated detect, see, and avoid (DSA) systems on aircraft. For context, the need for UAV operations is reviewed. The report then examines how DSA fits into the entire framework for aviation safety. The research, test results, and conclusions that follow provide the necessary information to decide:
• how to test and evaluate new DSA technology;
• what is the necessary performance for installed DSA systems;
• what is currently available and what possibilities are in development.
Finally, after surveying available technologies, recommendations are given for some specific UAV platforms and missions.
This report would be useful for persons engaged in DSA development, acquisition, or testing. It is applicable for all small aircraft because future advances may make DSA technology feasible for the entire aviation community. The emphasis, however, is on enabling safe UAV operation world-wide
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