24 research outputs found

    Control of Energy Storage

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    Energy storage can provide numerous beneficial services and cost savings within the electricity grid, especially when facing future challenges like renewable and electric vehicle (EV) integration. Public bodies, private companies and individuals are deploying storage facilities for several purposes, including arbitrage, grid support, renewable generation, and demand-side management. Storage deployment can therefore yield benefits like reduced frequency fluctuation, better asset utilisation and more predictable power profiles. Such uses of energy storage can reduce the cost of energy, reduce the strain on the grid, reduce the environmental impact of energy use, and prepare the network for future challenges. This Special Issue of Energies explore the latest developments in the control of energy storage in support of the wider energy network, and focus on the control of storage rather than the storage technology itself

    A Techno-Economic Analysis of Wind Generation in Conjunction With Compressed Air Energy In The Integrated Single Electricity Market.

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    The Integrated Single Electricity Market (I-SEM) is the proposed wholesale electricity market for Ireland and it is intended to replace the current Single Electricity Market (SEM) by 2018. Subsequently, substantial modifications will be required to the SEM and this has led to significant uncertainty for stakeholders. The SEM currently features no forecast risk for renewables such as wind and there is no concept of balance responsibility. Under the I-SEM, wind generation will be exposed to forecast risk and the requirement to be balance responsible. The use of Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) could represent a better system configuration which would reduce the reliance on expensive generation for system balancing and reduce the financial risk to wind generation. Thus, the aim of this research was to estimate the economic performance of wind generation with and without CAES from a private investorโ€™s perspective in the I-SEM. More specifically, the Balancing Mechanism (BM) System Marginal Prices (SMPs), total generation costs and CO2 emissions were estimated from a systems perspective under the I-SEM. The approach was to quantify the SMPs, total generation costs and CO2 emissions for each scenario using a validated unit commitment and economic dispatch PLEXOS model of the Irish and British electricity markets under the I-SEM structure. The private Net Present Value of wind generation was then evaluated using the collected financial and technical project data and the electricity price and generation outputs from the I-SEM model for each scenario. The economic viability of CAES from a systems perspective was then assessed using techno-economic data for the CAES plant and outputs from the I-SEM model. Results revealed that the SMPs increase between the day-ahead and BM markets for the both scenarios. Moreover, the SMPs are most sensitive to the fuel and carbon prices, while the remaining input parameters have a more modest impact. A comparison of the total generation costs revealed that the inclusion of the CAES plant in the I-SEM led to savings of โ‚ฌ8 million over the year 2020. The CO2 emissions were estimated for each scenario and a modest emissions increase of 1% (0.1 MtCO2) between the BAU and BAU+CAES scenarios occurred due to the addition of the CAES plant. The NPV of wind generation was estimated as โ‚ฌ1.91bn and โ‚ฌ2.01bn for the BAU and BAU+CAES scenarios, respectively. The CAES plant receives a positive net revenue of โ‚ฌ21.6 million over the year and is considered economically viable given that it recovers it costs from the revenue of selling energy to the I-SEM

    Short-term Effects of Energy Arbitrage with ESS on Market Participants Welfare and Investment Strategies

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ „๊ธฐยท์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2017. 8. ์œค์šฉํƒœ.์ „ํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์€ ์‹œ์‹œ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ด ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์šด์˜๋˜์–ด ์™”์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ”ผํฌ์ˆ˜์š”๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์„ค๋น„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถ”์–ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ตœ๊ทผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ์ˆ˜์š” ์ธก์˜ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์ธก์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ณด๋‹ค ๋”์šฑ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ˆ˜์š”์˜ ํ‰ํƒ„ํ™”๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šด์˜๋น„์šฉ์˜ ์ ˆ๊ฐ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€, ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋ก  ์„ค๋น„ ์ฆ์„ค์˜ ์ง€์—ฐ ๋ฐ ํšŒํ”ผ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์™”๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ํšจ๊ณผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์•„์ง ์ˆ˜์š” ์ธก์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ์ด๋ค„์ง€์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ค์ •์ธ๋ฐ ์ด๋Š” ์ˆ˜์š” ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์œ ์ธ์ด ์†Œ๋น„์ž์˜ ํšจ์šฉ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ณด๋‹ค ํ˜น์€ ์ €์žฅ๋น„์šฉ๋ณด๋‹ค ํฌ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด, ์ตœ๊ทผ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ €์žฅ์žฅ์น˜์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์€ ์ ์ฐจ ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹ ์žฌ์ƒ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์›๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐ„ํ—์  ์ „์›์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ €์žฅ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ˆ˜์š”์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ €์žฅ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ฐจ์ต๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์˜ ์šด์˜๊ณผ ํˆฌ์ž์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์ด๋ค„์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ฐจ์ต๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ „๋ ฅ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ฐจ์ต๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜์™€ ์‹œ์žฅ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž์˜ ํ›„์ƒ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‹œ์žฅ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋ณ„ ์ €์žฅ์žฅ์น˜ ํˆฌ์ž์ „๋žต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ์ €์žฅ์žฅ์น˜ ์†Œ์œ ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์š”๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์–ด๋–ค ์œ ์ธ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์œ ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ €์žฅ์žฅ์น˜์˜ ์šด์˜์ „๋žต์ด ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜์˜€๋Š”์ง€ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฌด์œ„ํ—˜๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์™€ ์ €์žฅ๋น„์šฉ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ฐจ์ต๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์˜ ๋‘ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋‹จ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹œ์žฅ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์‹œ์žฅ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ตœ์  ์ €์žฅ์žฅ์น˜ ํˆฌ์ž์ „๋žต์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํšŒํ›„์ƒ์„ ์ตœ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ €์žฅ์žฅ์น˜ ํˆฌ์ž๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋Š” ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์–‘์„, ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ž์™€ ์ƒ์—…์ €์žฅ์žฅ์น˜์†Œ์œ ์ž๋Š” ๋” ์ ์€ ์–‘์˜ ์ €์žฅ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ž์œ ๋กœ์šด ํˆฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜ค์ง ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋งŒ์ด ์ €์žฅ์žฅ์น˜์— ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ์—์ด์ „ํŠธ ๋น„ํ˜‘์กฐ๊ฒŒ์ž„์˜ ๋‚ด์‰ฌ๊ท ํ˜• ๋„์ถœ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋…๊ณผ์ ์˜ ํŒ๋งค์‚ฌ์—…์ž๊ฐ€ ๋„๋งค์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ์ˆ˜์š” ์ธก์—์„œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ €์žฅ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถˆํ•ฉ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์‹œ์žฅ์ง€๋ฐฐ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ์™„ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋งค๋ถ€๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ๋„์ž… ๋ฐ ๋ฌด์œ„ํ—˜๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ๋น„์œจ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.In contrast to traditional philosophy that electricity demands should be fully supplied only by controlling generation units, many previous studies show that appropriate changes of demand are more efficient. System load flattening provides system-wide benefits, which reduce operational costs in the short-term, and defer the construction of additional supply units in the long-term. Nonetheless, power demand is generally inelastic in terms of price and thus not effectively responsive to price incentives. In contrast, by owning energy storage systems (ESSs), every energy storage owner (ESO) is able to be price-elastic and demand can be changed without reduction of the customers utility because the amount of power actually consumed by customers does not change. Furthermore, as the costs of ESS have decreased and the price volatility of the electricity market has increased, many studies have been conducted on energy arbitrage using ESSs. However, there is a lack of research on welfare analysis by market participants, especially in relation to ESS investment strategy. In this study, the existing two-period model which can analyze effects of energy arbitrage with ESS is modified in consideration of the ESS cost and risk-free contracts. We analyze the impacts of ESS for energy arbitrage on the changes in the welfare of market participants and determined the optimal amount of ESS investment for three types of ESS investors in different market structures. When the prices of electricity begin to change by energy arbitrage using ESS, the value of energy arbitrage is reduced, and the welfare of market participants changes due to the external effects of energy arbitrage. Thus, each market participant is incentivized differently to invest in ESS. The optimal amounts of ESS investment are determined by the ratio of risk-free contracts to total demand and the costs of storing. When more than two players exist in the same sector, the players non-cooperatively compete. Compared with the case that maximizes social welfare, the case when the players in only one sector are allowed to invest in ESS, the customers tend to over-invest in ESS, whereas the MSOs and producers under-invest in ESS. In addition, when every player can invest in ESS at the same time in the competitive wholesale market structure (which is simulated reflecting Korean circumstances), only the customers are willing to invest in ESS. This study confirms that significant welfare is transferred from the producers to the customers, and customers are able to to exercise market power by operating ESS. We conclude that an increase in the number of customers and/or risk-free contracts encourages other market participants to invest in ESS, which reduce customers market power.๋ชฉ ์ฐจ ์ดˆ๋ก i ๋ชฉ์ฐจ iv ๊ทธ๋ฆผ๋ชฉ์ฐจ viii ํ‘œ๋ชฉ์ฐจ xi ์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 1.2 ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ฐœ์š” ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 8 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ˆ˜์š”๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ์‚ฌํšŒํ›„์ƒ 10 2.1 ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ €์žฅ์žฅ์น˜์™€ ์ˆ˜์š”๋ณ€ํ™” 10 2.1.1 ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์—์„œ์˜ ์ˆ˜์š”๋ณ€ํ™” 10 2.1.2 ์ˆ˜์š”๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ 11 2.1.3 ์ˆ˜์š”๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์œ ์ธ 12 2.1.4 ESS๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ˆ˜์š”๋ณ€ํ™” 17 2.1.5 ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ฐจ์ต๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ 18 2.2 ์‚ฌํšŒํ›„์ƒ 21 2.2.1 ํ›„์ƒ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™ 21 2.2.2 ์‹œ์žฅ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ์†Œ๋น„์ „๋žต 22 2.2.3 ์†Œ๋น„์ž ์ž‰์—ฌ, ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ž ์ž‰์—ฌ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌํšŒํ›„์ƒ 23 2.2.4 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋‚ด ์‚ฌํšŒํ›„์ƒ 25 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ/์ „๊ธฐ์š”๊ธˆ ํ•˜์—์„œ ESS ์šด์˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 27 3.1 ๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ •์‹ํ™” 28 3.1.1 TOU ํ•˜์—์„œ ESO์˜ ESS ์šด์˜์ „๋žต ๋ชจ๋ธ 28 3.1.2 SMP ํ•˜์—์„œ ESO์˜ ESS ์šด์˜์ „๋žต ๋ชจ๋ธ 35 3.1.3 ESS ์—ดํ™”๋น„์šฉ 36 3.2 ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—ฐ๊ตฌ 38 3.2.1 TOU ํ•˜์—์„œ ESS ์šด์˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 38 3.2.2 SMP ํ•˜์—์„œ ESS ์šด์˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 54 3.3 ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ฐจ์ต๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜ํ‰๊ฐ€ 56 3.4 ์†Œ๊ฒฐ๋ก  64 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ฐจ์ต๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์šฉ ESS์˜ ํˆฌ์ž์œ ์ธ ๋ฐ ์ตœ์  ํˆฌ์ž์ „๋žต 67 4.1 ๋‘ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ์‹œ์žฅ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž์˜ ํ›„์ƒ ๋ถ„์„ 68 4.1.1 ์‹œ์žฅ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž ์ •์˜ 69 4.1.2 ๋‘ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ณผ ์‹œ์žฅ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž์˜ ํ›„์ƒ๋ณ€ํ™” 78 4.1.3 ESO๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ž์ผ ๋•Œ์˜ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 93 4.2 ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹œ์žฅ๊ตฌ์กฐ ํ•˜์—์„œ ์‹œ์žฅ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋ณ„ ESS ํˆฌ์ž์ „๋žต 103 4.2.1 ์‹œ์žฅ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์„ค์ • ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์ • 103 4.2.2 ์‹œ์žฅ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋ณ„ ํ›„์ƒ ๋ณ€ํ™” 106 4.2.3 ์‹œ์žฅ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์„ค๋ช… ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜ 109 4.2.4 ๊ตฌ์กฐ 1: ์ˆ˜์งํ†ตํ•ฉ๊ตฌ์กฐ 111 4.2.5 ๊ตฌ์กฐ 2: ๋ฐœ์ „, ํŒ๋งค๋ถ€๋ฌธ์ด ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฐ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ๋ณ„ ์‹œ์žฅ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž์˜ ํˆฌ์ž์ „๋žต (๋‹จ์ผ์—์ด์ „ํŠธ์˜ n-์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž ๋น„ํ˜‘์กฐ๊ฒŒ์ž„) 113 4.2.6 ๊ตฌ์กฐ 3: ๋ฐœ์ „, ํŒ๋งค๋ถ€๋ฌธ์ด ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์—์„œ์˜ ์‹œ์žฅ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋ณ„ ํˆฌ์ž์ „๋žต (๋‹ค์ค‘์—์ด์ „ํŠธ์˜ n-์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž ๋น„ํ˜‘์กฐ๊ฒŒ์ž„) 122 4.3 ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—ฐ๊ตฌ 132 4.3.1 ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ 132 4.3.2 ๊ตฌ์กฐ 1: ์ˆ˜์งํ†ตํ•ฉ๊ตฌ์กฐ 133 4.3.3 ๊ตฌ์กฐ 2: ๋ฐœ์ „, ํŒ๋งค๋ถ€๋ฌธ์ด ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฐ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ๋ณ„ ์‹œ์žฅ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž์˜ ํˆฌ์ž์ „๋žต (๋‹จ์ผ์—์ด์ „ํŠธ์˜ n-์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž ๋น„ํ˜‘์กฐ๊ฒŒ์ž„) 138 4.3.4 ๊ตฌ์กฐ 3: ๋ฐœ์ „, ํŒ๋งค๋ถ€๋ฌธ์ด ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์—์„œ์˜ ์‹œ์žฅ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋ณ„ ํˆฌ์ž์ „๋žต (๋‹ค์ค‘์—์ด์ „ํŠธ์˜ n-์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž ๋น„ํ˜‘์กฐ๊ฒŒ์ž„) 150 4.4 ์†Œ๊ฒฐ๋ก  155 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  158 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 162 ๋ถ€๋ก 172 ๋ถ€๋ก 1. ๋‚ด์‰ฌ๊ท ํ˜•๊ณผ ์ตœ์ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•จ์ˆ˜ 171 ๋ถ€๋ก 2. n-์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž ๋น„ํ˜‘์กฐ๊ฒŒ์ž„์˜ ๋‚ด์‰ฌ๊ท ํ˜• ๋„์ถœ๊ณผ์ • 174 ๋ถ€๋ก 3. ๊ตฌ์กฐ 3์—์„œ ์‹œ์žฅ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž ์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฐ ์‹œ์žฅ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋ณ„ ์ตœ์  ESS ํˆฌ์ž๋Ÿ‰ ๋„์ถœ 185 Abstract 188Docto

    Advanced Modeling, Control, and Optimization Methods in Power Hybrid Systems - 2021

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    The climate changes that are becoming visible today are a challenge for the global research community. In this context, renewable energy sources, fuel cell systems and other energy generating sources must be optimally combined and connected to the grid system using advanced energy transaction methods. As this reprint presents the latest solutions in the implementation of fuel cell and renewable energy in mobile and stationary applications such as hybrid and microgrid power systems based on the Energy Internet, blockchain technology and smart contracts, we hope that they will be of interest to readers working in the related fields mentioned above

    Photovoltaic generation with energy storage integrated into the electric grid: modelling, simulation and experimentation

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    Esta tese apresenta o trabalho e resultados da investigaรงรฃo desenvolvida sobre conversรฃo fotovoltaica com armazenamento de energia integrado em rede elรฉtrica. Comeรงa por apresentar a modelaรงรฃo, simulaรงรฃo e validaรงรฃo da conversรฃo fotovoltaica e inversores com injeรงรฃo para a rede. Descreve tambรฉm seguidamente o processo de conceรงรฃo, construรงรฃo, comissionamento e desenvolvimento experimental das infraestruturas hoje existentes na Cรกtedra Energias Renovรกveis da Universidade de ร‰vora, no que diz respeito ร s duas microgrids desenvolvidas no รขmbito do projeto europeu PVCROPS. Estas microgrids sรฃo compostas, de forma geral, por um elemento de produรงรฃo fotovoltaica, um elemento de armazenamento de energia, uma ligaรงรฃo ร  rede e um sistema de controlo e datalogging. Relativamente ao armazenamento de energia, esta tese aborda e caracteriza ainda as duas tecnologias instaladas: a bateria de iรตes de lรญtio e a bateria de fluxo redox de vanรกdio. Estas microgrids servem assim para implementaรงรฃo e validaรงรฃo de uma estratรฉgia de gestรฃo de energia tendo como objetivo a maximizaรงรฃo do autoconsumo, cujos conteรบdos sรฃo apresentados no capรญtulo 4. Depois das conclusรตes, no รบltimo capรญtulo, apontam-se ainda as linhas de investigaรงรฃo futuras de maior potencial, na sequรชncia do trabalho desenvolvido e apresentado nesta tese; Photovoltaic generation with energy storage integrated into the electric grid: Modelling, simulation and experimentation Abstract: This thesis presents the work and results of the research developed on photovoltaic conversion with energy storage integrated into the electric grid. It begins by presenting the modeling, simulation and validation of the photovoltaic conversion and inverters with injection into the electric grid. It also describes the process of design, construction, commissioning and experimental development of the existing infrastructures in the Renewable Energies Chair of the University of ร‰vora, with respect to the two microgrids developed under the European project PVCROPS. These microgrids are generally composed by a photovoltaic production element, an energy storage element, a grid connection and a control and datalogging system. Regarding energy storage, this thesis also discusses and characterizes the two installed technologies: the lithium-ion battery and the redox-flow vanadium battery. These microgrids thus serve to implement and validate an energy management strategy with the objective of maximizing self-consumption, the contents of which are presented in Chapter 4. Following the conclusions, in the last chapter are pointed the future research lines of greater potential, following the work developed and presented in this thesis
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