7,429 research outputs found

    A systematic literature review on source code similarity measurement and clone detection: techniques, applications, and challenges

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    Measuring and evaluating source code similarity is a fundamental software engineering activity that embraces a broad range of applications, including but not limited to code recommendation, duplicate code, plagiarism, malware, and smell detection. This paper proposes a systematic literature review and meta-analysis on code similarity measurement and evaluation techniques to shed light on the existing approaches and their characteristics in different applications. We initially found over 10000 articles by querying four digital libraries and ended up with 136 primary studies in the field. The studies were classified according to their methodology, programming languages, datasets, tools, and applications. A deep investigation reveals 80 software tools, working with eight different techniques on five application domains. Nearly 49% of the tools work on Java programs and 37% support C and C++, while there is no support for many programming languages. A noteworthy point was the existence of 12 datasets related to source code similarity measurement and duplicate codes, of which only eight datasets were publicly accessible. The lack of reliable datasets, empirical evaluations, hybrid methods, and focuses on multi-paradigm languages are the main challenges in the field. Emerging applications of code similarity measurement concentrate on the development phase in addition to the maintenance.Comment: 49 pages, 10 figures, 6 table

    Towards A Practical High-Assurance Systems Programming Language

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    Writing correct and performant low-level systems code is a notoriously demanding job, even for experienced developers. To make the matter worse, formally reasoning about their correctness properties introduces yet another level of complexity to the task. It requires considerable expertise in both systems programming and formal verification. The development can be extremely costly due to the sheer complexity of the systems and the nuances in them, if not assisted with appropriate tools that provide abstraction and automation. Cogent is designed to alleviate the burden on developers when writing and verifying systems code. It is a high-level functional language with a certifying compiler, which automatically proves the correctness of the compiled code and also provides a purely functional abstraction of the low-level program to the developer. Equational reasoning techniques can then be used to prove functional correctness properties of the program on top of this abstract semantics, which is notably less laborious than directly verifying the C code. To make Cogent a more approachable and effective tool for developing real-world systems, we further strengthen the framework by extending the core language and its ecosystem. Specifically, we enrich the language to allow users to control the memory representation of algebraic data types, while retaining the automatic proof with a data layout refinement calculus. We repurpose existing tools in a novel way and develop an intuitive foreign function interface, which provides users a seamless experience when using Cogent in conjunction with native C. We augment the Cogent ecosystem with a property-based testing framework, which helps developers better understand the impact formal verification has on their programs and enables a progressive approach to producing high-assurance systems. Finally we explore refinement type systems, which we plan to incorporate into Cogent for more expressiveness and better integration of systems programmers with the verification process

    Бази даних NoSQL. Конспект лекцій

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    У навчальному посібнику наведено матеріали, необхідні для практичної апробації теоретичних знань з організації баз даних NoSQL і використання їх у сучасних інформаційних системах. Подано блок навчально-методичного забезпечення, який включає перелік знань і вмінь по кожній темі, термінологічний словник, фрагменти навчального коду і завдання для самоконтролю студентами засвоєння знань. Конспект лекцій призначено для студентів вищих навчальних закладів, що навчаються за спеціальністю спеціальності 121 «Інженерія програмного забезпечення», освітньої програми «Інженерія програмного забезпечення мультимедійних та інформаційно-пошукових систем» та вивчають навчальну дисципліну «Програмне забезпечення інформаційно-пошукових систем 1. Бази даних NoSQL».The training manual contains the materials necessary for practical testing of theoretical knowledge on the organization of NoSQL databases and their use in modern information systems. A block of educational and methodological support is provided, which includes a list of knowledge and skills on each topic, a glossary, fragments of the educational code and tasks for self-monitoring by students of knowledge acquisition. The lecture notes are intended for students of higher educational institutions studying in the specialty 121 "Software engineering" of the educational program "Software engineering of multimedia and information-search systems" and studying the discipline "Software of information-search systems 1. NoSQL databases "

    Interactive visualizations of unstructured oceanographic data

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    The newly founded company Oceanbox is creating a novel oceanographic forecasting system to provide oceanography as a service. These services use mathematical models that generate large hydrodynamic data sets as unstructured triangular grids with high-resolution model areas. Oceanbox makes the model results accessible in a web application. New visualizations are needed to accommodate land-masking and large data volumes. In this thesis, we propose using a k-d tree to spatially partition unstructured triangular grids to provide the look-up times needed for interactive visualizations. A k-d tree is implemented in F# called FsKDTree. This thesis also describes the implementation of dynamic tiling map layers to visualize current barbs, scalar fields, and particle streams. The current barb layer queries data from the data server with the help of the k-d tree and displays it in the browser. Scalar fields and particle streams are implemented using WebGL, which enables the rendering of triangular grids. Stream particle visualization effects are implemented as velocity advection computed on the GPU with textures. The new visualizations are used in Oceanbox's production systems, and spatial indexing has been integrated into Oceanbox's archive retrieval system. FsKDTree improves tree creation times by up to 4x over the C# equivalent and improves search times by up to 13x compared to the .NET C# implementation. Finally, the largest model areas can be viewed with current barbs, scalar fields, and particle stream visualizations at 60 FPS, even for the largest model areas provided by the service

    Bridging formalisation and expert judgement in searches for studies for systematic reviews

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    Systematic reviews aim to use pre-specified and explicitly described methods. This entails an element of formalisation in which methods are described according to a fixed structure. However, qualitative studies show that too much emphasis on formalisation can obscure how expert judgement is required even after clearly defined methods are established. Thus, there is a gap between how systematic review methods are formalised in guidance and reported in systematic reviews, and how they are carried out in practice using undisclosed expert judgement. The aim of this thesis is to describe and bridge the gap between formalisation and expert judgement with respect to searching for studies for systematic reviews, with a particular focus on forward citation searching and web searching. Forward citation searching and web searching are useful search methods to consider due to observed variability in both if and how they are used in systematic reviews, in contrast to searches of bibliographic databases which are routine in almost all systematic reviews. To this end, the thesis seeks to fulfil three objectives: first, to formalise the conduct and reporting of forward citation searching and web searching in systematic reviews; secondly, to describe and evaluate the conduct and reporting of forward citation searching and web searching in systematic reviews; thirdly, to explore the role of expert judgement when using forward citation searching and web searching. Both aggregative and configurative review types are considered throughout. The findings show that formalised approaches to searching are apparent in guidance to different degrees. However, systematic reviews do not always reflect formalised guidance. Qualitative investigation describes hitherto hidden practical knowledge which underpins searching decisions. The thesis draws these findings together and proposes that guidance on searching for studies should be framed in terms of the practical understanding which informs how searching is undertaken rather than limited to describing recommended processes

    Ferramenta, retalho ou papel de parede: a música de catálogo na criação audiovisual online

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    Esta tese aborda a música de catálogo (conhecida internacionalmente como stock ou library music): faixas musicais compostas especificamente para uma futura utilização em produções audiovisuais, e apresentadas em catálogos sob categorias relativas a géneros musicais, emoções, instrumentação, entre outras. Embora a clientela desta indústria musical se limitasse inicialmente a profissionais do audiovisual, com o desenvolvimento de tecnologias digitais e das plataformas de partilha de vídeo da Web 2.0 afirma-se um novo mercado composto por videógrafos amadores e semiprofissionais. A música de catálogo representa então hoje uma atividade remunerada à qual um número significativo de compositores se dedica, bem como um recurso musical presente numa quantidade importante de audiovisuais. Adotando uma perspetiva interdisciplinar que conta com a sociologia da música nos seus alicerces teórico-metodológicos, proponho identificar as especificidades definidoras da música de catálogo, procurando compreender os padrões e convenções que fazem dela um mundo artístico próprio. Para explorar esta questão, parto de uma amostra de catálogos europeus e norte-americanos ativos nos últimos vinte anos. Com base em entrevistas a compositores e utilizadores de música de catálogo, bem como na análise de materiais publicitários e didáticos online a eles dirigidos, coloco em diálogo os pontos de vista de diversos agentes que interagem com esta música ao longo da sua produção, categorização ou utilização. O cruzamento de testemunhos de compositores situados em diferentes pontos do espectro desta indústria musical revela uma experiência heterogénea e multifacetada, complexificando assim retratos simplistas que predominam sobre a música de catálogo. Destaco também a relevância de examinar a música de catálogo como resultado da ação conjunta de indivíduos que intervêm de forma decisiva nos potenciais significados de uma faixa, seja através da sua etiquetagem, da sua alteração ou da sua inserção em novos contextos audiovisuais. Atender às perspetivas destes agentes permite demonstrar a importância do propósito de funcionalidade na música de catálogo: o facto de ser desde a sua génese concebida como música funcional destinada a audiovisuais é uma particularidade que governa não só as suas características sonoras como todo o seu percurso, desde a sua composição, categorização e promoção à sua modificação e articulação com imagens. Esse estatuto assumidamente utilitário constitui uma das propriedades específicas mais centrais à música de catálogo a partir da sua emergência na primeira metade do século XX. Desde então, esta age como um repositório das tendências e estereótipos musicais que marcam a produção cinematográfica e televisiva em determinado momento. Nesse sentido, os catálogos refletem e simultaneamente reforçam associações tipificadas entre música, imagens e narrativas que integram um vocabulário cultural amplamente partilhado. Para além de discernir velhos hábitos que se mantêm na produção e uso desta música, realço também novas dinâmicas e critérios que surgiram neste mundo artístico com a expansão de formatos digitais e da Web 2.0. Salienta-se nomeadamente a procura por faixas que possam ser desmontadas e rearranjadas o mais possível. Identifico assim um entendimento crescente da música de catálogo como uma matéria-prima que se encontraria incompleta até ao momento da sua transformação por outros agentes que não os seus compositores.This thesis focuses on library music (also known as stock or production music): tracks that are specifically composed for future use in audiovisual media, and categorized in catalogues according to musical genre, mood, instrumentation, among other possibilities. Although the client base of this music industry was initially limited to professional audiovisual creators, the growth of digital technologies and of Web 2.0’s video sharing platforms fostered a new market of amateur and semiprofessional videographers. Today, library music represents a source of income for a significant number of composers, as well as a musical resource extensively used in audiovisual productions. Departing from an interdisciplinary angle that counts the sociology of music as one of its theoretical and methodological foundations, I identify the essential specificities of library music, seeking a deeper understanding of the patterns and conventions that define it as a distinct art world. To examine this question, I focus on a sample of European and North-American libraries active in the last twenty years. Drawing from interviews to library music composers and users, as well as from an analysis of online promotional and instructional materials that address them, I inquire into the perspectives of various agents who interact with library music during its production, categorisation or usage. Observing the activity of composers who engage in a wide range of practices in this industry reveals their heterogeneous and multifaceted experience, emphasizing the need to move beyond the overly simplistic image of library music that is still prevalent today. I also stress the relevance of understanding this music as resulting from the joint action of individuals who intervene decisively in the possible meanings of a track, be it with its tagging, editing or inclusion in new audiovisual contexts. Comparing the discourses and viewpoints of these agents allows us to demonstrate the vital importance of the functional purpose that underlies library music: the fact that it is from the start conceived as functional music for media governs its sonic characteristics and composition, as well as its categorisation, promotion, modification and synchronisation with images. Library music’s explicitly utilitarian status has been central to its definition since its beginnings in the first half of the twentieth century. Since then, library music has acted as a repository of musical formulas that were commonplace in film and television productions in given moments. In that respect, libraries both reflect and simultaneously reinforce stereotyped associations between music, visuals and narratives that are part of a widely shared cultural vocabulary. In addition to ascertaining old habits that endure to the present day in the production and use of library music, I also shed light on new dynamics and criteria that have emerged in this art world with the expansion of digital formats and Web 2.0. Among these, I highlight the demand for tracks that can be deconstructed and rearranged as much as possible. I thus identify a growing understanding of library music as a raw material that is considered incomplete until its transformation and use by agents other than its composers

    Impact of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on stress resistance of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

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    Wheat is one of the worldwide most cultivated crop and highly contribute to secure food production in different world regions. Although, it grows almost ubiquitous, its production is severely vulnerable to drought. Soil and rhizosphere microbial communities associated to plants come more and more into the focus of modern agrobiology research, as a solution to maintain productivity under drought, and reinforce sustainable production. Whereas numerous studies on wheat production and the beneficial influence of the soil microbiome under drought have been performed in arid and semiarid regions of the world, comparable studies in Central Europe are rare. This might change due to the ongoing climate crisis and expected less frequent precipitations during the vegetation season. So far, most studies that focus on acclimatization of the wheat rhizobiome to water deficit mostly consider, at best, two interacting factors, and lack to consider other biotic or abiotic drivers of rhizosphere microbial communities structure and function. Therefore, the aim of this thesis was to combine complementary analytical approaches to investigate drought-induced structural and functional changes in wheat rhizosphere bacterial communities and individual species in dependency of soil type, farming system, wheat cultivar and plant development stage, and to determine how these changes affect wheat performance as a consequence of possible climate change scenarios in Central Germany. The presented thesis starts with a general introduction and presentation of the project, followed by three consecutive chapters containing the main findings published in peer-reviewed articles. Starting with an experiment performed in the greenhouse (Chapter 1) and then moving to a realistic climate scenario under field conditions (Chapter 2 and 3), the three chapters demonstrate the sole and interacting effects of drought and farming system (Chapter 1-3), soil type and wheat cultivar (Chapter 1), as well as plant growth stages (Chapter 2 and 3) on bacterial communities and individual taxa of the wheat rhizobiome. The methods used reach from traditional cultivation and in-vitro bioassays (Chapter 3), over extracellular enzyme activity potentials (Chapter 1 and 2) to more advanced technologies such as metabarcoding (Chapter 1 and 2) and computational tools (Chapter 1 and 2), addressing single bacterial taxa as well as community level. Finalizing the thesis, a concluding synopsis compiles and critically reviews the gained results and formulates future study perspectives. In Chapter 1, we evaluated the impact of soil type (loamy vs. sandy), farming management (conventional vs. organic), wheat cultivar (non-demanding vs. demanding), and the interacting effects of these factors on wheat rhizobacterial community composition and function under extreme drought conditions. Water deficit exerted a strong pressure on rhizobacterial communities, and interacted with soil type and farming management, but not with the wheat cultivar types. In the sandy soil, we observed a strong drought-induced shift in community composition, with a decrease in species diversity and extracellulare enzyme production, while changes by drought were less prominent in the fertile loamy soil. A particular exception from this pattern was found for enzyme activities involved in carbon cycling in the sandy soil suggesting a positive plant-soil-feedback on enzyme activities by drought conditioning. In Chapter 2, two individual, but interrelated aims were pursued. First, we used the platform of the Global Change Experimental Facility (GCEF) to explore the impact of two farming practices (conventional vs. organic) and two climate treatments (ambient vs. future) on bacterial community composition and activity profiles of extracellulare enzymes involved in C,N and P cycles in the wheat rhizosphere at two different plant growth stages. The climate treatment in the GCEF had no effect on the rhizobacterial communities. Rhizobacterial community composition and functions significantly differed between vegetative and mature growth stages of the plants, in both conventional and organic farming. In a second step, we reused the data to explore further the accuracy of computational approaches, like Tax4Fun and PanFP, to predict functional profiles of bacterial communities based on 16S rDNA abundance data. To this end, we compared the measured enzyme activities with respective gene abundances in the community under different climate and farming treatments, and at the two plant development stages. This analysis revealed qualitative, but not necessarily quantitative concordances, i.e. we found effects of the different treatments on the measured enzyme activities reflected in the gene abundances. Chapter 3 is a complementary approach to Chapter 2 with a focus on individual bacterial species level. Culture-dependent methods were used to specifically isolate strong P-solubilizing bacteria from the rhizosphere of wheat, which were tested for their in-vitro drought tolerance. Among the more than 800 isolated species, Phyllobacterium, Pseudomonas and Streptomyces species dominated. While farming management and climate treatment had only minor effects on composition and functions of the isolates, the wheat growth stages had an impact, whereby a dominance of Pseudomonas species at the vegetative growth phase was replaced by dominance of Phyllobacterium species at the mature growth phase. Since P-solubilizing potential was paralleled by a high in vitro drought tolerance, Phyllobacterium species were characterized as promising plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) of wheat under future drought conditions. In the synopsis part, we evaluated the multifactorial and multidisciplinary approaches and investigated to what extent the adaptations of bacterial communities in field and pot experiments coincided or differed. Overall, we found common and distinct adaptation processes of bacterial communities and individual species in the rhizosphere of wheat to drought, whereby single factors, but also interacting effects exerted a strong impact on these processes. This study underlines the importance of multifactorial approaches to reveal community- or species-specific plant-soil-feedbacks.:Contents 3 Preface 5 Bibliographic description 6 Zusammenfassung 9 Summary 13 Introduction 16 When extreme events become the new normal 17 Feedback to agricultural production and need for management adaptation 20 Difficulties in exploring the soil microbiome and identification of plant beneficial microbial taxa 22 Our approach with wheat 24 Bibliography 27 ֎ Chapter 1 31 Interactions Between Soil Properties, Agricultural Management and Cultivar Type Drive Structural and Functional Adaptations of the Wheat Rhizosphere Microbiome To Drought 31 Supplemental Tables 51 Supplemental Figures 55 ╬ Chapter 2 59 Can We Estimate Functionality of Soil Microbial Communities from Structure-Derived Predictions? A Reality Test in Agricultural Soils 59 Supplementary Tables 79 Supplemental Figures 84 Supplemental Material 1: 87 Variation in edaphic parameters according to experimental factors 87 Supplemental Material 2 88 Effect of abiotic soil parameters on bacterial community structure and function 88 Supplemental Material 3 90 Indicator species analysis 90 ۝ Chapter 3 95 Shifts Between and Among Populations of Wheat Rhizosphere Pseudomonas, Streptomyces and Phyllobacterium Suggest Consistent Phosphate Mobilization at Different Wheat Growth Stages Under Abiotic Stress 95 Supplementary Figures 112 Supplementary Tables 117 Synopsis 152 Multidisciplinary approaches combine advantages of cultivation-based and high throughput community-based methods 155 Multifactorial approaches to gain a more holistic understanding of plant-microbe interactions in pot experiments 157 Transferability of findings gained in the pot experiment to field conditions 159 Towards a wheat core microbiome? 161 Study limitations and outlook 163 Bibliography 164 Acknowledgements 169 Curriculum Vitae 171 Personal details 171 Education 171 Work experience 172 Research and Mentoring experience 172 Extracurricular activities 173 List of publications and Presentations 174 Publications in peer-reviewed journals: 174 Oral Presentations: 175 Poster Presentations: 175 Statutory declaration 176 Eidesstattliche Erklärung 177 Author contributions 178Weizen ist eine der weltweit am häufigsten angebauten Kulturpflanzen und trägt zur Sicherung der Nahrungsmittelproduktion in verschiedenen Regionen der Welt bei. Obwohl er fast überall angebaut werden kann, ist die Produktion durch Trockenheit limitiert. Daher rücken mehr und mehr die mikrobiellen Gemeinschaften im Boden und in der Rhizosphäre in den Mittelpunkt der modernen agrarbiologischen Forschung, um die Produktivität bei Trockenheit aufrechtzuerhalten und eine nachhaltige Produktion zu fördern. Während bereits zahlreiche Studien über die Weizenproduktion und den positiven Einfluss des Bodenmikrobioms in ariden und semiariden Regionen der Welt durchgeführt wurden, sind vergleichbare Studien in Mitteleuropa selten. Dies könnte sich aufgrund der anhaltenden Klimakrise und der zu erwartenden ausbleibenden Sommerniederschläge ändern. Dabei haben die meisten Studien, die sich mit der Akklimatisierung des Weizenrhizobioms an Wasserdefizite befasst haben, bestenfalls den Einfluss von Trockenheit und ein oder zwei weiteren biotischen oder abiotischen Einflussfaktoren, die zudem miteinander interagieren können, auf die Struktur und Funktion der mikrobiellen Gemeinschaften in der Rhizosphäre untersucht. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es daher, verschiedene komplementäre Analysemethoden zu kombinieren, um trockenheitsbedingte strukturelle und funktionelle Veränderungen in den bakteriellen Gemeinschaften und auch einzelner Arten in der Weizenrhizosphäre, in Abhängigkeit von Bodentyp, Landnutzungssystem, Weizensorte und Pflanzenentwicklungsstadium zu untersuchen, und zu ermitteln, wie sich diese Veränderungen auf die Produktivität des Weizens als Folge möglicher Szenarien des Klimawandels in Mitteldeutschland auswirken. Die vorliegende Arbeit leitet mit einer allgemeinen Einführung und Vorstellung des Projekts ein, gefolgt von drei aufeinanderfolgenden Kapiteln, die die wichtigsten Ergebnisse enthalten, die in von Fachleuten begutachteten Artikeln veröffentlicht wurden. Beginnend mit einem Experiment im Gewächshaus (Kapitel 1) und weiterführend zu einem realistischen Klimaszenario unter Feldbedingungen (Kapitel 2 und 3), beschreiben die drei Kapitel die alleinigen und interagierenden Auswirkungen von Trockenheit und Anbausystem (Kapitel 1-3), Bodentyp und Weizensorte (Kapitel 1), sowie Pflanzenwachstumsstadien (Kapitel 2 und 3) auf Bakteriengemeinschaften und einzelne Taxa des Weizenrhizobioms. Die verwendeten Methoden reichen dabei von der traditionellen Kultivierung und In-vitro-Bioassays (Kapitel 3), über extrazelluläre Enzymaktivitätspotenziale (Kapitel 1 und 2), bis hin zu fortschrittlicheren Technologien, wie Metabarcoding (Kapitel 1 und 2) und computergestützten Vorhersagen (Kapitel 1 und 2). Zum Abschluss der Arbeit werden in einer abschließenden Synopsis die gewonnenen Ergebnisse zusammengetragen und kritisch betrachtet, sowie Ideen für zukünftige Studien formuliert. In Kapitel 1 untersuchten wir die Auswirkungen des Bodentyps (lehmig vs. sandig), der Bewirtschaftung (konventionell vs. ökologisch), der Weizensorte (anspruchslos vs. anspruchsvoll) und die Wechselwirkungen zwischen diesen Faktoren auf die Zusammensetzung und Funktion der Bakteriengemeinschaft in der Rhizosphäre von Weizen unter extremen Trockenheitsbedingungen. Das Wasserdefizit übte einen starken Druck auf die Rhizosphärenbakteriengemeinschaften aus und stand in Wechselwirkung mit dem Bodentyp und der Bewirtschaftung, nicht aber mit den Weizensorten. In den Sandböden beobachteten wir eine starke trockenheitsbedingte Veränderung der Zusammensetzung der Gemeinschaft mit einem Rückgang der Artenvielfalt und der extrazellulären Enzymproduktion, während die Veränderungen durch die Trockenheit in den fruchtbaren Lehmböden weniger stark ausgeprägt waren. Eine besondere Ausnahme von diesem Muster wurde für Enzymaktivitäten gefunden, die am Kohlenstoffkreislauf im Sandboden beteiligt sind, was auf eine positive Rückkopplung zwischen Pflanze und Bodengemeinschaften unter Trockenheit hindeutet. In Kapitel 2 wurden zwei einzelne, jedoch miteinander verknüpfte Ziele verfolgt. Erstens nutzten wir die Plattform der Global Change Experimental Facility (GCEF), um die Auswirkungen von zwei Anbaupraktiken (konventionell vs. ökologisch) und zwei Klimabehandlungen (ambient vs. zukünftig) auf die Zusammensetzung der Bakteriengemeinschaft und die Aktivitätsprofile extrazellulärer Enzyme, die an den C-, N- und P-Zyklen in der Rhizosphäre von Weizen beteiligt sind, in zwei verschiedenen Pflanzenwachstumsstadien zu untersuchen. Die Klimabehandlung in der GCEF hatte keinen Einfluss auf die Rhizosphärenbakteriengemeinschaften. Die Zusammensetzung und die Funktionen der Rhizosphärenbakteriengemeinschaften unterschieden sich signifikant zwischen dem vegetativen und dem generativen Wachstumsstadium der Pflanzen, sowohl im konventionellen als auch im ökologischen Landbau. In einem zweiten Schritt nutzten wir die gewonnenen Daten, um die Genauigkeit rechnerischer Ansätze wie Tax4Fun und PanFP zur Vorhersage funktioneller Profile von Bakteriengemeinschaften auf der Grundlage von 16S rDNA-Daten zu überprüfen. Zu diesem Zweck verglichen wir die gemessenen Enzymaktivitäten mit den jeweiligen Genhäufigkeiten in der Gemeinschaft unter verschiedenen Klima- und Anbaubedingungen und in den beiden Entwicklungsstadien der Pflanzen. Diese Analyse ergab qualitative, aber nicht unbedingt quantitative Übereinstimmungen, d. h. wir fanden Auswirkungen der verschiedenen Behandlungen auf die gemessenen Enzymaktivitäten, die sich auch in den Genhäufigkeiten widerspiegeln. Kapitel 3 stellt einen ergänzenden Ansatz zu Kapitel 2 dar, wobei der Schwerpunkt auf einzelnen Bakterienarten liegt. Mit kulturabhängigen Methoden wurden gezielt stark Phosphat-solubilisierende Bakterien aus der Rhizosphäre von Weizen isoliert und auf ihre In-vitro-Trockenheitstoleranz getestet. Unter den mehr als 800 isolierten Arten dominierten Phyllobacterium-, Pseudomonas- und Streptomyces-Arten. Während Anbaumanagement und Klimabehandlung nur geringe Auswirkungen hatten, wirkten sich die Wachstumsstadien des Weizens signifikant auf die Zusammensetzung und Funktionen der Isolate aus, wobei eine Dominanz von Pseudomonas-Arten in der vegetativen Wachstumsphase durch eine Dominanz von Phyllobacterium-Arten in der generativen Wachstumsphase ersetzt wurde. Da das Potenzial zur P-Solubilisierung mit einer hohen in vitro-Trockenheitstoleranz einherging, wurden Phyllobacterium-Arten als vielversprechende pflanzenwachstumsfördernde Rhizobakterien (PGPR) für Weizen unter zukünftigen Trockenheitsbedingungen charakterisiert. In der Synopsis dieser Arbeit bewerteten wir die multifaktoriellen und multidisziplinären Ansätze, und untersuchten, inwieweit die Anpassungen der Bakteriengemeinschaften in Feld- und Topfversuchen übereinstimmen oder sich unterscheiden. Insgesamt fanden wir allgemeine, aber auch differenzielle Anpassungsprozesse von Bakteriengemeinschaften und einzelnen Arten in der Rhizosphäre von Weizen an die Trockenheit, wobei einzelne Faktoren, aber auch interagierende Effekte einen starken Einfluss auf diese Prozesse ausübten. Diese Studie unterstreicht damit die Bedeutung multifaktorieller Ansätze, um gemeinschafts- oder artspezifische Rückkopplungen zwischen Pflanze und Boden zu untersuchen.:Contents 3 Preface 5 Bibliographic description 6 Zusammenfassung 9 Summary 13 Introduction 16 When extreme events become the new normal 17 Feedback to agricultural production and need for management adaptation 20 Difficulties in exploring the soil microbiome and identification of plant beneficial microbial taxa 22 Our approach with wheat 24 Bibliography 27 ֎ Chapter 1 31 Interactions Between Soil Properties, Agricultural Management and Cultivar Type Drive Structural and Functional Adaptations of the Wheat Rhizosphere Microbiome To Drought 31 Supplemental Tables 51 Supplemental Figures 55 ╬ Chapter 2 59 Can We Estimate Functionality of Soil Microbial Communities from Structure-Derived Predictions? A Reality Test in Agricultural Soils 59 Supplementary Tables 79 Supplemental Figures 84 Supplemental Material 1: 87 Variation in edaphic parameters according to experimental factors 87 Supplemental Material 2 88 Effect of abiotic soil parameters on bacterial community structure and function 88 Supplemental Material 3 90 Indicator species analysis 90 ۝ Chapter 3 95 Shifts Between and Among Populations of Wheat Rhizosphere Pseudomonas, Streptomyces and Phyllobacterium Suggest Consistent Phosphate Mobilization at Different Wheat Growth Stages Under Abiotic Stress 95 Supplementary Figures 112 Supplementary Tables 117 Synopsis 152 Multidisciplinary approaches combine advantages of cultivation-based and high throughput community-based methods 155 Multifactorial approaches to gain a more holistic understanding of plant-microbe interactions in pot experiments 157 Transferability of findings gained in the pot experiment to field conditions 159 Towards a wheat core microbiome? 161 Study limitations and outlook 163 Bibliography 164 Acknowledgements 169 Curriculum Vitae 171 Personal details 171 Education 171 Work experience 172 Research and Mentoring experience 172 Extracurricular activities 173 List of publications and Presentations 174 Publications in peer-reviewed journals: 174 Oral Presentations: 175 Poster Presentations: 175 Statutory declaration 176 Eidesstattliche Erklärung 177 Author contributions 17

    Examining the Link between Personality Traits, Cognitive Performance, and Consecutive Interpreting

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    Interpreting is a highly complex activity that not only demands proficient linguistic expertise, but also non-linguistic abilities such as non-linguistic cognitive performance (Macnamara, 2012; Riesbeck et al., 1978; Wang, 2004). In addition to this, individual differences in personality may also play a potential role in the interpreter's ability to perform their job (Barrick & Mount, 1991; Rothmann & Coetzer, 2003). The current study sought to examine whether there is a relationship between personality traits, cognitive ability, and consecutive interpreting. The five-factor model of personality (Costa & McCrae, 1988) was used to examine the personality of participants with its five categories of personality type (Openness to Experience; Conscientiousness; Extraversion; Agreeableness; and Neuroticism), and five cognitive ability tasks (Working Memory; Attentional Control; Multi-tasking; Speed of Information Processing; and Psychological Endurance) were chosen to examine their potential relationship with interpreting ability. To fulfill this goal, an empirical study was conducted, collecting data from 80 participants in total (40 with consecutive interpreting backgrounds in the experimental group and 40 without interpreting foundations as a control group). Data was collected using online questionnaires and a set of cognitive tasks. The three online questionnaires, the Big Five (Goldberg, 1992), Attentional Control Scale (Derryberry & Reed, 2002) and Psychological Endurance Scale (Hamby et al., 2015) were used to examine participants’ personality, Attentional Control and Psychological Endurance respectively, whilst the objective cognitive tasks were designed to measure participant Working Memory, Multi-tasking ability and Speed of Information Processing using the Listening Span Test (Liu et al., 2004), Digits Symbol Substitution Test (Kaufman & Lichtenberger, 2006; Wechsler, 1939) and Linguistic Dual Task (Stachowiak, 2015; Meyer & Kieras, 1997) respectively. The main findings of the current results were: firstly, a significant difference was found in cognitive abilities between experimental and control group in the areas of Working Memory, Attentional Control, Multi-tasking and Psychological Endurance. Secondly, several personality traits correlated with scores on some cognitive abilities. For example, Openness to Experience positively correlated with Attentional Control and Psychological Endurance; Conscientiousness positively correlated with Working Memory, Attentional Control and Psychological Endurance; Extraversion positively correlated with Attentional Control and Psychological Endurance; whilst Neuroticism negatively correlated with Attentional Control and Psychological Endurance. Thirdly, several personality traits (Openness to Experience, Conscientiousness and Extraversion) appear to be significantly related more to the experimental group than the control group. Finally, mediation analysis appears to show that interpreting training has a mediating effect on the relationship between certain types of personality traits and cognitive abilities. In some cases, interpreting training and personality traits appear to exert an interacting effect and have a combining influence on some cognitive abilities. These findings can hopefully provide a foundation for future study and be applied in practice to help interpreting training projects and cognitive ability improvement

    One-sided differentiability: a challenge for computer algebra systems

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    Computer Algebra Systems (CASs) are extremely powerful and widely used digital tools. Focusing on differentiation, CASs include a command that computes the derivative of functions in one variable (and also the partial derivative of functions in several variables). We will focus in this article on real-valued functions of one real variable. Since CASs usually compute the derivative of real-valued functions as a whole, the value of the computed derivative at points where the left derivative and the right derivative are different (that we will call conflicting points) should be something like "undefined", although this isn't always the case: the output could strongly differ depending on the chosen CAS. We have analysed and compared in this article how some well-known CASs behave when addressing differentiation at the conflicting points of five different functions chosen by the authors. Finally, the ability for calculating one-sided limits of CASs allows to directly compute the result in these cumbersome cases using the formal definition of one-sided derivative, which we have also analysed and compared for the selected CASs. Regarding teaching, this is an important issue, as it is a topic of Secondary Education and nowadays the use of CASs as an auxiliary digital tool for teaching mathematics is very common

    Surveillance Graphs: Vulgarity and Cloud Orthodoxy in Linked Data Infrastructures

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    Information is power, and that power has been largely enclosed by a handful of information conglomerates. The logic of the surveillance-driven information economy demands systems for handling mass quantities of heterogeneous data, increasingly in the form of knowledge graphs. An archaeology of knowledge graphs and their mutation from the liberatory aspirations of the semantic web gives us an underexplored lens to understand contemporary information systems. I explore how the ideology of cloud systems steers two projects from the NIH and NSF intended to build information infrastructures for the public good to inevitable corporate capture, facilitating the development of a new kind of multilayered public/private surveillance system in the process. I argue that understanding technologies like large language models as interfaces to knowledge graphs is critical to understand their role in a larger project of informational enclosure and concentration of power. I draw from multiple histories of liberatory information technologies to develop Vulgar Linked Data as an alternative to the Cloud Orthodoxy, resisting the colonial urge for universality in favor of vernacular expression in peer to peer systems
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