158,717 research outputs found
Quantum Structure of Negation and Conjunction in Human Thought
We analyse in this paper the data collected in a set of experiments performed
on human subjects on the combination of natural concepts. We investigate the
mutual influence of conceptual conjunction and negation by measuring the
membership weights of a list of exemplars with respect to two concepts, e.g.,
'Fruits' and 'Vegetables', and their conjunction 'Fruits And Vegetables', but
also their conjunction when one or both concepts are negated, namely, 'Fruits
And Not Vegetables', 'Not Fruits And Vegetables' and 'Not Fruits And Not
Vegetables'. Our findings sharpen existing analysis on conceptual combinations,
revealing systematic and remarkable deviations from classical (fuzzy set) logic
and probability theory. And, more important, our results give further
considerable evidence to the validity of our quantum-theoretic framework for
the combination of two concepts. Indeed, the representation of conceptual
negation naturally arises from the general assumptions of our two-sector Fock
space model, and this representation faithfully agrees with the collected data.
In addition, we find a further significant deviation and a priori unexpected
from classicality, which can exactly be explained by assuming that human
reasoning is the superposition of an 'emergent reasoning' and a 'logical
reasoning', and that these two processes can be successfully represented in a
Fock space algebraic structure.Comment: 44 pages. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1406.235
Ontology-Based Data Access and Integration
An ontology-based data integration (OBDI) system is an information management system consisting of three components: an ontology, a set of data sources, and the mapping between the two. The ontology is a conceptual, formal description of the domain of interest to a given organization (or a community of users), expressed in terms of relevant concepts, attributes of concepts, relationships between concepts, and logical assertions characterizing the domain knowledge. The data sources are the repositories accessible by the organization where data concerning the domain are stored. In the general case, such repositories are numerous, heterogeneous, each one managed and maintained independently from the others. The mapping is a precise specification of the correspondence between the data contained in the data sources and the elements of the ontology. The main purpose of an OBDI system is to allow information consumers to query the data using the elements in the ontology as predicates.
In the special case where the organization manages a single data source, the term ontology-based data access (ODBA) system is used
BIM semantic-enrichment for built heritage representation
In the built heritage context, BIM has shown difficulties in representing and managing the large and complex knowledge related to non-geometrical aspects of the heritage. Within this scope, this paper focuses on a domain-specific semantic-enrichment of BIM methodology, aimed at fulfilling semantic representation requirements of built heritage through Semantic Web technologies. To develop this semantic-enriched BIM approach, this research relies on the integration of a BIM environment with a knowledge base created through information ontologies. The result is knowledge base system - and a prototypal platform - that enhances semantic representation capabilities of BIM application to architectural heritage processes. It solves the issue of knowledge formalization in cultural heritage informative models, favouring a deeper comprehension and interpretation of all the building aspects. Its open structure allows future research to customize, scale and adapt the knowledge base different typologies of artefacts and heritage activities
Ontology-based knowledge representation of experiment metadata in biological data mining
According to the PubMed resource from the U.S. National Library of Medicine,
over 750,000 scientific articles have been published in the ~5000 biomedical journals
worldwide in the year 2007 alone. The vast majority of these publications include results from hypothesis-driven experimentation in overlapping biomedical research domains. Unfortunately, the sheer volume of information being generated by the biomedical research enterprise has made it virtually impossible for investigators to stay aware of the latest findings in their domain of interest, let alone to be able to assimilate and mine data from related investigations for purposes of meta-analysis. While computers have the potential for assisting investigators in the extraction, management and analysis of these data, information contained in the traditional journal publication is still largely unstructured, free-text descriptions of study design, experimental application and results interpretation, making it difficult for computers to gain access to the content of what is being conveyed without significant manual intervention. In order to circumvent these roadblocks and make the most of the output from the biomedical research enterprise, a variety of related standards in knowledge representation are being developed, proposed and adopted in the biomedical community. In this chapter, we will explore the current status of efforts to develop minimum information standards for the representation of a biomedical experiment, ontologies composed of shared vocabularies assembled into subsumption hierarchical structures, and extensible relational data models that link the information components together in a machine-readable and human-useable framework for data mining purposes
Open issues in semantic query optimization in relational DBMS
After two decades of research into Semantic Query Optimization (SQO) there is clear agreement as to the efficacy of SQO. However, although there are some experimental implementations there are still no commercial implementations. We
first present a thorough analysis of research into SQO. We identify three problems which inhibit the effective use of SQO in Relational Database Management Systems(RDBMS). We then propose solutions to these problems and describe first steps towards the implementation of an effective semantic query optimizer for relational databases
A New Fundamental Evidence of Non-Classical Structure in the Combination of Natural Concepts
We recently performed cognitive experiments on conjunctions and negations of
two concepts with the aim of investigating the combination problem of concepts.
Our experiments confirmed the deviations (conceptual vagueness, underextension,
overextension, etc.) from the rules of classical (fuzzy) logic and probability
theory observed by several scholars in concept theory, while our data were
successfully modeled in a quantum-theoretic framework developed by ourselves.
In this paper, we isolate a new, very stable and systematic pattern of
violation of classicality that occurs in concept combinations. In addition, the
strength and regularity of this non-classical effect leads us to believe that
it occurs at a more fundamental level than the deviations observed up to now.
It is our opinion that we have identified a deep non-classical mechanism
determining not only how concepts are combined but, rather, how they are
formed. We show that this effect can be faithfully modeled in a two-sector Fock
space structure, and that it can be exactly explained by assuming that human
thought is the supersposition of two processes, a 'logical reasoning', guided
by 'logic', and a 'conceptual reasoning' guided by 'emergence', and that the
latter generally prevails over the former. All these findings provide a new
fundamental support to our quantum-theoretic approach to human cognition.Comment: 14 pages. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with
arXiv:1503.0426
Expressing business rules : a fact based approach : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy in Information Systems at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
Numerous industry surveys have suggested that many IT projects still end in failure. Incomplete, ambiguous and inaccurate specifications are cited as a major causal factor. Traditional techniques for specifying data requirements often lack the expressiveness with which to model subtle but common features within organisations. As a consequence, categories of business rules that determine the structure and behaviour of organisations may not be captured until the latter stages of the systems development lifecycle. A fact-based technique called Object Role Modelling (ORM) has been investigated as an altemative approach for specifying data requirements. The technique's ability to capture and represent a wide range of data requirements rigorously, but still in a form comprehensible to business people, could provide a powerful tool for analysts. In this report, ORM constructs have been synthesised with the concepts and definitions provided by the Business Rules Group (BRG), who have produced a detailed taxonomy of business rule categories. In doing so, business rules discovered in an organisation can be expressed in a form that is meaningful to both analysts and business people. Exploiting the expressive simplicity of a conceptual modelling technique to articulate an organisation's business rules could help to fill a significant requirements gap
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