Logic and the Concept of God

This paper introduces the special issue on the Concept of God of the Journal of Applied Logics (College Publications). The issue contains the following articles: Logic and the Concept of God, by Stanisław Krajewski and Ricardo Silvestre; Mathematical Models in Theology. A Buber-inspired Model of God and its Application to “Shema Israel”, by Stanisław Krajewski; Gödel’s God-like Essence, by Talia Leven; A Logical Solution to the Paradox of the Stone, by Héctor Hernández Ortiz and Victor Cantero; No New Solutions to the Logical Problem of the Trinity, by Beau Branson; What Means ‘Tri-’ in ‘Trinity’ ? An Eastern Patristic Approach to the ‘Quasi-Ordinals’, by Basil Lourié; The Éminence Grise of Christology: Porphyry’s Logical Teaching as a Cornerstone of Argumentation in Christological Debates of the Fifth and Sixth Centruies, by Anna Zhyrkova; The Problem of Universals in Late Patristic Theology, by Dirk Krasmüller; Intuitionist Reasoning in the Tri-unitrian Theology of Nicolas of Cues, by Antonino Drago

Logic and Philosophy of Religion

This paper introduces the special issue on Logic and Philosophy of Religion of the journal Sophia: International Journal of Philosophy and Traditions (Springer). The issue contains the following articles: Logic and Philosophy of Religion, by Ricardo Sousa Silvestre and Jean-Yvez Béziau; The End of Eternity, by Jamie Carlin Watson; The Vagueness of the Muse—The Logic of Peirce’s Humble Argument for the Reality of God, by Cassiano Terra Rodrigues; Misunderstanding the Talk(s) of the Divine: Theodicy in the Wittgensteinian Tradition, by Ondřej Beran; On the Concept of Theodicy, by Ricardo Sousa Silvestre; The Logical Problem of the Trinity and the Strong Theory of Relative Identity, by Daniel Molto; Thomas Aquinas on Logic, Being, and Power, and Contemporary Problems for Divine Omnipotence, by Errin D. Clark

A Formal-Logical Approach to the Concept of God

In this paper I try to answer four basic questions: (1) How the concept of God is to be represented? (2) Are there any logical principles governing it? (3) If so, what kind of logic lies behind them? (4) Can there be a logic of the concept of God? I address them by presenting a formal-logical account to the concept of God. I take it as a methodological desideratum that this should be done within the simplest existing logical formalism. I start with first-order logic (FOL) with identity, and then show that its simplest modal extension (SQML, or the simplest quantified modal logic) is enough for us to formalize a minimally satisfactory theory of the concept of God. I focus exclusively on the monotheistic concept of God

Eternal Immolation: could a Trinitarian coordinating-concept for Theistic Metaphysics solve the Problems of Theodicy?

The author contextualizes the Problem of Evil in Open Theism system, listing its main theses, primarily the logic-of- love-defense (and free-will-defense) connected to Trinitarian speculation. After evaluating the discussion in Analytic Philosophy of Religion, the focus is on the personal mystery of evil, claiming that, because of mystery and vagueness, the Problem of Evil is undecidable. Recalling other schools of thought (Pareyson: ontology of freedom; Moltmann: Dialectical theology; Kenotic theology; Original Sin hermeneutics), the author tries to grasp their common insights. One of them is the evident explanatory failure of theodicies, expressed in the antinomian statements ‘God is not innocent’. The author follows these insights, developing the concept of Eternal Immolation (Bulgakov), arguing that, without a proper understanding of its mystery (what is, and what is not), theistic theodicy could remain compromised. ‘Eternal Immolation’ is considered consequent – or already present – in recent speculations, it stands or falls when we accept that these reveal some unresolved points in Christian doctrine. Hence, ‘Eternal Immolation’ becomes a coordinating-concept, able to bring together their assumptions: several kinds of kenosis, the ontology of freedom with a logic-of-love defense, strongly linked to a libertarian human freedom, and the acknowledgement of the unresolved mystery of evil

The Deleuzian Revolution: Ten Innovations in Difference and Repetition

Difference and Repetition might be said to have brought about a Deleuzian Revolution in philosophy comparable to Kant’s Copernican Revolution. Kant had denounced the three great terminal points of traditional metaphysics – self, world and God – as transcendent illusions, and Deleuze pushes Kant’s revolution to its limit by positing a transcendental field that excludes the coherence of the self, world and God in favour of an immanent and differential plane of impersonal individuations and pre-individual singularities. In the process, he introduces numerous conceptual innovations into philosophy: the becoming of concepts; a transformation of the form of the question; an insistence that philosophy must start in the middle; an attempt to think in terms of multiplicities; the development of a new logic and a new metaphysics based on a concept of difference; a new conception of space as intensive rather than extensive; a conception of time as a pure and empty form; and an understanding of philosophy as a system in heterogenesis – that is, a system that entails a perpetual genesis of the heterogeneous, an incessant production of the new. Keywords: concepts, becoming, multiplicity, singularity, the middle [au milieu], difference, intensity, time, system, the ne

Tawaran Metodologi Fazlur Rahman Dalam Teologi Islam

Islamic intellectual treasures abundant, but very poor in methodology. Inespecially in the field of theology, was minimal in the use of a methodology, especially in the classical period and the medieval. The methodology in reviewing the new Islamic theology known and discussed in modern times. Islam has buildings that are monotheistic. A religion that has the confidence of the One God. However, the empirical reality, the one God gave birth to a range of views and theological concepts are different. This means that even God as the object of faith Muslims as the God, but when the same Lord responded and understood by many individual Muslims worldwide, it gave birth to a variety of the concept of God. Differences theological views that depart from the diversity of logic, or form with paradigm, viewpoint and methodology used by the Muslims themselves in capturing and interpreting God. One party Islamic anyone using a logical perspective, ie, attempt to understand God through ratio.No more base through an intuitive understanding. On the other hand thereare quite satisfied with the text.

Xenophanes and the Axiomatization of the God-Concept

Inasmuch as Xenophanes rests his axiomatization of the god-concept on the logic of likeness (prepein), implicit in the Greek correlation of arete and time, he rests his case for an idealistic, nomomorphic revision of theology and human society on a correspondence-theory of truth, whose referent is periodically verifiable as superlatively powerful and universally binding

John Baillie's Epistemology of Mediated Immediacy: its Logic, Importance for Baillie's Mediating Theology, and Promise as a Model of Revelatory Religious Experience

The field of academic theology is presently maintaining the following about the critical thought of the Scottish thinker John Baillie (1886-1960): (1) Baillie’s so-called "mediating theology" does not have a concept to contribute to contemporary Christian thought; (2) Baillie's concept of "mediated immediacy" is important primarily for Baillie's thought in his Our Knowledge of God (1939); (3) mediated immediacy’s logic about knowledge of God is severely convoluted. Received positions which support the field's marginalization of mediated immediacy's contemporary relevance in particular, they come with a concession: (4) the field's confusion about mediated immediacy's meaning—this, as evidenced in over 75 years' worth of competing interpretations about mediated immediacy’s logic, in particular. This thesis centers primarily on Baillie's concept of mediated immediacy, taking as its primary aim the resolution of research issues (1-4). In doing so, it demonstrates that previous research has underestimated: the staying power of Baillie's mediating theology in general, mediated immediacy’s importance for Baillie’s mediating theology in particular, and mediated immediacy’s potential as a contribution to contemporary Christian thought. Along the way, it resolves several research issues which have been occasioned by perennial confusion about the logic of mediated immediacy's normative epistemology and descriptive epistemology in particular. Research contributions about the logic of mediated immediacy's epistemology per se, these derive from three additional research contributions: a diachronic trace of the development of Baillie's mediating theology (Baillie research has sought a comprehensive and cogent ordering of Baillie's non-systematically articulated critical thought; this thesis provides it, by identifying Baillie's espistemic and apologetic preoccupations across his critical thought's roughly 35-year development); a modeling of mediated immediacy's logic (previously absent in a research corpus whose literature ahs been replete with confusion), that logic's expression in what is found to be, contrary to the thrust of previous research, a concept of mediated immediacy that serves at least four functions for Baillie's mediating theology; and, a comprehensive and rigorous critical evaluation of mediated immediacy’s epistemology (also previously absent in Baillie research literature), a multi-disciplinary evaluation of it's logic (from contemporary philosophical-epistemological, empiricalpsychological and theological-epistemological perspectives), included. An evaluation warranted by the multi-disciplinary scope of Baillie's mediating theology, as well as by Baillie's employment of his rather versatile concept of mediated immediacy, this evaluation considers mediated immediacy's now robustly evaluated logic's consequences for core aspects of Baillie's mediating theology, including Baillie’s ideas of knowledge of God, divine action, divine revelation and religious experience. The definitive work on John Baillie's concept of mediated immediacy, this thesis is essential for those with an interest in John Baillie's critical thought. Amongst other things, the thesis challenges positions widely held by John Baillie research. For example, it demonstrates that a nascent form of mediated immediacy existed in Baillie's thought before the concept's first explicit mention in the mediating theologian's 1939 publication Our Knowledge of God. Here is a novel interpretation in the research. Furthermore, whereas previous research has rightly observed that Baillie’s critical thought gravitates toward the problems of revelation and knowledge of God in general, this thesis demonstrates that Baillie’s mediating theology focuses on one problem in particular— across the roughly 35-year span of its development: the problem of the epistemological relationship between direct knowledge and indirect knowledge for knowledge of God. In addition, this thesis demonstrates that Baillie’s latter mediating theology (post-1939) provides a stronger doctrine of the Holy Spirit than that found in Baillie's earlier critical thought. This thesis may also be of value to persons with broader interests, including the epistemic interplay between aspects of philosophy of religion, philosophical theology, and empirically-based interpretations of the phenomena of religious experience

Teologi Rasional Pada Pesantren Tradisional: Telaah Konsep Teologi Pada Buku Daras Teologi Di Pesantren Musthafawiyah

: Rational Theology in Traditional Pesantren: An Analysis of Theological Concept of Theology Textbook in Pesantren Musthafawiyah. This essay tries to study whether the theological concepts that are written on thelogy text books at the Islamic boarding school of Musthafawiyah are rational or traditional. The methode used in this essay is an in-dept study on the theological concepts found in such textbooks while analyzing them through logic. This study reveals that theological concepts in those textbooks are is rational in character. The rationality of this theological concept is believed to be factor that lead to well reception by the community, graduates and especially active sudents of this boarding school and thus it can survive challenges till today. This rationality of the text is evident in such discussion as the existence of God, His attributes and justice, as well as on human actions and the articles of faith, all of which are based on logic rather than dogma like those of the Mu'tazilites'

TRI HITA KARANA A CONCEPTION IN CONDUCTING BALINESE ARTS

Abstract: Art is one from seven culture elements that show the identity of a nation because it has special characteristic which is bringing an unique experience that improve by its own and stay save inside the artist that create it. The prominent power in conducting art thing is beauty. Every creation of art is always base on ethics (act value), logic (truth value), and aesthetics (beauty value). Also in creating an art thing must fulfill three elements which are satwam (truth), siwam (greatness) and sundaram (beauty). Tri Hita Karana is three basic elements that can bring happiness (peace). Those three elements are parhyangan that contain meaning the relationship between human with the God (Ida Sang Hyang Widhi), pawongan which is the relationship between human with fellows, and the third is palemahan which has meaning the relationship between human with the surroundings. Those relationships must be equal integrally in Hindu cosmology. The world divided into three which are upper world called suarga as the place of Gods, middle world called bhuwah or bhuwah loka as the place for human, and under world called bhur loka as the place of evil spirits known as bhuta kala. The implementation of Tri Hita Karana concept in conducting Balinese arts can be seen from the variety of art elements which the object and the inspiration taken from the universe such as art of dancing, art of karawitan, art of puppetry and fine art. All the art things always performed in religious ceremony of offering (relationship between human and God), humanity activity (relationship between human with fellows) and preserving the universe (relationship between human and the surroundings