Visual attention deficits in schizophrenia can arise from inhibitory dysfunction in thalamus or cortex

Schizophrenia is associated with diverse cognitive deficits, including disorders of attention-related oculomotor behavior. At the structural level, schizophrenia is associated with abnormal inhibitory control in the circuit linking cortex and thalamus. We developed a spiking neural network model that demonstrates how dysfunctional inhibition can degrade attentive gaze control. Our model revealed that perturbations of two functionally distinct classes of cortical inhibitory neurons, or of the inhibitory thalamic reticular nucleus, disrupted processing vital for sustained attention to a stimulus, leading to distractibility. Because perturbation at each circuit node led to comparable but qualitatively distinct disruptions in attentive tracking or fixation, our findings support the search for new eye movement metrics that may index distinct underlying neural defects. Moreover, because the cortico-thalamic circuit is a common motif across sensory, association, and motor systems, the model and extensions can be broadly applied to study normal function and the neural bases of other cognitive deficits in schizophrenia.R01 MH057414 - NIMH NIH HHS; R01 MH101209 - NIMH NIH HHS; R01 NS024760 - NINDS NIH HHSPublished versio

On the spectra of certain integro-differential-delay problems with applications in neurodynamics

We investigate the spectrum of certain integro-differential-delay equations (IDDEs) which arise naturally within spatially distributed, nonlocal, pattern formation problems. Our approach is based on the reformulation of the relevant dispersion relations with the use of the Lambert function. As a particular application of this approach, we consider the case of the Amari delay neural field equation which describes the local activity of a population of neurons taking into consideration the finite propagation speed of the electric signal. We show that if the kernel appearing in this equation is symmetric around some point a= 0 or consists of a sum of such terms, then the relevant dispersion relation yields spectra with an infinite number of branches, as opposed to finite sets of eigenvalues considered in previous works. Also, in earlier works the focus has been on the most rightward part of the spectrum and the possibility of an instability driven pattern formation. Here, we numerically survey the structure of the entire spectra and argue that a detailed knowledge of this structure is important within neurodynamical applications. Indeed, the Amari IDDE acts as a filter with the ability to recognise and respond whenever it is excited in such a way so as to resonate with one of its rightward modes, thereby amplifying such inputs and dampening others. Finally, we discuss how these results can be generalised to the case of systems of IDDEs

Bumps in simple two-dimensional neural field models

Neural field models first appeared in the 50's, but the theory really took off in the 70's with the works of Wilson and Cowan {wilson-cowan:72,wilson-cowan:73} and Amari {amari:75,amari:77}. Neural fields are continuous networks of interacting neural masses, describing the dynamics of the cortical tissue at the population level. In this report, we study homogeneous stationary solutions (i.e independent of the spatial variable) and bump stationary solutions (i.e. localized areas of high activity) in two kinds of infinite two-dimensional neural field models composed of two neuronal layers (excitatory and inhibitory neurons). We particularly focus on bump patterns, which have been observed in the prefrontal cortex and are involved in working memory tasks {goldman-rakic:95}. We first show how to derive neural field equations from the spatialization of mesoscopic cortical column models. Then, we introduce classical techniques borrowed from Coombes {coombes:05} and Folias and Bressloff {folias-bressloff:04} to express bump solutions in a closed form and make their stability analysis. Finally we instantiate these techniques to construct stable two-dimensional bump solutions