Portugal: Leapfrogging Digital Transformation

This report is structured as follow: Section 1 presents details about Portugal enabling or inhibiting its digital transformation. Section 2 analyzes the main motivations for the digital transformation strategy; Section 3 summarizes its main challenges, while Section 4 presents the main components of the strategy. Section 5 analyzes the governance model, and Section 6, the legal and regulatory framework. Section 7 discusses critical enablers for the digital transformation of government services. Section 8 introduces 16 key initiatives of the strategy. Section 9 summarizes the lessons learnt, followed by an assessment of the strategy’s impact in Section 10. Section 11 synthesizes lessons for Latin American countries. Finally, Appendix A enumerates main legal and regulatory instruments supporting the digital transformation in Portugal, Appendix B presents a set of 18 sections providing details of the initiatives analyzed in the report1, and Appendix C explains how the digital transformation efforts contributed to face the challenges raised by the COVID-19 pandemics.Fil: Estevez, Elsa Clara. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Fillottrani, Pablo. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur; ArgentinaFil: Linares, Sebastián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas y Sociales del Sur. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Economía. Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas y Sociales del Sur; ArgentinaFil: Cledou, Maria Guillermina. Universidade do Minho; Portuga

Digital Identity Scheme

학위논문(석사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 행정대학원 글로벌행정전공, 2023. 2. Junki Kim.디지털 아이덴티티는 디지털 서비스와의 상호작용에서 개인을 고유하게 차별화하는 속성을 의미한다. 따라서 디지털 아이덴티티 전략은 디지털 아이덴티티 라이프사이클을 관리하는 정책, 기술, 조직 및 프로세스의 잘 설계된 집합체이다. 이는 디지털 변환의 필수 요소이며 디지털 신뢰를 강화하기 위한 핵심 요소이다. 그런 맥락에서, 이 논문은 국가 차원에서 디지털 아이덴티티 체계를 관리하는 데 있어 어려움을 이해하는 것을 목표로 한다. 정확성, 포괄성, 안전성, 사용 가능한 디지털 ID의 이점은 공공 및 민간 부문, 아카데미 및 국제 조직에 의해 널리 인식되고 있다. 이와 더불어 COVID-19의 세계적인 확산으로 인해 사회적 거리두기 조치와 비대면 거래가 증가하면서, 우리는 정부와 기업에 의해 개발되는 디지털 인증 플랫폼이 발전하는 것을 볼 수 있다. 그 결과, 대한민국(이하 한국)과 페루와 같은 나라들은 핸드폰, 인공지능, 빅데이터, 상호운용성, 데이터센터와 같은 부상한 기술을 활용하여 식별 및 인증 프로세스의 효율성을 높이기 위해 서로 다른 종류의 이니셔티브와 플랫폼을 개발, 시행하고 있다. 이에 따라 현재까지 정부24를 전자정부 공식포털로, 디지털원패스(Digital ONEPASS)를 디지털인증플랫폼으로 구현해 시민 비대면 인증이 가능하도록 하고 있으며, 주민등록제도(RRS)도 한국 디지털 아이덴티티 제도의 핵심요소로 자리매김하고 있다. 이와 비슷하게 페루의 경우 기존의 전자정부 접근 방식이 디지털 정부라는 새로운 패러다임으로 변모하였다는 것과, 디지털 기술은 더 이상 기술적 문제가 아니라 정치, 법률, 협력적 문제라는 이해를 바탕으로 2018년 디지털 정부가 제정되었다. 디지털 정체성을 강화하기 위해 두 개의 디지털 플랫폼이 시행되고 있는데, 하나는 시민 지향의 단일 디지털 플랫폼(GOB.PE)이며, 다른 하나는 디지털 신원 확인 및 인증을 위한 국가 플랫폼(ID)이다. 두 플랫폼은 정부에 의해 유지되고 개발된다. 이처럼 한국과 페루의 정책 사이에 유사점이 있지만 결과는 다르다. 전자정부개발지수(EDGI)에서 한국은 세계 2위, 페루는 71위, 한국은 디지털 인증 플랫폼이 구현되어 있고, 정부24는 다양한 인증을 사용하고 있다. ONE PASS, KAKAO, 삼성 PASS 등 시민을 위한 간편하고 편리한 인증 방법이 사용된다. 또한 2021년까지 정부24를 통해 온라인으로 접수된 청원은 13202만 5035건에 달하며, 증명서와 문서는 시민이 직접 프린터를 통해 출력했다. 페루의 경우 디지털 아이덴티티 전략은 디지털 정부법이 규제하는 공공부문의 디지털 아이덴티티 프레임워크를 기반으로 정부가 기본적으로 주도하는 진행형 프로세스다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 한국의 디지털 아이덴티티 전략이 개인의 디지털 아이덴티티의 정확성, 포괄성, 보안성 및 사용성을 강화하기 위해 어떤 성과를 내고 있는지 중점적으로 살펴보려고 한다. 우리는 유엔과 경제협력개발기구(OECD)가 사용하는 프레임워크를 적용한 비교 프레임워크를 활용해 유사점과 차이점을 규명할 예정이다. 한국과 페루의 비교 연구를 수행하는 시의적절하다. 왜냐하면 페루는 한국의 디지털 아이덴티티 제도의 모범 사례와 좋은 교훈을 활용할 수 있고 더 나은 정책과 결정을 설계할 수 있기 때문이다. 본 연구에서는 한국과 페루의 ICT 전문가와 온라인 인터뷰를 통해 양국의 디지털 아이덴티티 체계에 대한 심층적인 이해를 창출하는 정성적 연구 방법을 활용하였다. 총 10명의 전문가를 인터뷰했는데, 전문가와의 인터뷰는 한국과 페루의 디지털 아이덴티티 진화에 대한 개요를 제공하고 페루의 디지털 아이덴티티 제도 구현 과정에서 발생하는 과제를 식별할 수 있다. 디지털 공공 서비스의 개발 및 제공을 지원하기 위한 강력하고 지속적인 디지털 리더십, 시의적절한 법적 프레임워크, 현대 ICT 기술이라는 세 가지 요소에서 큰 차이가 나타났음을 알 수 있었다. 하지만 이 연구결과는 또한 페루에서 디지털 아이덴티티 생태계를 조성하기 위한 목적으로 제도적 정비를 하고, 규제를 개선하며, 예산을 최적화한다면 큰 성과를 얻을 수 있음을 시사한다. 주요 키워드: 디지털 아이덴티티, 디지털 정부, 디지털 변환, 디지털 아이덴티티 전략Digital identity is the collection of attributes that uniquely differentiates a person in his interaction with digital services. The literature and previous research suggest that it is an essential component to the digital transformation and a vital element for strengthening the digital trust. Currently, due to worldwide spread of COVID-19, which has accelerated the digital transition in the public and private sector, the non-face-to-face transactions have been increased, coupled with cybercrimes such as identity theft, private data leakage, fraud, among other cybercrimes. In this sense, governments should become aware of the importance of digital identity management, because it is increasingly embedded in everything we do in our digital and offline life (WEF, Identity in the Digital World a new chapter in the social contract, 2018, p. 9). To deal with those issues and leverage all the potential of digital identity at national level, many countries implement a Digital Identity Scheme, which is a well-designed and articulated collection of policies, business rules, technologies, organizations, and processes in charge of governing the digital identity lifecycle to promote a digital society. Hence, countries such as The Republic of Korea (hereinafter, Korea) and The Republic of Peru (hereinafter, Peru) have been developed and implemented different kind of policies, legal instruments, initiatives, and digital technologies to enhance accessibility, efficiency and security of the identification and authentication process, for instance, Korea has issued the Electronic Government Law and implemented cross-platforms such as Government24 (정부24) as official electronic government portal, Digital ONEPASS (디지털원패스) as a digital authentication platform to enable a convenient no-face-to-face authentication of the citizens, Resident Registration System (RRS), as a fundamental national information system which manages and stores relevant personal information of Koreans, and Sharing Information System (행정정보공동이용시스템), as a interoperability platform to exchange information with governmental agencies. Moreover, Korea has a PKI Scheme which is divided into a National Public Key Infrastructure (NPKI), and a Government Public Key Infrastructure (GPKI). All these regulations, technologies and platforms are vital elements of the Korean Digital Identity Scheme. In the case of Peru, based on Law N° 26497 enacted in 1995, the government has been managing and maintaining the National Identification Registry of Peruvian. Moreover, since issuance of Digital Government Law in 2018, Peru has been implemented different kind of cross-platforms such as the Single Digital Platform for Citizen Orientation (GOB.PE), to offer one point of contact between government and citizens, National Interoperability Platform, to promote information exchange among public entities, the National Digital Government Platform, to provide cloud services to the public entities, and National Platform for Identification and Authentication of Digital Identity (ID.GOB.PE), to verify a persons identity. Although there are similarities, the outcomes are different, in the Electronic Government Development Index 2022, Korea is ranked 3rd in the world, while Peru is ranked 59th, from another side, in terms of digital identity, Korea has a digital identity ecosystem operating, for instance Government24 accepts several authentication methods which are easily and conveniently for the citizens such as ONEPASS, KAKAO, Samsung PASS, among others (MOIS, Status of Government 24, 2022). To 2021, almost 132,025,035 petitions were filed online through Government24 (MOIS, Status of Government 24, 2022). In the case of Peru, the digital identity scheme is an ongoing project, which is leading basically by the government, based on the Digital Government Law and its enforcement decree. In that vein, this research aims at understanding the components for governing and managing a Digital Identity Scheme in Korea and Peru and identifying the gap between them. Therefore, in this study we are going to focus on how the Digital Identity Scheme of Korea is performing to strengthen accuracy, inclusiveness, security, and usability of digital identity of persons. We are going to establish the similarities and differences by using a comparison framework which is an adaptation of the frameworks used by the United Nations (UN), International Telecommunication Union (UIT) and Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Additionally, in this moment, undertaking a comparison study between Korea and Peru is a relevant work, because Peru is implementing transversal digital government platforms based on the Digital Government Law, and based on that we are dealing with cybercrimes and digital threats, that is why we can learn of the best practices and good lessons of the Digital Identity Scheme in Korea and design better policies and decisions for Peruvian implementation. This research was carried out by using a qualitative research method which involved online interviews with ICT specialists from Korea and Peru to generate an in-depth understanding of the digital identity scheme of both countries. A total of ten specialists were interviewed. Interviews provide an overview of the digital identity evolution in Korea and allow me to identify challenges and policy recommendations in the implementation process of Digital Identity Scheme in Peru. Based on the results the big differences are integrated in three factors: strong and continuous digital leadership, timely legal framework, and modern ICT technology to support development and public services rendering. However, the results also suggest that it is possible to get big achievements on the Digital Identity Scheme in Peru, making institutional arrangements, enhancing digital regulation and optimizing the budget with the purpose to create a sustainable digital identity ecosystem.ABSTRACT 5 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 9 LIST OF TABLES 9 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 12 1.1 STUDY BACKGROUND 12 1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE COUNTRIES 20 1.3 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 27 1.4 PURPOSE OF THE RESEARCH 39 CHAPTER 2. KEY CONCEPTS AND FRAMEWORK 43 CHAPTER 3: LITERATURE REVIEW 77 CHAPTER 4: DIGITAL IDENTITY IN KOREA AND PERU 86 4.1 LEGAL FRAMEWORK 86 4.2 TECHNOLOGY 100 4.3 GOVERNANCE AND LEADERSHIP 116 4.4 BUDGET 120 4.5 MARKET 122 4.6 FINDINGS 122 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS 132 5.1 SUMMARY OF THE THESIS 132 5.2 POLICY COMPARISON 143 5.3 POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS 145 5.4 LIMITATIONS OF THE RESEARCH 150 REFERENCES 152 APPENDICES 158 APPENDIX 1. QUESTIONNAIRE 158 APPENDIX 2. MATRIZ OF COMPARISON 167석

eHealth Conversations : using information management, dialogue, and knowledge exchange to move toward universal

The publication of eHealth Conversations, developed with the support of the Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation (AECID), represents a major step forward for the PAHO/WHO Strategy, since it explores ways of implementing regional mechanisms with free and equitable access to information and knowledge sharing. These initiatives aim to advance the goals of more informed, equitable, competitive, and democratic societies, where access to health information is considered a basic right. This publication is one of the instruments used by PAHO/WHO to develop the initiatives outlined in the Strategy, which coincides with the global eHealth strategy. One of the fundamental needs for the improvement of eHealth is the dissemination of information, and PAHO/WHO is assuming a leading role in this effort. The development of this new electronic publication is a key step in disseminating information that will be useful for decision makers on applying these technologies for the health of the Americas. This electronic book is one of the products of PAHO/WHO’s project: “eHealth Conversations: Using Information Management, Dialogue, and Knowledge Exchange to Move Toward Universal Access to Health.” Participants in these conversations included experts on electronic health and other specialties. Through virtual dialogues, the experts contributed with knowledge and reflections on the present and the future of eHealth in the Americas, analyzed the situation, and made recommendations for the implementation of electronic health initiatives. These recommendations are not only intended for PAHO/ WHO, but also for governments and the private sector. The aim of the project is to guarantee the convergence of local, national, and regional initiatives regarding the adoption and application of ICTs for public health, with special attention on critical issues in this field. It also intends to strengthen individual and collective capacities of health workers and institutions, connecting them in a network of on-line health networks, as well as to reinforce the PAHO/WHO eHealth program.Acknowledge the Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation (AECID) for its financial support in preparing this publication and developing the project titled “eHealth Conversations: Using Information Management, Dialogue, and Knowledge Exchange to Move Toward Universal Access to Health;

Insights on innovation management practices at T-Systems. Analysis of a new business model for identity services on public computer network systems

Projecte final de carrera fet en col.laboració amb T-Systems International GmbHCatalà: Aquesta monografia identifica elements de gestió de la innovació en una coneguda companyia alemanya del sector TIC (T-Systems International GmbH) i exerceix un anàlisi crític sobre ells a partir de l'estudi d'una iniciativa de negoci denominada Projecte CifraH (Citizen Interoperability Folder for Relationships based on Avatar Hosting per les seves sigles en anglès) originada en T-Systems ITC Iberia SAU, una unitat internacional de la companyia.Castellà: Esta monografía identifica elementos de gestión de la innovación en una conocida compañía alemana del sector TIC (T-Systems International GmbH) y los somete a un análisis crítico a partir del estudio de una iniciativa de negocio denominada Proyecto CifraH (Citizen Interoperability Folder for Relationships based on Avatar Hosting por sus siglas en inglés) llevada a cabo en T-Systems ITC Iberia SAU, una unidad internacional de la compañía.English: This monographic identifies innovation management elements at a major German IT services firm (T-Systems International GmbH) and subjects them to critical analysis through the study of a corporate business initiative known as Project CifraH (Citizen Interoperability Folder for Relationships based on Avatar Hosting) undertaken at an international subsidiary of the company

Data Ecosystems for Sustainable Development: An Assessment of Six Pilot Countries

A data revolution for sustainable development is underway, reshaping how knowledge is produced and used, policy is formulated, and governance is redefined and enacted around the world. At its core, it is about people—as users, producers, beneficiaries, and owners of data—who must be at the centre of accountability and participatory mechanisms for the 2030 Agenda and in turn be closely involved in the delivery of the new development agenda. To this end, UNDP has sought to facilitate interactions, synergies and partnerships among different stakeholders, governments, civil society, international development organizations and the private sector that are grounded in perspectives of, and meaningful participation from, people. UNDP particularly seeks to ensure that development experience from the grassroots informs global discussions, and that the data revolution is actionable at the national level.While significant strides have been made with respect to upgrading data and statistical systems since the adoption of the MDGs, the 2030 Agenda encompasses a far broader ambition requiring better, more timely and reliable data on a wider variety of indicators. Thus its adoption by countries around the world necessitates an even more significant increase in the data that is available to, and used by, governments, civil society, the private sector, academia and international organizations to begin tracking progress towards the achievement of the SDGs.This synthesis report presents the findings of six pilot case studies assessing the readiness of national data ecosystems to harness the data revolution for the implementation and monitoring of the 2030 Agenda. This assessment focuses on the legal and policy frameworks and capacities for official statistics; entry points for action and obstacles for multi-stakeholder engagement on data for SDG implementation and monitoring; innovation and new technologies for plugging data gaps; and the infrastructure requirements for improved collection, dissemination and use of data for sustainable development

FrontEnd Toolkit: a toolkit to transform IDEAs into intelligent action

This FrontEnd Toolkit is about applying Design Thinking to transform new ideas into innovative products, services andbusinesses with an impact. The front end development of new user and customer-oriented solutions is a key opportunity aswell as a significant challenge for organizations and success is built on collaborative approaches. The overall objective is to help policy- makers, project owners, and managers as well as their stakeholders to design and implement projects with real impact. The Toolkit helps to establish an idea’s key value to stakeholders, and supports planning for the creation of high impact projects. It assists in defining complexity, cost, delivery, functionality,and future upgrade potential of a concept and creates new opportunities for partnerships. The Front End innovation is all about purposefully combining different skills, disciplines, and resources with knowledge related to the local innovation ecosystem to gain insights that inspire and help shape a new, valuable offering. The process of creating this constellation of elements involves understanding emerging opportunities,client and user mindsets, needs and expectations. It also involves making sense of the competitive environment, the social and individual constraints and enablers that drive the acceptance and up take of new products, services and business models

The Impact of e-Democracy in Political Stability of Nigeria

The history of the Nigerian electoral process has been hitherto characterized by violence stemming from disputes in election outcomes. For instance, violence erupted across some states in Northern Nigeria when results indicated that a candidate who was popular in that part of the country was losing the election leading to avoidable loss of lives. Beside, this dispute in election outcome lingers for a long time in litigation at the electoral tribunals which distracts effective governance. However, the increasing penetrating use of ICTs in Nigeria is evident in the electoral processes with consequent shift in the behavior of actors in the democratic processes, thus changing the ways Nigerians react to election outcomes. This paper examines the trend in the use ICT in the Nigerian political system and its impact on the stability of the polity. It assesses the role of ICT in recent electoral processes and compares its impact on the outcome of the process in lieu of previous experiences in the Nigeria. Furthermore, the paper also examines the challenges and risks of implementing e-Democracy in Nigeria and its relationship to the economy in the light of the socio-economic situation of the country. The paper adopted qualitative approach in data gathering and analysis. From the findings, the paper observed that e-democracy is largely dependent on the level of ICT adoption, which is still at its lowest ebb in the country. It recognizes the challenges in the provision of ICT infrastructure and argues that appropriate low-cost infrastructure applicable to the Nigerian condition can be made available to implement e-democracy and thus arouse the interest of the populace in governance, increase the number of voters, and enhance transparency, probity and accountability, and participation in governance as well as help stabilize the nascent democrac

E-Governance: Strategy for Mitigating Non-Inclusion of Citizens in Policy Making in Nigeria

The Nigerian federation that currently has 36 states structure adopted the Weberian Public Administrative system before now as an ideal way of running government, which was characterized with the traditional way of doing things without recourse to the deployment of Information Communication Technology (ICT). Today e-governance is seen as a paradigm shift from the previous way of governance. Research has shown that, the adoption and implementation of e-governance is more likely to bring about effective service delivery, mitigate corruption and ultimately enhance citizens’ participation in governmental affairs. However, it has been argued that infrastructure such as regular electricity power and access to the Internet, in addition to a society with high rate of literacy level are required to effectively implement and realize the potentials of e-governance for improved delivery of services. Due to the difficulties currently experienced, developing nations need to adequately prepare for the implementation of e-governance on the platform of Information Communication Technology (ICT). Hence, this study seeks to examine whether the adoption and implementation of e-governance in the context of Nigeria would mitigate the hitherto non-inclusion of citizens in the formulation and implementation of government policies aimed at enhanced development. To achieve the objective of the study, data were sourced and analyzed majorly by examining government websites of 20 states in the Nigerian federation to ascertain if there are venues for citizens to interact with government in the area of policy making and feedback on government actions, as a way of promoting participatory governance. The study revealed that the adoption and implementation of e-governance in the country is yet to fully take place. This is due to lack of infrastructure, low level of literacy rate and government inability to provide the necessary infrastructure for e-governance to materialize. The paper therefore, recommends among others the need for the Federal Government to involve a sound and clear policy on how to go about the adoption and implementation of egovernance through deliberate effort at increasing budgetary allocation towards infrastructural development and mass education of citizens