Machine Learning with Abstention for Automated Liver Disease Diagnosis

This paper presents a novel approach for detection of liver abnormalities in an automated manner using ultrasound images. For this purpose, we have implemented a machine learning model that can not only generate labels (normal and abnormal) for a given ultrasound image but it can also detect when its prediction is likely to be incorrect. The proposed model abstains from generating the label of a test example if it is not confident about its prediction. Such behavior is commonly practiced by medical doctors who, when given insufficient information or a difficult case, can chose to carry out further clinical or diagnostic tests before generating a diagnosis. However, existing machine learning models are designed in a way to always generate a label for a given example even when the confidence of their prediction is low. We have proposed a novel stochastic gradient based solver for the learning with abstention paradigm and use it to make a practical, state of the art method for liver disease classification. The proposed method has been benchmarked on a data set of approximately 100 patients from MINAR, Multan, Pakistan and our results show that the proposed scheme offers state of the art classification performance.Comment: Preprint version before submission for publication. complete version published in proc. 15th International Conference on Frontiers of Information Technology (FIT 2017), December 18-20, 2017, Islamabad, Pakistan. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8261064

Using machine learning methods to determine a typology of patients with HIV-HCV infection to be treated with antivirals

Several European countries have established criteria for prioritising initiation of treatment in patients infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) by grouping patients according to clinical characteristics. Based on neural network techniques, our objective was to identify those factors for HIV/HCV co-infected patients (to which clinicians have given careful consideration before treatment uptake) that have not being included among the prioritisation criteria. This study was based on the Spanish HERACLES cohort (NCT02511496) (April-September 2015, 2940 patients) and involved application of different neural network models with different basis functions (product-unit, sigmoid unit and radial basis function neural networks) for automatic classification of patients for treatment. An evolutionary algorithm was used to determine the architecture and estimate the coefficients of the model. This machine learning methodology found that radial basis neural networks provided a very simple model in terms of the number of patient characteristics to be considered by the classifier (in this case, six), returning a good overall classification accuracy of 0.767 and a minimum sensitivity (for the classification of the minority class, untreated patients) of 0.550. Finally, the area under the ROC curve was 0.802, which proved to be exceptional. The parsimony of the model makes it especially attractive, using just eight connections. The independent variable "recent PWID" is compulsory due to its importance. The simplicity of the model means that it is possible to analyse the relationship between patient characteristics and the probability of belonging to the treated group

Integrated Study of Liver Fibrosis: Modeling and Clinical Detection

The liver is a vital organ that carries out over 500 essential tasks, including fat metabolism, blood filtering, bile production, and some protein production. Although the structure of the liver and the role of each type of cells in the liver are well known, the biomedical and mechanical interplays within liver tissues remain unclear. Chronic liver diseases are a significant public health challenge. All chronic liver diseases lead to liver fibrosis due to excessive fiber accumulation, resulting in cirrhosis and loss of liver function. Only early stage liver fibrosis is reversible. However, early-stage liver fibrosis is difficult to diagnose. How the progression of fibrosis changes the mechanical properties of the liver tissue and altering the dynamics of blood flow is still not well understood. The objective of this dissertation is to integrate the understanding of liver diseases and mechanical modeling to develop several models relating liver fibrosis to blood flow. In collaboration with clinicians specialized in hepatic fibrosis, we integrated computational modeling and clinicopathologic image analysis and proposed a new technology for early stage fibrosis detection. The key results of this research include: (1) A mathematical model of liver fibrosis progression connecting the cellular and molecular mechanisms of fibrosis to tissue rigidity; (2) A novel machine learning-based algorithm to automatically stage liver fibrosis based on pathology images; (3) A physics model to illustrate how the liver stiffness affects the blood flow pattern, predicting a direct relationship between fibrosis stage and ultrasound Doppler measurement of liver blood flow; (4) Statistical analysis of clinical ultrasound Doppler data from fibrosis patients confirming our model prediction. These results lead to a novel noninvasive technology for detecting early stages of liver fibrosis with high accuracy

Texture features based microscopic image classification of liver cellular granuloma using artificial neural networks

Automated classification of Schistosoma mansoni granulomatous microscopic images of mice liver using Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies is a key issue for accurate diagnosis and treatment. In this paper, three grey difference statistics-based features, namely three Gray-Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) based features and fifteen Gray Gradient Co-occurrence Matrix (GGCM) features were calculated by correlative analysis. Ten features were selected for three-level cellular granuloma classification using a Scaled Conjugate Gradient Back-Propagation Neural Network (SCG-BPNN) in the same performance. A cross-entropy is then calculated to evaluate the proposed Sigmoid input and the ten-hidden layer network. The results depicted that SCG-BPNN with texture features performs high recognition rate compared to using morphological features, such as shape, size, contour, thickness and other geometry-based features for the classification. The proposed method also has a high accuracy rate of 87.2% compared to the Back-Propagation Neural Network (BPNN), Back-Propagation Hopfield Neural Network (BPHNN) and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)

A data-driven approach to decode metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), defined by the presence of liver steatosis together with at least one out of five cardiometabolic factors, is the most common cause of chronic liver disease worldwide, affecting around one in three people. Yet the clinical presentation of MASLD and the risk of progression to cirrhosis and adverse clinical outcomes is highly variable. It therefore represents both a global public health threat and a precision medicine challenge. The use of artificial intelligence (AI) is being investigated in MASLD to develop reproducible, quantitative, and automated methods to enhance patient stratification and to discover new biomarkers and therapeutic targets in MASLD. This review details the different applications of AI and machine learning algorithms in MASLD, particularly in the context of analyzing electronic health record, digital pathology, and imaging data. Additionally, it also describes how specific MASLD consortia are leveraging multimodal data sources to spark research breakthroughs in the field. Using a new national level ‘data commons’ (SteatoSITE) as an exemplar, the opportunities as well as the technical challenges of large-scale databases in MASLD research are highlighted

Machine Learning Algorithms Based Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Prediction

The early stage liver diseases prediction is an important health related research and using this kind of research easily can predict the diseases and take the remedies. The liver diseases are classified into different types such as liver cancer, liver tumor, fatty liver, hepatitis, cirrhosis etc. Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease is a kind of chronic disease which rigorous prediction is quite difficult at early stages. The prediction of fatty liver plays significant role in treating the disease and also constraining the next health consequences. This paper presents Machine Learning Algorithms based Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) prediction. The main objective of this project is to identify the potential factors causing NAFLD by using Machine Learning algorithms like Decision Tree (DT) classifier, Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier, Random Forest (RF) classifier, Logistic regression (LR). Accuracy is used parameter for performance analysis evaluation. The findings of this paper show that random forest model accurately predicts a non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patient.Published By: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP) © Copyright: All rights reserved