Black shale lithofacies prediction and distribution Pattern analysis of middle Devonian Marcellus Shale in the Appalachian Basin, northeastern U.S.A.

The Marcellus Shale, marine organic-rich mudrock deposited during Middle Devonian in the Appalachian basin, is considered the largest unconventional shale-gas resource in United State. Although homogeneous in the appearance, the mudstone shows heterogeneity in mineral composition, organic matter richness, gas content, and fracture density. Two critical factors for unconventional mudstone reservoirs are units amenable to hydraulic fracture stimulation and rich of organic matter. The effectiveness of hydraulic fracture stimulation is influenced by rock geomechanical properties, which are related to rock mineralogy. The natural gas content in mudrock reservoirs has a strong relationship with organic matter, which is measured by total organic carbon (TOC). In place of using petrographic information and sedimentary structures, Marcellus Shale lithofacies were based on mineral composition and organic matter richness and were predicted by conventional logs to make the lithofacies \u27meaningful’, ‘predictable’ and ‘mappable’ at multiple scales from the well bore to basin. Core X-ray diffraction (XRD) and TOC data was used to classify Marcellus Shale into seven lithofacies according to three criteria: clay volume, the ratio of quartz to carbonate, and TOC. Pulsed neutron spectroscopy (PNS) logs provide similar mineral concentration and TOC content, and were used to classify shale lithofacies by the same three criteria. Artificial neural network (ANN) with improvements (i.e., learning algorithms, performance function and topology design) was utilized to predict Marcellus Shale lithofacies in 707 wells with conventional logs. To improve the effectiveness of wireline logs to predict lithofacies, the effects of barite and pyrite were partly removed and eight petrophysical parameters commonly used for a conventional reservoir analysis were derived from conventional logs by petrophysical analysis. These parameters were used as input to the ANN analysis. Geostatistical analysis was used to develop the experimental variogram models and vertical proportion of each lithofacies. Indictor kriging, truncated Gaussian simulation (TGS), and sequential indicator simulation (SIS) were compared, and SIS algorithm performed well for modeling Marcellus Shale lithofacies in three-dimensions. Controlled primarily by sediment dilution, organic matter productivity, and organic matter preservation/decomposition, Marcellus Shale lithofacies distribution was dominantly affected by the water depth and the distance to shoreline. The Marcellus Shale lithofacies with the greatest organic content and highest measure of brittleness is concentrated along a crescent shape region paralleling the inferred shelf and shoreline, showing shape of crescent paralleling with shoreline. The normalized average gas production rate from horizontal wells supported the proposed approach to modeling Marcellus Shale lithofacies. The proposed 3-D modeling approach may be helpful for (1) investigating the distribution of each lithofacies at a basin-scale; (2) developing a better understanding of the factors controlling the deposition and preservation of organic matter and the depositional model of marine organic-rich mudrock; (3) identifying organic-rich units and areas and brittle units and areas in shale-gas reservoirs; (4) assisting in the design of horizontal drilling trajectories and location of stimulation activity; and (5) providing input parameters for the simulation of gas flow and production in mudrock (e.g., porosity, permeability and fractures)

Handbook of Mathematical Geosciences

This Open Access handbook published at the IAMG's 50th anniversary, presents a compilation of invited path-breaking research contributions by award-winning geoscientists who have been instrumental in shaping the IAMG. It contains 45 chapters that are categorized broadly into five parts (i) theory, (ii) general applications, (iii) exploration and resource estimation, (iv) reviews, and (v) reminiscences covering related topics like mathematical geosciences, mathematical morphology, geostatistics, fractals and multifractals, spatial statistics, multipoint geostatistics, compositional data analysis, informatics, geocomputation, numerical methods, and chaos theory in the geosciences

Local waterflooding assessment using 4D seismic data and reservoir simulation

The substitution of oil with water that occurs during waterflooding triggers main 4D seismic effects of increased water saturation and increased pressure. In reservoir management and surveillance, increased waterflooding effects are typically interpreted for waterflood performance assessment using multiple data (geology, well logs, seismic data, production daya), reservoir simulation and seismic forward modelling technologies. This thesis focuses on the finer details of local or well-centric 4D seismic interpretation of waterflooding using integrated reservoir management. The main objective is to apply detailed interpretation of the local waterflooding 4D seismic signal to reservoir surveillance and management, through a reservoir engineering perspective. This facilitates evaluation of waterflooding performance, reservoir characterisation and reservoir model update. In this study, the influences of reservoir model scale on the synthetic seismic modelling, as well as significance of incorporating the individual waterflooding effects like salinity or temperature changes are estimated for a waterflooding scenario in a North Sea reservoir. The feasibility of resolving these influences given practical modelling conditions and approximations in reservoir engineering along with real seismic data are investigated to measure the resultant errors on the 4D seismic interpretation. Individual waterflooding effects are confirmed to impact the interpreted seismic signal. The magnitude of the added value of including this impact in 4D seismic signal interpretation is however seen to be data dependent. The relationship between 4D seismic signal and increased water saturation from waterflooding is established and used to calibrate net injected water volumes estimated from threedimensional geobodies of the 4D seismic water saturation signal to real production volumes. An extension of this relationship is the basis on which quantitative waterflooding seismic performance metrics are defined. The performance metrics are applicable to well-centric flood patterns for fast evaluation of oil displacement efficiencies and flood directionality. Combined resultant waterflood characterisation from the performance metrics gave good indications of field-scale sweep efficiencies, inter-well connectivity and possible waterflooding induced fractures. These interpretations of the 4D seismic flood patterns were then applied in reservoir model update via a local seismic automatic history matching using binary images and an evolutionary algorithm. Realisations from the geostatistical simulation of reservoir net-to-gross ratios constrained by seismic and well logs were used in a local automatic seismic history matching workflow. Binary image interpretations of the 4D seismic data were utilised in the optimisation of misfit reduction between observed 4D seismic and the simulated flood patterns. A new method of handling the mapped waterflood responses of saturation and pressure in spite of known uncertainties (of the contrasting seismic signal) led to improvements in the flood pattern match and the history matching result. Limitations of reduced heterogeneity in utilising binary images and obscuration of the water saturation signal by contrasting 4D seismic pressure response were evident in the history matching. The management of these highlighted the dependence of a successful seismic history matching exercise on a suitable dataset with clear depictions of waterflooding signals of saturation and pressure. The overall study emphasises the importance of early waterflood evaluation in waterflood surveillance for reservoir characterisation, prompt mitigation of waterflooding challenges and timely reservoir management decision making

SPATIAL TRANSFORMATION PATTERN DUE TO COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY IN KAMPONG HOUSE

ABSTRACT Kampung houses are houses in kampung area of the city. Kampung House oftenly transformed into others use as urban dynamics. One of the transfomation is related to the commercial activities addition by the house owner. It make house with full private space become into mixused house with more public spaces or completely changed into full public commercial building. This study investigate the spatial transformation pattern of the kampung houses due to their commercial activities addition. Site observations, interviews and questionnaires were performed to study the spatial transformation. This study found that in kampung houses, the spatial transformation pattern was depend on type of commercial activities and owner perceptions, and there are several steps of the spatial transformation related the commercial activity addition. Keywords: spatial transformation pattern; commercial activity; owner perception, kampung house; adaptabilit

Abstracts of manuscripts submitted in 1990 for publication

This volume contans the abstracts of manuscripts submitted for publication during calendar year 1990 by the staff and students of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. We identify the journal of those manuscripts which are in press or have been published. The volume is intended to be informative, but not a bibliography. The abstracts are listed by title in the Table of Contents and are grouped into one of our five deparments, Marine Policy Center, Coastal Research Center, or the student category. An author index is presented in the back to facilitate locating specific papers

2009 Calendar - Undergraduate

633pp. Includes an Index of Academic Programs and an Index of Courses.Contains academic program rules and syllabuses for all University of Adelaide undergraduate programs in 2009

2009 Calendar - Postgraduate

763pp. Includes an Index of Academic Programs and an Index of Courses.Contains academic program rules and syllabuses for all University of Adelaide postgraduate programs in 2009

2010 Calendar - Undergraduate

635pp. Includes an Index of Academic Programs and an Index of Courses.Contains academic program rules and syllabuses for all University of Adelaide undergraduate programs in 2010