18 research outputs found

    Genetic Algorithm-Holt-Winters Based Minute Spectrum Occupancy Prediction: An Investigation

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    In this research, the suitability of a genetic algorithm (GA) modified Holt-Winters (HW) exponential model for the prediction of spectrum occupancy data was investigated. Firstly, a description of spectrum measurement that was done during a two-week duration at locations (8.511 掳N, 4.594 掳E) and (8.487 掳N, 4.573 掳E) of the 900 MHz and 1800 MHz bands is given. In computing the spectrum duty cycle, different decision thresholds per band link were employed due to differing noise levels. A frequency point with a power spectral density less than the decision threshold was considered unoccupied and was assigned a value of 0, while a frequency point with a power spectral density larger than the decision threshold was considered occupied and was assigned a value of 1. Secondly, the spectrum duty cycle was used in the evaluation of the forecast behavior of the forecasting methods. The HW approach uses exponential smoothing to encode the spectrum data and uses them to forecast typical聽values in present and future states. The mean square error (MSE) of prediction was minimized using a GA by iteratively adjusting the HW discount factors to improve the forecast accuracy. A decrease in MSE of between 8.33 to 44.6% was observed

    A monitoring system for a LoRa mesh network

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    El internet de las cosas (IoT) ha sido una tecnolog铆a en alza en los 煤ltimos a帽os. A medida que pasa el tiempo, los peque帽os aparatos se han convertido en potentes dispositivos capaces de c谩lculos m谩s complejos. De entre todas estas tecnolog铆as, particularmente una se ha puesto bastante de moda dentro del campo, las placas LoRa perfectas para establecer redes LPWAN (Low Power Wide Area Network). El Doctor Roger Pueyo Centelles dise帽贸 un protocolo para redes mesh basado en LoRa, y el ingeniero Sergi Miralles realiz贸 una primera aproximaci贸n de su implementaci贸n en c++. Posteriormente el ingeniero Joan Miquel Sol茅 complet贸 una versi贸n estable del mismo. Ahora necesitamos saber m谩s del comportamiento de este protocolo sobre el campo. En este TFG hemos creado un sistema completo de monitorizaci贸n que nos ayudar谩 en el futuro a realizar diversos an谩lisis y experimentos adicionales con mucho menos esfuerzo.The internet of things(IoT) has been a pushing technology in the last years. As time goes by, the little devices have become more powerful and capable of doing more complex calculus. Among all these technologies one particularly has be- come quite mainstream in the field, these are the LoRa devices suitable to build low power wide area network (LPWAN). Phd. Roger Pueyo Centelles designed a protocol for LoRa mesh networks, and the Bachelor Sergi Miralles build a first approach of the protocol, afterwards Joan Miquel Sol茅 made a stable version of it. Now we need to know more about the behaviour of this protocol over the field. In this Bachelor Thesis we created a whole monitoring system that will help us in the future doing analysis of a lot of experimental research with less effor

    In pursuit of autonomous distributed satellite systems

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    Satellite imagery has become an essential resource for environmental, humanitarian, and industrial endeavours. As a means to satisfy the requirements of new applications and user needs, novel Earth Observation (EO) systems are exploring the suitability of Distributed Satellite Systems (DSS) in which multiple observation assets concurrently sense the Earth. Given the temporal and spatial resolution requirements of EO products, DSS are often envisioned as large-scale systems with multiple sensing capabilities operating in a networked manner. Enabled by the consolidation of small satellite platforms and fostered by the emerging capabilities of distributed systems, these new architectures pose multiple design and operational challenges. Two of them are the main pillars of this research, namely, the conception of decision-support tools to assist the architecting process of a DSS, and the design of autonomous operational frameworks based on decentralised, on-board decision-making. The first part of this dissertation addresses the architecting of heterogeneous, networked DSS architectures that hybridise small satellite platforms with traditional EO assets. We present a generic design-oriented optimisation framework based on tradespace exploration methodologies. The goals of this framework are twofold: to select the most optimal constellation design; and to facilitate the identification of design trends, unfeasible regions, and tensions among architectural attributes. Oftentimes in EO DSS, system requirements and stakeholder preferences are not only articulated through functional attributes (i.e. resolution, revisit time, etc.) or monetary constraints, but also through qualitative traits such as flexibility, evolvability, robustness, or resiliency, amongst others. In line with that, the architecting framework defines a single figure of merit that aggregates quantitative attributes and qualitative ones-the so-called ilities of a system. With that, designers can steer the design of DSS both in terms of performance or cost, and in terms of their high-level characteristics. The application of this optimisation framework has been illustrated in two timely use-cases identified in the context of the EU-funded ONION project: a system that measures ocean and ice parameters in Polar regions to facilitate weather forecast and off-shore operations; and a system that provides agricultural variables crucial for global management of water stress, crop state, and draughts. The analysis of architectural features facilitated a comprehensive understanding of the functional and operational characteristics of DSS. With that, this thesis continues to delve into the design of DSS by focusing on one particular functional trait: autonomy. The minimisation of human-operator intervention has been traditionally sought in other space systems and can be especially critical for large-scale, structurally dynamic, heterogeneous DSS. In DSS, autonomy is expected to cope with the likely inability to operate very large-scale systems in a centralised manner, to improve the science return, and to leverage many of their emerging capabilities (e.g. tolerance to failures, adaptability to changing structures and user needs, responsiveness). We propose an autonomous operational framework that provides decentralised decision-making capabilities to DSS by means of local reasoning and individual resource allocation, and satellite-to-satellite interactions. In contrast to previous works, the autonomous decision-making framework is evaluated in this dissertation for generic constellation designs the goal of which is to minimise global revisit times. As part of the characterisation of our solution, we stressed the implications that autonomous operations can have upon satellite platforms with stringent resource constraints (e.g. power, memory, communications capabilities) and evaluated the behaviour of the solution for a large-scale DSS composed of 117 CubeSat-like satellite units.La imatgeria per sat猫l路lit ha esdevingut un recurs essencial per assolir tasques ambientals, humanit脿ries o industrials. Per tal de satisfer els requeriments de les noves aplicacions i usuaris, els sistemes d鈥檕bservaci贸 de la Terra (OT) estan explorant la idone茂tat dels Sistemes de Sat猫l路lit Distribu茂ts (SSD), on m煤ltiples observatoris espacials mesuren el planeta simult脿niament. Degut al les resolucions temporals i espacials requerides, els SSD sovint es conceben com sistemes de gran escala que operen en xarxa. Aquestes noves arquitectures promouen les capacitats emergents dels sistemes distribu茂ts i, tot i que s贸n possibles gr脿cies a l鈥檃cceptaci贸 de les plataformes de sat猫l路lits petits, encara presenten molts reptes en quant al disseny i operacions. Dos d鈥檈lls s贸n els pilars principals d鈥檃questa tesi, en concret, la concepci贸 d鈥檈ines de suport a la presa de decisions pel disseny de SSD, i la definici贸 d鈥檕peracions aut貌nomes basades en gesti贸 descentralitzada a bord dels sat猫l路lits. La primera part d鈥檃questa dissertaci贸 es centra en el disseny arquitectural de SSD heterogenis i en xarxa, imbricant tecnologies de petits sat猫l路lits amb actius tradicionals. Es presenta un entorn d鈥檕ptimitzaci贸 orientat al disseny basat en metodologies d鈥檈xploraci贸 i comparaci贸 de solucions. Els objectius d鈥檃quest entorn s贸n: la selecci贸 el disseny de constel路laci贸 m茅s 貌ptim; i facilitar la identificaci贸 de tend猫ncies de disseny, regions d鈥檌ncompatibilitat, i tensions entre atributs arquitecturals. Sovint en els SSD d鈥橭T, els requeriments del sistema i l鈥檈xpressi贸 de prioritats no nom茅s s鈥檃rticulen en quant als atributs funcionals o les restriccions monet脿ries, sin贸 tamb茅 a trav茅s de les caracter铆stiques qualitatives com la flexibilitat, l鈥檈volucionabilitat, la robustesa, o la resili猫ncia, entre d鈥檃ltres. En l铆nia amb aix貌, l鈥檈ntorn d鈥檕ptimitzaci贸 defineix una 煤nica figura de m猫rit que agrega rendiment, cost i atributs qualitatius. Aix铆 l鈥檈quip de disseny pot influir en les solucions del proc茅s d鈥檕ptimitzaci贸 tant en els aspectes quantitatius, com en les caracter铆stiques dalt nivell. L鈥檃plicaci贸 d鈥檃quest entorn d鈥檕ptimitzaci贸 s鈥檌l路lustra en dos casos d鈥櫭簊 actuals identificats en context del projecte europeu ONION: un sistema que mesura par脿metres de l鈥檕ce脿 i gel als pols per millorar la predicci贸 meteorol貌gica i les operacions marines; i un sistema que obt茅 mesures agron貌miques vitals per la gesti贸 global de l鈥檃igua, l鈥檈stimaci贸 d鈥檈stat dels cultius, i la gesti贸 de sequeres. L鈥檃n脿lisi de propietats arquitecturals ha perm猫s copsar de manera exhaustiva les caracter铆stiques funcionals i operacionals d鈥檃quests sistemes. Amb aix貌, la tesi ha seguit aprofundint en el disseny de SSD centrant-se, particularment, en un tret funcional: l鈥檃utonomia. Minimitzar la intervenci贸 de l鈥檕perador hum脿 茅s com煤 en altres sistemes espacials i podria ser especialment cr铆tic pels SSD de gran escala, d鈥檈structura din脿mica i heterogenis. En els SSD s鈥檈spera que l鈥檃utonomia solucioni la possible incapacitat d鈥檕perar sistemes de gran escala de forma centralitzada, que millori el retorn cient铆fic i que n鈥檃puntali les seves propietats emergents (e.g. toler脿ncia a errors, adaptabilitat a canvis estructural i de necessitats d鈥檜suari, capacitat de resposta). Es proposa un sistema d鈥檕peracions aut貌nomes que atorga la capacitat de gestionar els sistemes de forma descentralitzada, a trav茅s del raonament local, l鈥檃ssignaci贸 individual de recursos, i les interaccions sat猫l路lit-a-sat猫l路lit. Al contrari que treballs anteriors, la presa de decisions aut貌noma s鈥檃valua per constel路lacions que tenen com a objectius de missi贸 la minimitzaci贸 del temps de revisita global

    In pursuit of autonomous distributed satellite systems

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    A la p脿gina 265 diu: "In an effort to facilitate the reproduction of results, both the source code of the simulation environment and the configuration files that were prepared for the design characterisation are available in an open repository: https://github.com/carlesaraguz/aeossSatellite imagery has become an essential resource for environmental, humanitarian, and industrial endeavours. As a means to satisfy the requirements of new applications and user needs, novel Earth Observation (EO) systems are exploring the suitability of Distributed Satellite Systems (DSS) in which multiple observation assets concurrently sense the Earth. Given the temporal and spatial resolution requirements of EO products, DSS are often envisioned as large-scale systems with multiple sensing capabilities operating in a networked manner. Enabled by the consolidation of small satellite platforms and fostered by the emerging capabilities of distributed systems, these new architectures pose multiple design and operational challenges. Two of them are the main pillars of this research, namely, the conception of decision-support tools to assist the architecting process of a DSS, and the design of autonomous operational frameworks based on decentralised, on-board decision-making. The first part of this dissertation addresses the architecting of heterogeneous, networked DSS architectures that hybridise small satellite platforms with traditional EO assets. We present a generic design-oriented optimisation framework based on tradespace exploration methodologies. The goals of this framework are twofold: to select the most optimal constellation design; and to facilitate the identification of design trends, unfeasible regions, and tensions among architectural attributes. Oftentimes in EO DSS, system requirements and stakeholder preferences are not only articulated through functional attributes (i.e. resolution, revisit time, etc.) or monetary constraints, but also through qualitative traits such as flexibility, evolvability, robustness, or resiliency, amongst others. In line with that, the architecting framework defines a single figure of merit that aggregates quantitative attributes and qualitative ones-the so-called ilities of a system. With that, designers can steer the design of DSS both in terms of performance or cost, and in terms of their high-level characteristics. The application of this optimisation framework has been illustrated in two timely use-cases identified in the context of the EU-funded ONION project: a system that measures ocean and ice parameters in Polar regions to facilitate weather forecast and off-shore operations; and a system that provides agricultural variables crucial for global management of water stress, crop state, and draughts. The analysis of architectural features facilitated a comprehensive understanding of the functional and operational characteristics of DSS. With that, this thesis continues to delve into the design of DSS by focusing on one particular functional trait: autonomy. The minimisation of human-operator intervention has been traditionally sought in other space systems and can be especially critical for large-scale, structurally dynamic, heterogeneous DSS. In DSS, autonomy is expected to cope with the likely inability to operate very large-scale systems in a centralised manner, to improve the science return, and to leverage many of their emerging capabilities (e.g. tolerance to failures, adaptability to changing structures and user needs, responsiveness). We propose an autonomous operational framework that provides decentralised decision-making capabilities to DSS by means of local reasoning and individual resource allocation, and satellite-to-satellite interactions. In contrast to previous works, the autonomous decision-making framework is evaluated in this dissertation for generic constellation designs the goal of which is to minimise global revisit times. As part of the characterisation of our solution, we stressed the implications that autonomous operations can have upon satellite platforms with stringent resource constraints (e.g. power, memory, communications capabilities) and evaluated the behaviour of the solution for a large-scale DSS composed of 117 CubeSat-like satellite units.La imatgeria per sat猫l路lit ha esdevingut un recurs essencial per assolir tasques ambientals, humanit脿ries o industrials. Per tal de satisfer els requeriments de les noves aplicacions i usuaris, els sistemes d鈥檕bservaci贸 de la Terra (OT) estan explorant la idone茂tat dels Sistemes de Sat猫l路lit Distribu茂ts (SSD), on m煤ltiples observatoris espacials mesuren el planeta simult脿niament. Degut al les resolucions temporals i espacials requerides, els SSD sovint es conceben com sistemes de gran escala que operen en xarxa. Aquestes noves arquitectures promouen les capacitats emergents dels sistemes distribu茂ts i, tot i que s贸n possibles gr脿cies a l鈥檃cceptaci贸 de les plataformes de sat猫l路lits petits, encara presenten molts reptes en quant al disseny i operacions. Dos d鈥檈lls s贸n els pilars principals d鈥檃questa tesi, en concret, la concepci贸 d鈥檈ines de suport a la presa de decisions pel disseny de SSD, i la definici贸 d鈥檕peracions aut貌nomes basades en gesti贸 descentralitzada a bord dels sat猫l路lits. La primera part d鈥檃questa dissertaci贸 es centra en el disseny arquitectural de SSD heterogenis i en xarxa, imbricant tecnologies de petits sat猫l路lits amb actius tradicionals. Es presenta un entorn d鈥檕ptimitzaci贸 orientat al disseny basat en metodologies d鈥檈xploraci贸 i comparaci贸 de solucions. Els objectius d鈥檃quest entorn s贸n: la selecci贸 el disseny de constel路laci贸 m茅s 貌ptim; i facilitar la identificaci贸 de tend猫ncies de disseny, regions d鈥檌ncompatibilitat, i tensions entre atributs arquitecturals. Sovint en els SSD d鈥橭T, els requeriments del sistema i l鈥檈xpressi贸 de prioritats no nom茅s s鈥檃rticulen en quant als atributs funcionals o les restriccions monet脿ries, sin贸 tamb茅 a trav茅s de les caracter铆stiques qualitatives com la flexibilitat, l鈥檈volucionabilitat, la robustesa, o la resili猫ncia, entre d鈥檃ltres. En l铆nia amb aix貌, l鈥檈ntorn d鈥檕ptimitzaci贸 defineix una 煤nica figura de m猫rit que agrega rendiment, cost i atributs qualitatius. Aix铆 l鈥檈quip de disseny pot influir en les solucions del proc茅s d鈥檕ptimitzaci贸 tant en els aspectes quantitatius, com en les caracter铆stiques dalt nivell. L鈥檃plicaci贸 d鈥檃quest entorn d鈥檕ptimitzaci贸 s鈥檌l路lustra en dos casos d鈥櫭簊 actuals identificats en context del projecte europeu ONION: un sistema que mesura par脿metres de l鈥檕ce脿 i gel als pols per millorar la predicci贸 meteorol貌gica i les operacions marines; i un sistema que obt茅 mesures agron貌miques vitals per la gesti贸 global de l鈥檃igua, l鈥檈stimaci贸 d鈥檈stat dels cultius, i la gesti贸 de sequeres. L鈥檃n脿lisi de propietats arquitecturals ha perm猫s copsar de manera exhaustiva les caracter铆stiques funcionals i operacionals d鈥檃quests sistemes. Amb aix貌, la tesi ha seguit aprofundint en el disseny de SSD centrant-se, particularment, en un tret funcional: l鈥檃utonomia. Minimitzar la intervenci贸 de l鈥檕perador hum脿 茅s com煤 en altres sistemes espacials i podria ser especialment cr铆tic pels SSD de gran escala, d鈥檈structura din脿mica i heterogenis. En els SSD s鈥檈spera que l鈥檃utonomia solucioni la possible incapacitat d鈥檕perar sistemes de gran escala de forma centralitzada, que millori el retorn cient铆fic i que n鈥檃puntali les seves propietats emergents (e.g. toler脿ncia a errors, adaptabilitat a canvis estructural i de necessitats d鈥檜suari, capacitat de resposta). Es proposa un sistema d鈥檕peracions aut貌nomes que atorga la capacitat de gestionar els sistemes de forma descentralitzada, a trav茅s del raonament local, l鈥檃ssignaci贸 individual de recursos, i les interaccions sat猫l路lit-a-sat猫l路lit. Al contrari que treballs anteriors, la presa de decisions aut貌noma s鈥檃valua per constel路lacions que tenen com a objectius de missi贸 la minimitzaci贸 del temps de revisita global.Postprint (published version

    From Structures to Services. The Path toBetter Infrastructure in Latin America and the Caribbean

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    To close its infrastructure gap, Latin America and the Caribbean needs more than investment in new structures. It needs to become more efficient at investing in infrastructure and regulating a new range of services that have the potential to disrupt the energy, transport, and water sectors. The technological revolution makes a future with quality services possible, but not inevitable. This book offers policy options for countries to improve the access, quality, and affordability of services today, to ensure that they will be sustainable in the future, and to harness emerging technological advances for the benefit of all. This report aims to provoke discussion and further research on those many important issues and mark a path that helps the region move from structures to services and improve infrastructure for all

    Beam scanning by liquid-crystal biasing in a modified SIW structure

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    A fixed-frequency beam-scanning 1D antenna based on Liquid Crystals (LCs) is designed for application in 2D scanning with lateral alignment. The 2D array environment imposes full decoupling of adjacent 1D antennas, which often conflicts with the LC requirement of DC biasing: the proposed design accommodates both. The LC medium is placed inside a Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) modified to work as a Groove Gap Waveguide, with radiating slots etched on the upper broad wall, that radiates as a Leaky-Wave Antenna (LWA). This allows effective application of the DC bias voltage needed for tuning the LCs. At the same time, the RF field remains laterally confined, enabling the possibility to lay several antennas in parallel and achieve 2D beam scanning. The design is validated by simulation employing the actual properties of a commercial LC medium
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