Development of a supervisory internet of things (IoT) system for factories of the future

Big data is of great importance to stakeholders, including manufacturers, business partners, consumers, government. It leads to many benefits, including improving productivity and reducing the cost of products by using digitalised automation equipment and manufacturing information systems. Some other benefits include using social media to build the agile cooperation between suppliers and retailers, product designers and production engineers, timely tracking customers’ feedbacks, reducing environmental impacts by using Internet of Things (IoT) sensors to monitor energy consumption and noise level. However, manufacturing big data integration has been neglected. Many open-source big data software provides complicated capabilities to manage big data software for various data-driven applications for manufacturing. In this research, a manufacturing big data integration system, named as Data Control Module (DCM) has been designed and developed. The system can securely integrate data silos from various manufacturing systems and control the data for different manufacturing applications. Firstly, the architecture of manufacturing big data system has been proposed, including three parts: manufacturing data source, manufacturing big data ecosystem and manufacturing applications. Secondly, nine essential components have been identified in the big data ecosystem to build various manufacturing big data solutions. Thirdly, a conceptual framework is proposed based on the big data ecosystem for the aim of DCM. Moreover, the DCM has been designed and developed with the selected big data software to integrate all the three varieties of manufacturing data, including non-structured, semi-structured and structured. The DCM has been validated on three general manufacturing domains, including product design and development, production and business. The DCM cannot only be used for the legacy manufacturing software but may also be used in emerging areas such as digital twin and digital thread. The limitations of DCM have been analysed, and further research directions have also been discussed

A Survey on the Evolution of Stream Processing Systems

Stream processing has been an active research field for more than 20 years, but it is now witnessing its prime time due to recent successful efforts by the research community and numerous worldwide open-source communities. This survey provides a comprehensive overview of fundamental aspects of stream processing systems and their evolution in the functional areas of out-of-order data management, state management, fault tolerance, high availability, load management, elasticity, and reconfiguration. We review noteworthy past research findings, outline the similarities and differences between early ('00-'10) and modern ('11-'18) streaming systems, and discuss recent trends and open problems.Comment: 34 pages, 15 figures, 5 table

Programming models to support data science workflows

Data Science workflows have become a must to progress in many scientific areas such as life, health, and earth sciences. In contrast to traditional HPC workflows, they are more heterogeneous; combining binary executions, MPI simulations, multi-threaded applications, custom analysis (possibly written in Java, Python, C/C++ or R), and real-time processing. Furthermore, in the past, field experts were capable of programming and running small simulations. However, nowadays, simulations requiring hundreds or thousands of cores are widely used and, to this point, efficiently programming them becomes a challenge even for computer sciences. Thus, programming languages and models make a considerable effort to ease the programmability while maintaining acceptable performance. This thesis contributes to the adaptation of High-Performance frameworks to support the needs and challenges of Data Science workflows by extending COMPSs, a mature, general-purpose, task-based, distributed programming model. First, we enhance our prototype to orchestrate different frameworks inside a single programming model so that non-expert users can build complex workflows where some steps require highly optimised state of the art frameworks. This extension includes the @binary, @OmpSs, @MPI, @COMPSs, and @MultiNode annotations for both Java and Python workflows. Second, we integrate container technologies to enable developers to easily port, distribute, and scale their applications to distributed computing platforms. This combination provides a straightforward methodology to parallelise applications from sequential codes along with efficient image management and application deployment that ease the packaging and distribution of applications. We distinguish between static, HPC, and dynamic container management and provide representative use cases for each scenario using Docker, Singularity, and Mesos. Third, we design, implement and integrate AutoParallel, a Python module to automatically find an appropriate task-based parallelisation of affine loop nests and execute them in parallel in a distributed computing infrastructure. It is based on sequential programming and requires one single annotation (the @parallel Python decorator) so that anyone with intermediate-level programming skills can scale up an application to hundreds of cores. Finally, we propose a way to extend task-based management systems to support continuous input and output data to enable the combination of task-based workflows and dataflows (Hybrid Workflows) using one single programming model. Hence, developers can build complex Data Science workflows with different approaches depending on the requirements without the effort of combining several frameworks at the same time. Also, to illustrate the capabilities of Hybrid Workflows, we have built a Distributed Stream Library that can be easily integrated with existing task-based frameworks to provide support for dataflows. The library provides a homogeneous, generic, and simple representation of object and file streams in both Java and Python; enabling complex workflows to handle any data type without dealing directly with the streaming back-end.Els fluxos de treball de Data Science s’han convertit en una necessitat per progressar en moltes àrees científiques com les ciències de la vida, la salut i la terra. A diferència dels fluxos de treball tradicionals per a la CAP, els fluxos de Data Science són més heterogenis; combinant l’execució de binaris, simulacions MPI, aplicacions multiprocés, anàlisi personalitzats (possiblement escrits en Java, Python, C / C ++ o R) i computacions en temps real. Mentre que en el passat els experts de cada camp eren capaços de programar i executar petites simulacions, avui dia, aquestes simulacions representen un repte fins i tot per als experts ja que requereixen centenars o milers de nuclis. Per aquesta raó, els llenguatges i models de programació actuals s’esforcen considerablement en incrementar la programabilitat mantenint un rendiment acceptable. Aquesta tesi contribueix a l’adaptació de models de programació per a la CAP per afrontar les necessitats i reptes dels fluxos de Data Science estenent COMPSs, un model de programació distribuïda madur, de propòsit general, i basat en tasques. En primer lloc, millorem el nostre prototip per orquestrar diferent programari per a que els usuaris no experts puguin crear fluxos complexos usant un únic model on alguns passos requereixin tecnologies altament optimitzades. Aquesta extensió inclou les anotacions de @binary, @OmpSs, @MPI, @COMPSs, i @MultiNode per a fluxos en Java i Python. En segon lloc, integrem tecnologies de contenidors per permetre als desenvolupadors portar, distribuir i escalar fàcilment les seves aplicacions en plataformes distribuïdes. A més d’una metodologia senzilla per a paral·lelitzar aplicacions a partir de codis seqüencials, aquesta combinació proporciona una gestió d’imatges i una implementació d’aplicacions eficients que faciliten l’empaquetat i la distribució d’aplicacions. Distingim entre la gestió de contenidors estàtica, CAP i dinàmica i proporcionem casos d’ús representatius per a cada escenari amb Docker, Singularity i Mesos. En tercer lloc, dissenyem, implementem i integrem AutoParallel, un mòdul de Python per determinar automàticament la paral·lelització basada en tasques de nius de bucles afins i executar-los en paral·lel en una infraestructura distribuïda. AutoParallel està basat en programació seqüencial, requereix una sola anotació (el decorador @parallel) i permet a un usuari intermig escalar una aplicació a centenars de nuclis. Finalment, proposem una forma d’estendre els sistemes basats en tasques per admetre dades d’entrada i sortida continus; permetent així la combinació de fluxos de treball i dades (Fluxos Híbrids) en un únic model. Conseqüentment, els desenvolupadors poden crear fluxos complexos seguint diferents patrons sense l’esforç de combinar diversos models al mateix temps. A més, per a il·lustrar les capacitats dels Fluxos Híbrids, hem creat una biblioteca (DistroStreamLib) que s’integra fàcilment amb els models basats en tasques per suportar fluxos de dades. La biblioteca proporciona una representació homogènia, genèrica i simple de seqüències contínues d’objectes i arxius en Java i Python; permetent gestionar qualsevol tipus de dades sense tractar directament amb el back-end de streaming.Los flujos de trabajo de Data Science se han convertido en una necesidad para progresar en muchas áreas científicas como las ciencias de la vida, la salud y la tierra. A diferencia de los flujos de trabajo tradicionales para la CAP, los flujos de Data Science son más heterogéneos; combinando la ejecución de binarios, simulaciones MPI, aplicaciones multiproceso, análisis personalizados (posiblemente escritos en Java, Python, C/C++ o R) y computaciones en tiempo real. Mientras que en el pasado los expertos de cada campo eran capaces de programar y ejecutar pequeñas simulaciones, hoy en día, estas simulaciones representan un desafío incluso para los expertos ya que requieren cientos o miles de núcleos. Por esta razón, los lenguajes y modelos de programación actuales se esfuerzan considerablemente en incrementar la programabilidad manteniendo un rendimiento aceptable. Esta tesis contribuye a la adaptación de modelos de programación para la CAP para afrontar las necesidades y desafíos de los flujos de Data Science extendiendo COMPSs, un modelo de programación distribuida maduro, de propósito general, y basado en tareas. En primer lugar, mejoramos nuestro prototipo para orquestar diferentes software para que los usuarios no expertos puedan crear flujos complejos usando un único modelo donde algunos pasos requieran tecnologías altamente optimizadas. Esta extensión incluye las anotaciones de @binary, @OmpSs, @MPI, @COMPSs, y @MultiNode para flujos en Java y Python. En segundo lugar, integramos tecnologías de contenedores para permitir a los desarrolladores portar, distribuir y escalar fácilmente sus aplicaciones en plataformas distribuidas. Además de una metodología sencilla para paralelizar aplicaciones a partir de códigos secuenciales, esta combinación proporciona una gestión de imágenes y una implementación de aplicaciones eficientes que facilitan el empaquetado y la distribución de aplicaciones. Distinguimos entre gestión de contenedores estática, CAP y dinámica y proporcionamos casos de uso representativos para cada escenario con Docker, Singularity y Mesos. En tercer lugar, diseñamos, implementamos e integramos AutoParallel, un módulo de Python para determinar automáticamente la paralelización basada en tareas de nidos de bucles afines y ejecutarlos en paralelo en una infraestructura distribuida. AutoParallel está basado en programación secuencial, requiere una sola anotación (el decorador @parallel) y permite a un usuario intermedio escalar una aplicación a cientos de núcleos. Finalmente, proponemos una forma de extender los sistemas basados en tareas para admitir datos de entrada y salida continuos; permitiendo así la combinación de flujos de trabajo y datos (Flujos Híbridos) en un único modelo. Consecuentemente, los desarrolladores pueden crear flujos complejos siguiendo diferentes patrones sin el esfuerzo de combinar varios modelos al mismo tiempo. Además, para ilustrar las capacidades de los Flujos Híbridos, hemos creado una biblioteca (DistroStreamLib) que se integra fácilmente a los modelos basados en tareas para soportar flujos de datos. La biblioteca proporciona una representación homogénea, genérica y simple de secuencias continuas de objetos y archivos en Java y Python; permitiendo manejar cualquier tipo de datos sin tratar directamente con el back-end de streaming

Programming models to support data science workflows

Data Science workflows have become a must to progress in many scientific areas such as life, health, and earth sciences. In contrast to traditional HPC workflows, they are more heterogeneous; combining binary executions, MPI simulations, multi-threaded applications, custom analysis (possibly written in Java, Python, C/C++ or R), and real-time processing. Furthermore, in the past, field experts were capable of programming and running small simulations. However, nowadays, simulations requiring hundreds or thousands of cores are widely used and, to this point, efficiently programming them becomes a challenge even for computer sciences. Thus, programming languages and models make a considerable effort to ease the programmability while maintaining acceptable performance. This thesis contributes to the adaptation of High-Performance frameworks to support the needs and challenges of Data Science workflows by extending COMPSs, a mature, general-purpose, task-based, distributed programming model. First, we enhance our prototype to orchestrate different frameworks inside a single programming model so that non-expert users can build complex workflows where some steps require highly optimised state of the art frameworks. This extension includes the @binary, @OmpSs, @MPI, @COMPSs, and @MultiNode annotations for both Java and Python workflows. Second, we integrate container technologies to enable developers to easily port, distribute, and scale their applications to distributed computing platforms. This combination provides a straightforward methodology to parallelise applications from sequential codes along with efficient image management and application deployment that ease the packaging and distribution of applications. We distinguish between static, HPC, and dynamic container management and provide representative use cases for each scenario using Docker, Singularity, and Mesos. Third, we design, implement and integrate AutoParallel, a Python module to automatically find an appropriate task-based parallelisation of affine loop nests and execute them in parallel in a distributed computing infrastructure. It is based on sequential programming and requires one single annotation (the @parallel Python decorator) so that anyone with intermediate-level programming skills can scale up an application to hundreds of cores. Finally, we propose a way to extend task-based management systems to support continuous input and output data to enable the combination of task-based workflows and dataflows (Hybrid Workflows) using one single programming model. Hence, developers can build complex Data Science workflows with different approaches depending on the requirements without the effort of combining several frameworks at the same time. Also, to illustrate the capabilities of Hybrid Workflows, we have built a Distributed Stream Library that can be easily integrated with existing task-based frameworks to provide support for dataflows. The library provides a homogeneous, generic, and simple representation of object and file streams in both Java and Python; enabling complex workflows to handle any data type without dealing directly with the streaming back-end.Els fluxos de treball de Data Science s’han convertit en una necessitat per progressar en moltes àrees científiques com les ciències de la vida, la salut i la terra. A diferència dels fluxos de treball tradicionals per a la CAP, els fluxos de Data Science són més heterogenis; combinant l’execució de binaris, simulacions MPI, aplicacions multiprocés, anàlisi personalitzats (possiblement escrits en Java, Python, C / C ++ o R) i computacions en temps real. Mentre que en el passat els experts de cada camp eren capaços de programar i executar petites simulacions, avui dia, aquestes simulacions representen un repte fins i tot per als experts ja que requereixen centenars o milers de nuclis. Per aquesta raó, els llenguatges i models de programació actuals s’esforcen considerablement en incrementar la programabilitat mantenint un rendiment acceptable. Aquesta tesi contribueix a l’adaptació de models de programació per a la CAP per afrontar les necessitats i reptes dels fluxos de Data Science estenent COMPSs, un model de programació distribuïda madur, de propòsit general, i basat en tasques. En primer lloc, millorem el nostre prototip per orquestrar diferent programari per a que els usuaris no experts puguin crear fluxos complexos usant un únic model on alguns passos requereixin tecnologies altament optimitzades. Aquesta extensió inclou les anotacions de @binary, @OmpSs, @MPI, @COMPSs, i @MultiNode per a fluxos en Java i Python. En segon lloc, integrem tecnologies de contenidors per permetre als desenvolupadors portar, distribuir i escalar fàcilment les seves aplicacions en plataformes distribuïdes. A més d’una metodologia senzilla per a paral·lelitzar aplicacions a partir de codis seqüencials, aquesta combinació proporciona una gestió d’imatges i una implementació d’aplicacions eficients que faciliten l’empaquetat i la distribució d’aplicacions. Distingim entre la gestió de contenidors estàtica, CAP i dinàmica i proporcionem casos d’ús representatius per a cada escenari amb Docker, Singularity i Mesos. En tercer lloc, dissenyem, implementem i integrem AutoParallel, un mòdul de Python per determinar automàticament la paral·lelització basada en tasques de nius de bucles afins i executar-los en paral·lel en una infraestructura distribuïda. AutoParallel està basat en programació seqüencial, requereix una sola anotació (el decorador @parallel) i permet a un usuari intermig escalar una aplicació a centenars de nuclis. Finalment, proposem una forma d’estendre els sistemes basats en tasques per admetre dades d’entrada i sortida continus; permetent així la combinació de fluxos de treball i dades (Fluxos Híbrids) en un únic model. Conseqüentment, els desenvolupadors poden crear fluxos complexos seguint diferents patrons sense l’esforç de combinar diversos models al mateix temps. A més, per a il·lustrar les capacitats dels Fluxos Híbrids, hem creat una biblioteca (DistroStreamLib) que s’integra fàcilment amb els models basats en tasques per suportar fluxos de dades. La biblioteca proporciona una representació homogènia, genèrica i simple de seqüències contínues d’objectes i arxius en Java i Python; permetent gestionar qualsevol tipus de dades sense tractar directament amb el back-end de streaming.Los flujos de trabajo de Data Science se han convertido en una necesidad para progresar en muchas áreas científicas como las ciencias de la vida, la salud y la tierra. A diferencia de los flujos de trabajo tradicionales para la CAP, los flujos de Data Science son más heterogéneos; combinando la ejecución de binarios, simulaciones MPI, aplicaciones multiproceso, análisis personalizados (posiblemente escritos en Java, Python, C/C++ o R) y computaciones en tiempo real. Mientras que en el pasado los expertos de cada campo eran capaces de programar y ejecutar pequeñas simulaciones, hoy en día, estas simulaciones representan un desafío incluso para los expertos ya que requieren cientos o miles de núcleos. Por esta razón, los lenguajes y modelos de programación actuales se esfuerzan considerablemente en incrementar la programabilidad manteniendo un rendimiento aceptable. Esta tesis contribuye a la adaptación de modelos de programación para la CAP para afrontar las necesidades y desafíos de los flujos de Data Science extendiendo COMPSs, un modelo de programación distribuida maduro, de propósito general, y basado en tareas. En primer lugar, mejoramos nuestro prototipo para orquestar diferentes software para que los usuarios no expertos puedan crear flujos complejos usando un único modelo donde algunos pasos requieran tecnologías altamente optimizadas. Esta extensión incluye las anotaciones de @binary, @OmpSs, @MPI, @COMPSs, y @MultiNode para flujos en Java y Python. En segundo lugar, integramos tecnologías de contenedores para permitir a los desarrolladores portar, distribuir y escalar fácilmente sus aplicaciones en plataformas distribuidas. Además de una metodología sencilla para paralelizar aplicaciones a partir de códigos secuenciales, esta combinación proporciona una gestión de imágenes y una implementación de aplicaciones eficientes que facilitan el empaquetado y la distribución de aplicaciones. Distinguimos entre gestión de contenedores estática, CAP y dinámica y proporcionamos casos de uso representativos para cada escenario con Docker, Singularity y Mesos. En tercer lugar, diseñamos, implementamos e integramos AutoParallel, un módulo de Python para determinar automáticamente la paralelización basada en tareas de nidos de bucles afines y ejecutarlos en paralelo en una infraestructura distribuida. AutoParallel está basado en programación secuencial, requiere una sola anotación (el decorador @parallel) y permite a un usuario intermedio escalar una aplicación a cientos de núcleos. Finalmente, proponemos una forma de extender los sistemas basados en tareas para admitir datos de entrada y salida continuos; permitiendo así la combinación de flujos de trabajo y datos (Flujos Híbridos) en un único modelo. Consecuentemente, los desarrolladores pueden crear flujos complejos siguiendo diferentes patrones sin el esfuerzo de combinar varios modelos al mismo tiempo. Además, para ilustrar las capacidades de los Flujos Híbridos, hemos creado una biblioteca (DistroStreamLib) que se integra fácilmente a los modelos basados en tareas para soportar flujos de datos. La biblioteca proporciona una representación homogénea, genérica y simple de secuencias continuas de objetos y archivos en Java y Python; permitiendo manejar cualquier tipo de datos sin tratar directamente con el back-end de streaming.Postprint (published version

Artificial intelligence driven anomaly detection for big data systems

The main goal of this thesis is to contribute to the research on automated performance anomaly detection and interference prediction by implementing Artificial Intelligence (AI) solutions for complex distributed systems, especially for Big Data platforms within cloud computing environments. The late detection and manual resolutions of performance anomalies and system interference in Big Data systems may lead to performance violations and financial penalties. Motivated by this issue, we propose AI-based methodologies for anomaly detection and interference prediction tailored to Big Data and containerized batch platforms to better analyze system performance and effectively utilize computing resources within cloud environments. Therefore, new precise and efficient performance management methods are the key to handling performance anomalies and interference impacts to improve the efficiency of data center resources. The first part of this thesis contributes to performance anomaly detection for in-memory Big Data platforms. We examine the performance of Big Data platforms and justify our choice of selecting the in-memory Apache Spark platform. An artificial neural network-driven methodology is proposed to detect and classify performance anomalies for batch workloads based on the RDD characteristics and operating system monitoring metrics. Our method is evaluated against other popular machine learning algorithms (ML), as well as against four different monitoring datasets. The results prove that our proposed method outperforms other ML methods, typically achieving 98–99% F-scores. Moreover, we prove that a random start instant, a random duration, and overlapped anomalies do not significantly impact the performance of our proposed methodology. The second contribution addresses the challenge of anomaly identification within an in-memory streaming Big Data platform by investigating agile hybrid learning techniques. We develop TRACK (neural neTwoRk Anomaly deteCtion in sparK) and TRACK-Plus, two methods to efficiently train a class of machine learning models for performance anomaly detection using a fixed number of experiments. Our model revolves around using artificial neural networks with Bayesian Optimization (BO) to find the optimal training dataset size and configuration parameters to efficiently train the anomaly detection model to achieve high accuracy. The objective is to accelerate the search process for finding the size of the training dataset, optimizing neural network configurations, and improving the performance of anomaly classification. A validation based on several datasets from a real Apache Spark Streaming system is performed, demonstrating that the proposed methodology can efficiently identify performance anomalies, near-optimal configuration parameters, and a near-optimal training dataset size while reducing the number of experiments up to 75% compared with naïve anomaly detection training. The last contribution overcomes the challenges of predicting completion time of containerized batch jobs and proactively avoiding performance interference by introducing an automated prediction solution to estimate interference among colocated batch jobs within the same computing environment. An AI-driven model is implemented to predict the interference among batch jobs before it occurs within system. Our interference detection model can alleviate and estimate the task slowdown affected by the interference. This model assists the system operators in making an accurate decision to optimize job placement. Our model is agnostic to the business logic internal to each job. Instead, it is learned from system performance data by applying artificial neural networks to establish the completion time prediction of batch jobs within the cloud environments. We compare our model with three other baseline models (queueing-theoretic model, operational analysis, and an empirical method) on historical measurements of job completion time and CPU run-queue size (i.e., the number of active threads in the system). The proposed model captures multithreading, operating system scheduling, sleeping time, and job priorities. A validation based on 4500 experiments based on the DaCapo benchmarking suite was carried out, confirming the predictive efficiency and capabilities of the proposed model by achieving up to 10% MAPE compared with the other models.Open Acces

Computational Methods for Medical and Cyber Security

Over the past decade, computational methods, including machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL), have been exponentially growing in their development of solutions in various domains, especially medicine, cybersecurity, finance, and education. While these applications of machine learning algorithms have been proven beneficial in various fields, many shortcomings have also been highlighted, such as the lack of benchmark datasets, the inability to learn from small datasets, the cost of architecture, adversarial attacks, and imbalanced datasets. On the other hand, new and emerging algorithms, such as deep learning, one-shot learning, continuous learning, and generative adversarial networks, have successfully solved various tasks in these fields. Therefore, applying these new methods to life-critical missions is crucial, as is measuring these less-traditional algorithms' success when used in these fields

Ontology-based Consistent Specification and Scalable Execution of Sensor Data Acquisition Plans in Cross-Domain loT Platforms

Nowadays there is an increased number of vertical Internet of Things (IoT) applications that have been developed within IoT Platforms that often do not interact with each other because of the adoption of different standards and formats. Several efforts are devoted to the construction of software infrastructures that facilitate the interoperability among heterogeneous cross-domain IoT platforms for the realization of horizontal applications. Even if their realization poses different challenges across all layers of the network stack, in this thesis we focus on the interoperability issues that arise at the data management layer. Starting from a flexible multi-granular Spatio-Temporal-Thematic data model according to which events generated by different kinds of sensors can be represented, we propose a Semantic Virtualization approach according to which the sensors belonging to different IoT platforms and the schema of the produced event streams are described in a Domain Ontology, obtained through the extension of the well-known ontologies (SSN and IoT-Lite ontologies) to the needs of a specific domain. Then, these sensors can be exploited for the creation of Data Acquisition Plans (DAPs) by means of which the streams of events can be filtered, merged, and aggregated in a meaningful way. Notions of soundness and consistency are introduced to bind the output streams of the services contained in the DAP with the Domain Ontology for providing a semantic description of its final output. The facilities of the \streamLoader prototype are finally presented for supporting the domain experts in the Semantic Virtualization of the sensors and for the construction of meaningful DAPs. Different graphical facilities have been developed for supporting domain experts in the development of complex DAPs. The system provides also facilities for their syntax-based translations in the Apache Spark Streaming language and execution in real time in a distributed cluster of machines

Automating Computational Placement for the Internet of Things

PhD ThesisThe PATH2iot platform presents a new approach to distributed data analytics for Internet of Things applications. It automatically partitions and deploys stream-processing computations over the available infrastructure (e.g. sensors, field gateways, clouds and the networks that connect them) so as to meet non-functional requirements including network limitations and energy. To enable this, the user gives a high-level declarative description of the computation as a set of Event Processing Language queries. These are compiled, optimised, and partitioned to meet the non-functional requirements using a combination of distributed query processing techniques that optimise the computation, and cost models that enable PATH2iot to select the best deployment plan given the non-functional requirements. This thesis describes the resulting PATH2iot system, illustrated with two real-world use cases. First, a digital healthcare analytics system in which sensor battery life is the main non-functional requirement to be optimized. This shows that the tool can automatically partition and distribute the computation across a healthcare wearable, a mobile phone and the cloud - increasing the battery life of the smart watch by 453% when compared to other possible allocations. The energy cost of sending messages over a wireless network is a key component of the cost model, and we show how this can be modelled. Furthermore, the uncertainty of the model is addressed with two alternative approaches: one frequentist and one Bayesian The second use case is one in which an acoustic data analytics for transport monitoring is automatically distributed so as enable it to run over a low-bandwidth LORA network connecting the sensor to the cloud. Overall, the paper shows how the PATH2iot system can automatically bring the benefits of edge computing to the increasing set of IoT applications that perform distributed data analytics