15,422 research outputs found
Scenarios for the development of smart grids in the UK: literature review
Smart grids are expected to play a central role in any transition to a low-carbon energy future, and much research is currently underway on practically every area of smart grids. However, it is evident that even basic aspects such as theoretical and operational definitions, are yet to be agreed upon and be clearly defined. Some aspects (efficient management of supply, including intermittent supply, two-way communication between the producer and user of electricity, use of IT technology to respond to and manage demand, and ensuring safe and secure electricity distribution) are more commonly accepted than others (such as smart meters) in defining what comprises a smart grid.
It is clear that smart grid developments enjoy political and financial support both at UK and EU levels, and from the majority of related industries. The reasons for this vary and include the hope that smart grids will facilitate the achievement of carbon reduction targets, create new employment opportunities, and reduce costs relevant to energy generation (fewer power stations) and distribution (fewer losses and better stability). However, smart grid development depends on additional factors, beyond the energy industry. These relate to issues of public acceptability of relevant technologies and associated risks (e.g. data safety, privacy, cyber security), pricing, competition, and regulation; implying the involvement of a wide range of players such as the industry, regulators and consumers.
The above constitute a complex set of variables and actors, and interactions between them. In order to best explore ways of possible deployment of smart grids, the use of scenarios is most adequate, as they can incorporate several parameters and variables into a coherent storyline. Scenarios have been previously used in the context of smart grids, but have traditionally focused on factors such as economic growth or policy evolution. Important additional socio-technical aspects of smart grids emerge from the literature review in this report and therefore need to be incorporated in our scenarios. These can be grouped into four (interlinked) main categories: supply side aspects, demand side aspects, policy and regulation, and technical aspects.
Risks and Prospects of Smart Electric Grids Systems measured with Real Options
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Techno-Economic Analysis and Optimal Control of Battery Storage for Frequency Control Services, Applied to the German Market
Optimal investment in battery energy storage systems, taking into account
degradation, sizing and control, is crucial for the deployment of battery
storage, of which providing frequency control is one of the major applications.
In this paper, we present a holistic, data-driven framework to determine the
optimal investment, size and controller of a battery storage system providing
frequency control. We optimised the controller towards minimum degradation and
electricity costs over its lifetime, while ensuring the delivery of frequency
control services compliant with regulatory requirements. We adopted a detailed
battery model, considering the dynamics and degradation when exposed to actual
frequency data. Further, we used a stochastic optimisation objective while
constraining the probability on unavailability to deliver the frequency control
service. Through a thorough analysis, we were able to decrease the amount of
data needed and thereby decrease the execution time while keeping the
approximation error within limits. Using the proposed framework, we performed a
techno-economic analysis of a battery providing 1 MW capacity in the German
primary frequency control market. Results showed that a battery rated at 1.6
MW, 1.6 MWh has the highest net present value, yet this configuration is only
profitable if costs are low enough or in case future frequency control prices
do not decline too much. It transpires that calendar ageing drives battery
degradation, whereas cycle ageing has less impact.Comment: Submitted to Applied Energ
Multi-domain maturity model for AI and analytic capability in power generation sector: A case study of ABB PAEN Oy
As more smart devices and smart meters are available on the market, industry actors offer AI and analytic suites and platforms where the data streams can be contextualized and leveraged
in pre-made industry specific templates and model, together with self-serving machine learning environments. How can a traditional EPC company, use its domain knowledge in offering
these AI and analytic suites. The assumption made is that there is no inherent value in the AI and analytics suite without data. How should this assumption be incorporated in projects
executed before the operation phase where data from operation is non-existent.This thesis investigate which elements provide a value proposition in the AI and analytic suite and map this
against the domain knowledge of the EPC company. The findings is a novel design in where both operational data is integrated into design for new projects. A survey is also conducted on
the data utilization in the power generation sector based on the same elements. The findings is that while the granularity is low, the quality is good, with an overall maturity between managed and proactive data utilization, which indicate that there are few automated data streams, but that the data is available structurally and in a defined way
A Process to Implement an Artificial Neural Network and Association Rules Techniques to Improve Asset Performance and Energy Efficiency
In this paper, we address the problem of asset performance monitoring, with the intention
of both detecting any potential reliability problem and predicting any loss of energy consumption
e ciency. This is an important concern for many industries and utilities with very intensive
capitalization in very long-lasting assets. To overcome this problem, in this paper we propose an
approach to combine an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) with Data Mining (DM) tools, specifically
with Association Rule (AR) Mining. The combination of these two techniques can now be done
using software which can handle large volumes of data (big data), but the process still needs to
ensure that the required amount of data will be available during the assets’ life cycle and that its
quality is acceptable. The combination of these two techniques in the proposed sequence di ers
from previous works found in the literature, giving researchers new options to face the problem.
Practical implementation of the proposed approach may lead to novel predictive maintenance models
(emerging predictive analytics) that may detect with unprecedented precision any asset’s lack of
performance and help manage assets’ O&M accordingly. The approach is illustrated using specific
examples where asset performance monitoring is rather complex under normal operational conditions.Ministerio de EconomĂa y Competitividad DPI2015-70842-
Smart operation of transformers for sustainable electric vehicles integration and model predictive control for energy monitoring and management
The energy transmission and distribution systems existing today are stillsignificantly dependent on transformers,despite beingmore efficient and sustainable than those of decadesago. However, a large numberof power transformers alongwith other infrastructures have been in service for decades and are considered to be in their final ageing stage. Anymalfunction in the transformerscouldaffect the reliability of the entire electric network and alsohave greateconomic impact on the system.Concernsregardingurban air pollution, climate change, and the dependence on unstable and expensive supplies of fossil fuels have lead policy makers and researchers to explore alternatives to conventional fossil-fuelled internal combustion engine vehicles. One such alternative is the introduction of electric vehicles. A broad implementation of such mean of transportation could signify a drastic reduction in greenhouse gases emissions and could consequently form a compelling argument for the global efforts of meeting the emission reduction targets. In this thesis the topic of a high penetration of electric vehicles and their possible integration in insular networksis discussed. Subsequently, smart grid solutions with enabling technologies such as energy management systems and smart meters promote the vision of smart households, which also allows for active demand side in the residential sector.However, shifting loads simultaneously to lower price periods is likely to put extra stress on distribution system assets such as distribution transformers. Especially, additional new types of loads/appliances such as electric vehicles can introduce even more uncertaintyon the operation of these assets, which is an issue that needs special attention. Additionally, in order to improve the energy consumption efficiencyin a household, home energy management systems are alsoaddressed. A considerable number ofmethodologies developed are tested in severalcasestudies in order to answer the risen questions.Os sistemas de transmissĂŁo e distribuição de energia existentes hoje em dia sĂŁosignificativamente dependentes dos transformadores, pese embora sejammais eficientes e sustentáveis do que os das dĂ©cadas passadas. No entanto, uma grande parte dos transformadores ao nĂvel dadistribuição, juntamente com outras infraestruturassubjacentes, estĂŁo em serviço há dĂ©cadas e encontram-se nafasefinal do ciclo devida. Qualquer defeito no funcionamento dos transformadorespode afetara fiabilidadede toda a redeelĂ©trica, para alĂ©m de terum grande impactoeconĂłmico no sistema.Os efeitos nefastos associadosĂ poluição do arem centro urbanos, asmudançasclimáticasea dependĂŞncia de fontes de energiafĂłsseis tĂŞm levado os decisores polĂticos e os investigadores aexplorar alternativas para os veĂculos convencionais de combustĂŁo interna. Uma alternativa Ă© a introdução de veĂculos elĂ©tricos. Umaampla implementação de tal meio de transporte poderia significar uma redução drástica dos gases de efeito de estufa e poderiareforçar os esforços globais para ocumprimento das metas de redução de emissõesde poluentes na atmosfera.Nesta tese Ă© abordado o tema da elevada penetração dos veĂculos elĂ©tricose a sua eventual integração numarede elĂ©tricainsular. Posteriormente, sĂŁo abordadas soluções de redeselĂ©tricasinteligentes com tecnologias especĂficas, tais como sistemas de gestĂŁo de energia e contadores inteligentes que promovamo paradigmadas casas inteligentes, que tambĂ©m permitem a gestĂŁo da procura ativano sector residencial.No entanto, deslastrando significativamente as cargaspara beneficiar de preçosmais reduzidosĂ© suscetĂveldecolocarconstrangimentosadicionaissobre os sistemas de distribuição, especialmentesobre ostransformadores.Osnovos tipos de cargas tais como os veĂculos elĂ©tricospodem introduzir ainda mais incertezassobre a operação desses ativos, sendo uma questĂŁo que suscitaespecial importância. AlĂ©m disso, com ointuitode melhorar a eficiĂŞncia do consumo de energia numa habitação, a gestĂŁo inteligente daenergia Ă© um assunto que tambĂ©m Ă©abordadonesta tese. Uma pletora de metodologias Ă© desenvolvida e testadaemvários casos de estudos, a fim de responder Ă s questões anteriormente levantadas
Market and Economic Modelling of the Intelligent Grid: End of Year Report 2009
The overall goal of Project 2 has been to provide a comprehensive understanding of the impacts of distributed energy (DG) on the Australian Electricity System. The research team at the UQ Energy Economics and Management Group (EEMG) has constructed a variety of sophisticated models to analyse the various impacts of significant increases in DG. These models stress that the spatial configuration of the grid really matters - this has tended to be neglected in economic discussions of the costs of DG relative to conventional, centralized power generation. The modelling also makes it clear that efficient storage systems will often be critical in solving transient stability problems on the grid as we move to the greater provision of renewable DG. We show that DG can help to defer of transmission investments in certain conditions. The existing grid structure was constructed with different priorities in mind and we show that its replacement can come at a prohibitive cost unless the capability of the local grid to accommodate DG is assessed very carefully.Distributed Generation. Energy Economics, Electricity Markets, Renewable Energy
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