Tradizione documentaria sacerdotale e contenuti dei <i>libri</i> e dei <i>commentarii</i>

Sommario: 1. Una questione di metodo: la gerarchia delle fonti. – 2. I termini libri e commentarii nell’uso linguistico corrente (da Cicerone a Isidoro). – 3. Rilevanza di alcune testimonianze epigrafiche. – 4. L’orazione De domo sua di Cicerone e il contenuto dei libri pontificii. – 5. Scrittura e tradizione sacerdotale in età arcaica. – 6. I materiali scrittorii. – 7. Significato coevo dei termini libri e commentarii. – 8. Dagli arcaici libri e commentarii agli archivi tardo-repubblicani (continuità della tradizione documentaria sacerdotale). – 9. La terminologia e i contenuti. A) Limiti della dottrina dominante. – B) Commentarii, libri e distinzione delle rispettive materie. – 10. Libri e sistematiche sacerdotali. I libri augurum e la sistematica del ius augurium

<i>Libri</i> e <i>commentarii</i> sacerdotali nella storiografia contemporanea

Sommario: I. L’OTTOCENTO. – 1. Precisazione dei motivi che inducono ad escludere dalla trattazione la storiografia anteriore all’Ottocento. – 2. Le principali tesi relative alla distinzione tra libri e commentarii. – 3. Rifiuto della distinzione tra libri e commentarii come generi di documenti (per il contenuto). – 4. Progessiva affernazione delle tesi contrarie alla distinzione ed affievolirsi del dibattito sul contenuto dei libri e dei commentarii sacerdotali. – II. LA STORIOGRAFIA ODIERNA. – 1. Libri e commentarii sacerdotali negli studi giuridici. – 2. Cenni alla situazione delle altre discipline: filologia, storia , storia delle religioni. – 3. Autori che sostengono ancora la distinzione tra il contenuto dei libri e quello dei commentarii

Penerapan Engaged Learning Strategy dalam Menumbuhkembangkan Tanggung Jawab Belajar dan Kemampuan Koneksi Matematis Siswa Sekolah Menengah Atas

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap tanggungjawab belajar dan kemampuan koneksi matematis siswa pada materi Fungsi Logaritma di kelas X IPA SMA Negeri 3 Singkawang yang menerapkan Engaged Learning Strategy. Dalam penelitian ini yang dimaksud dengan tanggung jawab belajar adalah sikap dan perilaku siswa yang menunjukkan kepatuhan umum dengan standar perilaku yang diharapkan serta komitmen sehubungan dengan belajar akademik siswa, yang bisa dilihat dari aspek-aspek seperti: (1) Memiliki Inisiatif, Otonomi dan Kendali Belajar (2) Berpartisipasi Aktif dalam Pembelajaran, (3) Orientasi Positif terhadap Sekolah, (4) Mampu Memanajemen Sumber Belajar. Sedangkan kemampuan koneksi matematis adalah kemampuan siswa menemukan dan menggunakan keterkaitan antar konsep dalam matematika dan kemampuan siswa menemukan dan menggunakan keterkaitan konsep matematika dengan masalah dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah Quasi Experiment (Eksperimen Semu) dengan rancangan one-group pre-test post-test design, dimana kemampuan koneksi matematis 37 siswa dalam pembelajaran diukur sebelum dan setelah pembelajaran yang menerapkan Engaged Learning Strategy. Dalam penelitian ini, tanggung jawab belajar diukur dengan menggunakan kuesioner penilaian diri sedangkan kemampuan koneksi matematis siswa diukur dengan menggunakan tes uraian. Hasil penilaian diri kemudian diolah dengan skala Likert yang dikonversi menjadi data kuantitatif sementara hasil tes uraian diolah dengan mengacu pada pedoman penskoran. Hasil analisis data menunjukkan secara umum tanggung jawab belajar siswa meningkat sebesar 6 % dimana peningkatan terbesar adalah indikator Berpartisipasi Aktif dalam pembelajaran. Hal ini terjadi karena masalah nyata yang digunakan dalam pembelajaran sehingga dapat memotivasi siswa untuk menginvestasikan minatnya dalam belajar. Sedangkan untuk kemampuan koneksi matematis dibatasi dalam penelitian ini hanya untuk koneksi dengan kehidupan sehari-hari dan antar konsep matematika. Secara keseluruhan kemampuan koneksi matematis mengalami peningkatan skor rata-rata sebesar 1,5%

Editorial 4 (2)

Uvodnik u novi broj časopisa Libri & Liberi.The Editorial of the new issue of Libri & Liberi magazine. (Alice in Wonderland issue

Health and Culinary Art in Antiquity and Early Byzantium in the Light of De re coquinaria

The article is aimed at indicating and analyzing connections existing between De re coquinaria and medicine. It is mostly based on the resources of extant Greek medical treatises written up to the 7th century A.D. As such it refers to the heritage of the Corpus Hippocraticum, Dioscurides, Galen, Oribasius, Anthimus, Aetius of Amida, Paul of Aegina, to name but the most important. The authors of the study have tried to single out from De re coquinaria those recipes which have the tightest connections with medicine. They are: a digestive called oxyporum, two varieties of dressings based on fish sauce, i.e. oxygarum digestibile and oenogarum, herbal salts (sales conditi), spiced wine (conditum paradoxum), honeyed wine (conditum melizomum viatorum), absinthe (absintium Romanum), rosehip wine (rosatum), a soup (or relish) pulmentarium, a pearl barley-based soup termed tisana vel sucus or tisana barrica, an finally nettles. In order to draw their conclusions, the authors of the article projected the data from De re coquinaria upon a wide background of extant information retrieved from medical writings. The conclusions demonstrate that those who contributed to the present form of De re coquinaria, even if they did not possess strictly medical expertise, remained under a heavy influence of Hippocratic and Galenic teachings. As a result, De re coquinaria should be seen as yet another work of antiquity that supports the existence of an indissoluble bond between medical doctrines and culinary practice of the times

Medical Science of Milk Included in Celsus’ Treatise De medicina

Milk was a very significant food product in the Mediterranean. The present study is not devoted to milk as such, but to therapeutic galactology, galaktologia iatrike (γαλακτολογία ἰατρική), a version of which is extant in De medicina penned by a Roman encyclopaedist called Celsus. The author places milk and milk-derived products among therapeutic substances, indicates the methods of processing such substances, and also provides the readers with details on dietary and pharmacological characteristics of dairy foods as well as indicating their place in a number of cures. It is necessary to pay attention to the fact that the characterizations of milk and dairy products with regard to their dietary properties and application as pharmakon (φάρμκον) are not an exclusive feature of De medicina, but they are regularly mentioned not only in medical works, such as De diaeta I–IV, teachings of Dioscorides, extant fragments penned by Rufus of Ephesus, Galen, Oribasius, Aetius of Amida and Paul of Aegina, but also in Historia naturalis by Pliny. This is a clear sign that milk was considered to be significant from the medical point of view and was as such very interesting both for the medical profession and for general public. Therefore De medicina appears as a typical work, and details contained in it are simply a testimony of the evolution of the doctrine that was already present in De Diaeta I–IV and later developed by the most prominent physicians